Dene ag nd ros eee eS es CE eed ees Pee rR) er eee noes eee eee ee een een ere eee es SOO Cree uy coos een fees peered See es Cee eee ens BE Mee aU Rata cay Has only magnitude Example: Speed, mass. ees ee Measured by a single value eo es More eb eee ees ees or eee) eee eee eet Cee ee Cr oeuie eee ene eens Depends only on start and endpoint Ree ec Ce hore eet cg Has both magnitude ad direction. ee ees eee es ens fee eeseR Craig ‘Speed cy ee ene) Peer ea ee eo ee ere Cee ees ee ee See aad Cee Petes ed 17. Loudness and Intensity Loudness od Ses Perse ees ees Rees ee ree e ees es eee Pree ees Example: Whispers sft, rock concerti loud eee es POM RU ered Pr er oo pe ee ee Cees oe availble eee Pee ed because particles ar closely can change shape. ees packed. Ce ee ee ee es rece ets because of large spaces between molecules. ee eee eee os ee ee ee ee a ee et CTE ed pails ae ngily hla together,eeu) Cn co Coa eee ee eee Cees Happens only at he surface of liq Ce Rs et eee eer ee een Re ree eee uae ec td ey Peer Ce ed c eat ere ee eee ee a eed eee De ee a eee ees eee pe eee aeCeO Meo RU ese SC Solution er Peed ee eee oe ‘and remain articles are the largest and settle Cee cael eee ee eee eres ee eee Pee rte eee large ee ee ftrstion, a ees es eens 5. Mixture and Compound co re) ee Ce eee eee ees eye ee ee Cee eee ters a es eee ee eee ene ees Deere eeCAEL Cea] ool eo Cerner is oor conductor of heat and electricity eee eee ee ee) ees eee Senet er eous Ce eee at Cee eee 7. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells poem Perel fee ees oe eee ee eres eee ‘Complex and larger in size, Poe eee eee ee eee ee ee Ce ee eed age eT ke fe oer ee ees eee ere es eee cae Pees eee Ses ere Perens eee Ce eee Pa OC ce Cad er ene eee eee Cee ees Peete Selectively permeable (controls entry and ext of substances), Fully permeable. er is oer ee ees eee10. Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma eon Thin-walle cells with ge aoe Se Se eects Living cts eee eee See aa 11. Cartilage and Bone cor ee eee os Reece Se eed eee ec) eer corey See ae) eee) ae Pir ete aes ry Se ae a ee ed ls mth thickened. les fexiity and eee en Striped & Strong, Smooth - Soft & Slow, Cardiac eee) eee Sees ern See ee e teat veins Detect Bone eed Peery ee eens ee os See erie Pere fa intestines, blood vessels) ee ees td =) ee eel Reed oyoe) ‘9 (Acceleration dus ta Gravity) ee ery eee een eet gravitation Seay value es en ete on a - eee eee es ee eas Pee ae) De ete ea Te er eC Table: Types of Colloids (As per NCERT) oe Cony eee oe 5 Examples Say Gen Siem eet ee Fog. Mit Clouds Harsproy Se eae see Por costesBr od Ped Cn Properties a es Lr ooo] a en Eero ons De eee on) con oe] ee eee a eee eee ey ee ey cd ees Fd laments combine in a dfinte ati, eT ecard sae oe eosspreincese eee eed Fosse cee Poe Ee eer ee ey De ee Cr eee Cee ier) ey Heterogeneous Mécture rereeer tea ee roy ees ee Ee ee eet Pee ree eee eed Cat cee lt colition, A, Vinegar, Sugar Peete eeOR ce met ao Prd Id oor cod Ce co! Pees ee) Era ‘Appearance es oy rd oe - - Co ee eee ae end eet rr hc mare ss’ ee Frees eters Jota) 2% Mo Light Settring) sae ced ea eee) oo eee) eee eatSoa re el rd — ees Maer tein tee aes Sl ign i a price peleeese ae Sree clone eeneat ea a ee — een eet) aRR nen Re ana ena) os poe ony oe ee ee ee ee eet er) ee ee ee en con Sere ee ee ee eee a tee ene ere pare eee chips (lector) ave eatred inside, ion ee eee end Structute postive charge balances the negative ees ee ooo ee eee ec ee ne ee ee eet oo Pr er err) oo eee ees ee ee er i 2S ee a Ree eu See) Property| Proton e') Poet eta) es Co) ec) Pee) ee me eto) cose Se re eee ee ee ee eee) sae) Coe) chemical rections CT eee eel)bee Re nate eee LeU oti rn Ce Cs ydrogen ee ry con oon etc ces eos ees tide foment ars Sets Cn Cocos aro es eeeeee ree een See ad taliclons: "Nak Agrees Cu MaCa Fe™ (Sodium, Potassium, oe) ee ee eg nr Dee eee ea ee Sere ry erRe es ean} Ven Peery Cn er rn) oo Oe oon) eo oy eos eee ee Mey cel eo Cea) Seco) aa enero