Số 35a ngách 102/20 ngõ 44 Pháo Đài Láng – Tel: 0374 678 314

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IELTS WRITING TASK 1

Lesson 1+2: DESCRIBING TRENDS IN DYNAMIC CHARTS

I. Basic structures for describing trends:

[Link] +be + a/an + Adj+ Noun+ in S…..: There was a dramatic increase in the percentage of
people playing video games from 10% to 90%.
2. S+ Verb + Adv + number + time: The number of youngsters rose substantially from 1000
to 30000 between 2009 and 2011.
3. Time + experienced/saw/witnessed + a/an + Adj+ Noun + in S: The year 2010 witnessed
a significant increase in the number of visitors to British Museum from 1000 to 3000.
II. How to express S:
- The amount/quantity of Noun ( uncountable)
- The number/ quantity of Noun ( countable + plural)
- The percentage/proportion of Noun ( both countable + uncountable) ( Unit: %)
- The rate of Noun (both countable and uncountable) ( birth, death, unemployment)
- This figure ( ko muốn lặp lại chủ ngữ).

+ Relative Clause

Ex1: The amount/quantity of electricity ( which was) produced from coal

Ex2: The percentage of females who were unemployed in 2016

Một số chủ ngữ không cần có quantifiers: The price of ( Not the amount of price), the
sales of ( not the amount of sales), the income of ( not the amount of income).

Exercise 2: Dịch sang tiếng Anh các chủ ngữ sau:

- Số lượng người châu Á di cư sang Mỹ.

- Tỷ lệ phần trăm những tòa nhà được cung cấp năng lượng mặt trời ở Anh.
- Tỷ lệ phần trăm trẻ em chọn chơi bóng đá trong thời gian rảnh rỗi của chúng.
- Giá cả của điện thoại thông minh bán ở thị trường Việt Nam.
- Tỷ lệ phần trăm của chi tiêu vào chăm sóc sức khỏe và giáo dục ở Thụy Sĩ.

III. Vocabulary to show the changes:

1. Increase:

Động từ Danh từ
Rise – rose – risen A rise
Go up – went up – gone up No
Climb – climbed – climbed A climb

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Grow- grew- grown A growth

Increase- increased – increased An increase

Động từ Danh từ
Surge- surged – surged A surge
Soar – soared – soared A soar
Rocket- rocketed – rocketed A rocket
Boom-boomed-boomed A boom

2. Decrease:
Động từ Danh từ
Decrease- decreased- decreased A decrease
Decline- declined- declined A decline
Fall- fell-fallen A fall
Reduce-reduced-reduced A reduction
Go down- went down-gone down No

Động từ Danh từ
Plummet- plummeted – plummeted A plummet
Slump-slumped- slumped A slump
Crash- crashed – crashed A crash
Dive-dived- dived A dive
Plunge-plunged-plunged A plunge

3. No change :
- Động từ: + remain constant, unchanged, steady, static
+stabilize
+ Stagnate
+ To plateau
- Danh từ: + no change
+ a stability
+ a stagnation
+ a plateau
4. Dao động:
- Động từ: + fluctuate – fluctuated – fluctuated
+ oscillate – oscillated- oscillated
+ vacillate – vacillated – vacillated
+ be erratic

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- Danh từ: a fluctuation, an oscillation, a vacillation.

5. Vocabulary to represent changes in graphs:

Type of Change Adverb form Adjective form

Rapid change dramatically / rapidly / sharply / dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick

quickly / hurriedly / speedily / / hurried / speedy / swift /
swiftly / significantly/ considerably significant / considerable /
/ substantially / noticeably. substantial / noticeable.

Moderate moderately / gradually / moderate / gradual /

change progressively / sequentially. progressive / sequential.

Steady change steadily/ ceaselessly. steady/ ceaseless.

Slight change slightly / slowly / mildly / slight / slow / mild / tedious.

tediously.

Example:

1. The economic inflation of the country increased sharply to 7% in 2008.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. There was a sharp drop of 8% in the industrial production in the year 2009.
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. The demand for new houses increased slightly from 9% to 17% in 2002.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. The population of the country increased dramatically by 17% in the last decade.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. The price of oil increased moderately by 80% in last quarter, but the price of daily
necessities went up rapidly from 9% to 20%.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Cách trích dẫn số liệu:

Tănghoặc giảm: Verb/Noun + from….to…
Verb + by+ khoảng cách
Noun + of + khoảng cách

Giữ nguyên: Verb/Noun + at…..

