ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
(OLED)
Dr. DHANYA S. R.
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry
CET, Trivandrum
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CONTENTS
❖ Introduction
❖ OLED employing conducting polymers
❖ Principle
❖ Construction
❖ Working
❖ Small molecule OLED
❖Advantages
❖ Applications
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INTRODUCTION
Light emitting diode in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a
film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric
current.
(i) those employing conducting polymers
(ii) those based on small molecules
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OLED EMPLOYING CONDUCTING POLYMERS
Principle: HOMO – LUMO transitions
✔Organic layer between anode & cathode
✔Conductive due to the delocalization of Π electrons
caused by conjugation
The organic compounds used in OLEDs include derivatives of
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene.
Substitution of side chains onto the polymer backbone may
determine the colour of emitted light.
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) PPV polyfluorene
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CONSTRUCTION
Schematic diagram of a bilayer OLED
Cathode (−)
Emissive Layer/ETL
Emission of radiation
Conductive Layer/HTL
Anode (+)
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WORKING
✔Apply a voltage across the anode and cathode.
✔As the electricity starts to flow, the cathode receives electrons from the power source
and the anode loses them.
✔The added electrons are making the n-type emissive layer negatively charged, while
the p-type conductive layer is becoming positively charged.
✔Positive holes are much more mobile than electrons so they jump across the boundary
from the conductive layer to the emissive layer.
✔When a hole meets an electron, the y cancel out and release a brief burst of energy in
the form of a quantum of light or a photon. This process is called recombination.
Since it's happening many times in a second the OLED produces continuous light for
as long as the current keeps flowing.
Note: In conventional LED electrons are more mobile than holes so p-region is the emissive layer. 6
SMALL MOLECULE OLED
✔Creation of light emitting electrochemical cell on adding mobile ions to
an OLED
✔3 organic layers sandwiched between electrodes
✔EML consists of light emitting dyes or dopant dispersed in suitable host
material
Aluminium Quinacridone ALlq3
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ADVANTAGES
1. The manufacture of OLED is highly economical and is more efficient than
LCD and flat panel screens.
2. OLED display can be printed cloths and fabrics by ink jet printing. This
technology will help in carrying huge displays in our hands.
3. There is much difference in watching a high-definition TV to a OLED
display. As the contrast ratio of OLED is very high (even in dark conditions),
it can be watched from an angle nearly 90 degrees without any difficulty.
4. No backlight is produced by this device and the power consumption is
also very less.
5. OLED has a refresh rate of 100,000 Hz which is almost 9900 Hz greater
than an LCD display.
6. The response time is less than 0.01 ms. LCD needs a response time of 1
ms.
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ADVANTAGES
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ADVANTAGES
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APPLICATIONS
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TRY TO ANSWER
1. What are OLEDs ? What are different types of OLEDs? Discuss
their basic principles
2. Write a note on the construction and working of an OLED.
3. Why n-region acts as emissive layer in contrast conventional
inorganic LEDs?
4. What are the advantages of OLEDs?
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