ere een Be aed Deere ns ces Tees Oe ee ee ee Tot eC eo Se eee Ee TLTable: Rules for Electron Distribution in an Atom (Bohr-Bury Rules) Poe ee) een ee Ce eee ee ee ee ee ey re eee en ee een ee eee ee a) Coat eo ery Ce en pees Ce ee te ae alas ed sSeeboe eee eee Roe ge ca) Feature peer oe eee car See ee een Eine Electrons can oni occupy spe orbits called KL M,N = eee area ee peer PRntoe as Se os Pognee SsAspect ‘Explanation (Rey Pains) ample “Analogy Proposed By “emest Ruthorford (190) after conducting the Gold Foit Experiment (Gold Feil Experiment (Semsp) Observations “SA thin geld fol (1000 atoms {hiek) was bombarded with fast~ ‘loving alphe (2) particles rom ‘radioactive source, Urcivcular Quorescent screen, ras used to detec the deflection ot particles, “Most alpha particles passed Straight through ~ Suggeeting She atom is mostly empty apace. ‘Bome alpha particles deflected small angles" Indeating Some positive charge maide the Datos (~1 in 12,000) nounced beck at large angles ~ Showing avery dense, small positively sharged center (nucleus). [ike throwing marbles at dha sheot and observing thelr paths [ike bullet passing through a [paper ~ moet go straight. some Alefleet, and very few bounce back ‘Runherfands Atomic Mode) /atom has a sina. dense, positively charged nucleus. lectrons revolve around the tpuclews ta fixed orlats Most ofthe atom isempey (QRsclous contains protonsand hneutrone (dlecovered later by Chadwrilein 1993), ike the solarayatens The ueus iethe Sun, and electrons fre planets revolving around i Sze of Nadler “the nucleus is extremely small compared to the atom, ‘Pads of the muchas ~ 10> Pradius of the atom ~30-# m. ike a football stadium whore ‘the nucleus ia pea in the positively changed. Sutectrons move around the fhucleus tnetreuar orbits ‘Drrom is mostly empry space. “Lrositve charge is soneantesred urthe nucleus ‘empty with a small center Crucis), Drawbacka of Rutherford’ Model ‘Could not explain why eleccrons ‘donor spiral into the nucleus ‘due to attraction, Did not explain atomic stability. Did not explain the arrangement Ofelectrons iniflenent energy level ike planet orbiking the Sun ‘without any force holding them In stable orbits‘Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules Topic Explanation Examples Formula/Numerical Data Taws ofChemical | 1. Law of [Mass of Reactants= | H+ 02> H,0 (Mass Combination Conservation of Mass | Mass of Products| ofhyadrogen + oxygen “ass ean neither be = Mass of water) created nor destroyed ina chemical reaetion, [Link] of Constant Proportions a chemical compound always contains elements in a fixed ratio by mass. Frome “The smallest particle | Size ofan atoms Hydrogen (7), Oxygen ‘ofan element that | ~10" 1m (6), carbon (€) retainsits chemical properties Aiomie Symbols Representation of | -Hiydrogen (H) clementsusing one or | - Oxygen (0) ‘wo letters = Sodinm (Nad Wolecares ‘A group of twoor ‘Molecule of Element more atoms 0:,Na chemically bonded | Molecule of together. Compound: #,0, CO; ‘Atomicty Number ofatomsina | Menoatomic: He, Ne, molecule ofan ar clement, Diatomie: 03, Ha, Ne Polyatomic: PS Tons ‘Charged particles | Examples of Ions: formed by loss or gain | -Na" (Sodium ion) ofelectrons. C1 (Chloride ion) Cations (+¥e charge) “Lass of electrons, Anions Gve change) “Gain of electrons, Molecular Mass Formula Unie Mi ‘um of atomie masses ‘ofall atoms in 3 molecule Used for ionie compounds [as they ‘dont form molecules). Molecular Mass = (Atomic mass = Number of atoms) Formula Unit Mass (Atonle maze No. of atoms) H0-@=i)-G= 16) 180 Nacl= (23 35.5) - seu Chemical Formula ‘Molar Mase ‘Numerical Beample (Molar Mass Calewlation) Representation af ‘compound using ‘symbols of elements {and their ratios, Mass of a substance calculated using ‘tomle masses, Find the molar mass ofCOz =H0 (Water) = C03 (Carbon dioxide) =NaCl (Sodium chloride) ‘Molar Mass = Atomie mass « No. of atoms C0z= (xi) + (0x2) = (121) + (16 «2)= 124 32-44 g/mol “Answer: 44 g/mol