Dao động quanh 1 điểm: Verb/Noun + around…

Dao động mạnh quanh 1 khoảng: Verb/Noun between…..and……

Đạt điểm cao nhất: To reach the highest point of…..

To peak at…..

Đạt điểm thấp nhất: To hit the lowest point of…

To bottom out at….

7. Cách miêu tả thời gian:

- Điểm thời gian: In + morning/month/season/year/decade/century
On + day
At + hour
Để chuyển điểm thời gian thành cụm danh từ, ta bỏ đi giới từ.
Ex: In 1980, the number of people commuting by car in the US was 1000.
➔ The year 1980 witnessed 1000 people in the US commuting by car.
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- Khoảng thời gian: From…..to……../ Between…….and……

Để chuyển khoảng thời gian về cụm danh từ, ta thêm “ the period” vào trước.
Ex: The number of people using the Internet in Vietnam rose quickly from 900 to 19000
between 2001 and 2008.
The period between 2001 and 2008 witnessed a quick rise in the number of people
using the Internet in Vietnam from 900 to 19000.
- Các cách diễn đạt thời gian khác:
In the next 6 years/ In the following 6- year period. Để chuyển về cụm danh từ bỏ giới
từ đi.
Ex: In the next 7 years -> The next 7 years.

Excercise 1: Write 2 paragraphs to describe this chart:

Exercise 2: Write 2 paragraphs to describe this chart:

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Exercise 3: Write 2 paragraphs to describe this chart:

Exercise 4:

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LESSON 3: COMPARISON

Vocabulary about spending:

Nouns Verbs
Spending Spend on
Expenditure Expend on
Spender Invest in
Allocate for

I. Structures of comparison:
1. So sánh nhất:
- So sánh nhất của tính từ high/low:
The percentage/number/quantity of.......of A + be highest/ lowest, at/with........over the
period shown.
Ex: The amount of money spent on/ The expenditure on cars in the UK was highest, with
exactly £450,000.
- So sánh hơn nhất của tính từ dài:
A + be + (the) most/least popular, vital, common,…..(Noun), at/with…..
Ex: The car was (the) most popular (product) in the UK, with £450,000.
- So sánh hơn nhất của danh từ:
+ Most/ The most + Noun ( both countable and uncountable)
+ Fewest + Noun ( countable)
+ Least + Noun ( uncountable)
+ The majority of/ The minority of + Noun ( both countable and uncountable) +
VERB, at/with…
+ Number + of Noun : 35% of Noun

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+ Fraction: ½: a half of ……
1/3: a third of
¼: a quarter of + Noun
1/5: a fifth of
2/3: two-thirds of
¾: three quarters of
Ex: The most money in the UK was spent on cars, with £450,000.
£450,000 was expended on cars in the UK, which is the highest figure on the chart.

2. So sánh hơn:
- The percentage/number….. of A + be slightly/ significantly/ considerably
higher/lower than that of/ the figure for B, at/with…..and….. respectively.
Ex: The amount of money UK people paid for computers was slightly higher than the
figure for French people, at around £370,000 and £350,000 respectively.
- A + be (a/an) more/less popular/important/vital…… (noun) than B,
at/with……and…..respectively.
Ex: The computer was (a) less important (need) in the UK than in France, with around
£370,000 and £350,000 respectively.
- More + Noun (both countable and uncountable) + verb+ than noun,
at/with…..and….respectively.
Ex: More money was invested in computers in the UK than France, with around
£370,000 and £350,000 respectively.
- Fewer + Noun (countable) + verb than verb, at/with…..and….respectively.
Ex: Fewer boys play soccer than play tennis, with 5% and 6% respectively.
Less + Noun (uncountable) + verb than verb, at/with….and…..respectively.
Ex: Less salt was consumed than sold, with 2 kg and 5 kg respectively.
3. So sánh bằng:
- The percentages/numbers/quantities…….of A and B + be+……( nearly, roughly,
almost) equal/ the same, at/with…….
Ex: The amounts of money/ The expenditures on computers in the UK and France were
nearly the same, with around £360,000 each.
- A + be + as popular/important/vital…..as B, at/with……
Ex: Computers were as important in the UK as in France, with around £360,000 each.
- The percentage/ number/quantity….of A + be+ as high as that of B, at/with…

4. So sánh gấp: The percentage/number….of A double/triple/quadruple/ be

exponentially higher than that of/ the figure for B.

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Ex: The amount of money UK people allocated for cameras more than doubled the figure
for French counterparts, with around £350,000 and £150,000 respectively.

Exercise 1: Write a paragraph about the year 1990 using comparison structures:

Exercise 2: Write two paragraphs using comparison structures:

The graph below shows the income of doctors and other workers in seven countries in the
year 2001 ( measured in thousands of dollars)

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LESSON 4: DYNAMIC CHART

[Link]:
Vocabulary fo r the Introduction Part:
Starting Presentation Type Verb Description

The given / diagram / table / shows / represents / the comparison of…

the figure / illustration / depicts / / illustrates / the differences…
supplied / graph / chart / flow presents/ gives / the changes...
the chart / picture/ provides / describes / the number of…
presented / presentation/ pie expresses/ outlines/ information on…
the shown / chart / bar graph/ compares/ indicates / data on…
the column graph / line gives data on / gives the proportion of…
provided/ graph / table data/ information on/ the amount of…
the data / information / presents information information on...
process diagram/ about/ shows data data about......
map/ pie chart and about/ demonstrates/ the trend of...
table/ bar graph and outlines... the percentages of..
pie chart ...
To write an introduction, we have to PARAPHRASE the question, for example:
The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940
and 2040 in three different countries. Report the main features and make comparisons
where relevant.

- The proportion = The percentage

- The population aged 65 and over = People aged 65 and more = Elderly people =
Old people = 65- and - more-year-old people = Senior citizens
- Between 1940 and 2040 = Over a period of 100 years = From 1940 to 2040 =
Over a 100-year period

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➔ The line graph compares the percentage of people aged 65 and more in 3 nations
over a 100-year period.

Exercise 1: Write the introduction for the following graphs:

a. The line graph below gives information about the number of visitors to three London
museums between June and September 2013.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

b. The graph below shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tonnes, from
four different sectors between 1990 and 2007.

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c. The chart below shows male and female fitness membership between 1970 and 2000.

d. The pie graphs below show the comparison of different kinds of energy production of
France in two years.

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e. The chart below shows the average monthly expenditure by British households in 3
years.

II. Overview:
Show the general trend of the graph, often includes 2 sentences. NO FIGURES are needed in
this part.
Vocabulary for the General Trend Part:
In general, In common, Generally speaking, Overall (the most correct and appropriate
phrase), It is obvious, As is observed, As a general trend, As can be seen, As an overall trend,
As is presented.
It can be clearly seen that,
At the first glance, it is clear,
A glance at the graphs reveals that...
- Sentence 1: Report trends
- Sentence 2: Report the highest figure/ lowest figure.
Example: It is clear that the proportion of elderly people increases in each country between
1940 and 2040. Japan is expected to see the most dramatic change in its elderly population.
Exercise 2: Write the overview for each above chart.
[Link] PART:
Vocabulary to Start the Report Body: 2 paragraphs ( each paragraph 3-4 sentences)
[Link] is presented in the diagram(s)/ graph(s)/ pie chart(s)/ table...
2. Now, turning to the details....
3. As can be seen in the...
4. According to the...
5. The table data clearly shows that...
6. As the diagrams suggest,….

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1. Way 1:
- Body 1: The first year + A special year ( with peaks or lowest points)
- Body 2: The last year
Way 2:
- Body 1: Two subjects with same features.
- Body 2: The remaining subjects.
Basic structures for describing trends:
1. There is/was + a/an + Adj+ Noun+ in the percentage/number of…..: There was a dramatic
increase in the percentage of people playing video games, and the biggest rise was seen
in the proportion of those who played sports.

2. The percentage/number of……+ Verb+ Adv: The number of youngsters decreased

substantially from 1990 to 2001.

3. The percentage/number of…..experienced/saw/witnessed + a/an + Adj+ Noun: The

proportion of schoolboys experienced a slight rise during the period shown.

4. There is an/a upward/downward trend in the percentage/number of…: There was an

upward trend in the amount of fast food consumed in most of the countries, while the
opposite trend was seen in that of England/ while that of England followed the opposite
trend.

5. Whereas/ While X verb, Y verb (at the same time).

While the number of factories in Japan went up dramatically in 2010, the quantity in Korea
plummeted at the same time.

6. Clause, followed by + Noun Phrase

There was a dramatic growth in the number of factories in Japan to 120.000 in 2010,
followed by a sharp decrease to 1,000 in 2015.

7. Clause, prior to/before Verb-ing

The number of factories in Japan experienced an increase to 120,000 in 2010, before
hitting a free fall to 1,000 in 2015.

8. Clause, after Verb – ing

The figure for factories in Japan hit a free fall to 1,000 in 2015, after undergoing an increase
to 120,000 in 2010.
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9. In comparison to/with X, which verb, Y verb.

In comparison with the number of factories in Japan, which witnessed a dramatic increase
to 120,000 in 2010, the quantity in Korea plummeted to 12,000 at this time.

10. X verb, Verb-ing, (which verb).

The quantity of factories in Japan went through a period of dramatic increase to 120,000 in
2010, exceeding the number in Korea, which had only 12,000.

Example full Task 1:

The line graph compares the percentage of people aged 65 and more in three nations over
a 100-year period.
It is clear that the proportion of elderly people increases in each country between 1940 and
2040. Japan is expected to see the most dramatic changes in its elderly population.
In 1940, around 9% of Americans were aged 65 or over, compared to about 7% of Swedish
people and 5% of Japanese people. The proportions of elderly people in the USA and Sweden
rose gradually over the next 50 years, reaching just under 15% in 1990. By contrast, the
figures for Japan remained below 5% until the early 2000s.
Looking into the future, a sudden increase in the percentage of elderly people is predicted
for Japan, with a jump of over 15% in just 10 years from 2030 to 2040. By 2040, it is thought
that around 27% of the Japanese population will be 65 years old or more, while the figures
for Sweden and the USA will be slightly lower, at about 25% and 23% respectively.

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LESSON 5: STATIC CHART

I. Static charts: Non-trend charts.
The table below shows information on participation in various leisure activities in the UK.

1. Introduction part: Paraphrase the question, only 1 sentence.

Ex: The table compares the percentages of people at all ages taking part in different activities
in their free time.

2. Overview part: 2 sentences.

It is clear that watching TV/DVDs is the favorite pastime of people in three age groups. The
proportions of 16 – to 19 – year olds watching TV/DVDs, visiting their friends/relations and
listening to music are higher than the other groups, but the figures for the rest activities are
lowest.
3. Body: 2 ways to group information:

Way 1: highest to smallest

Way 2: similarities to differences.

Body 1: Higher figures: Watching TV + Visiting/entertaining friends/relations and listening
to music
In terms of the three former activities, almost all people watch TV/DVDs in their free time,
with 99% of each group. Visiting/entertaining friends/relations and listening to music are

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marginally less common, with its figure varying between 93% and 98%, except for the
participation of the oldest in listening to music, with only 65%.

Body 2: The other activities, focusing on the highest figures.

Looking at the other activities, reading books, gardening and dressmaking/ needlework/
knitting attract the highest participation of people aged 60 to 69, accounting for 66%, 61%
and 27%, but the largest participation in DIY belonged to 25-29 age group. One notable
feature is that the youngest group always records the lowest figures in those activities.

Full sample:
The table compares the percentages of people at all ages taking part in different activities in
their free time.
It is clear that watching TV/DVDs is the favorite pastime of people in three age groups. The
proportions of 16 – to 19 – year olds watching TV/DVDs, visiting their friends/relations and
listening to music are higher than the other groups, but the figures for the rest activities are
lowest.
In terms of the three former activities, almost all people watch TV/DVDs in their free time,
with 99% of each group. Visiting/entertaining friends/relations and listening to music are
marginally less common, with its figure varying between 93% and 98%, except for the
participation of the oldest in listening to music, with only 65%.

Looking at the other activities, reading books, gardening and dressmaking/ needlework/
knitting attract the highest participation of people aged 60 to 69, accounting for 66%, 61%
and 27%, but the largest participation in DIY belonged to 25-29 age group. One notable
feature is that the youngest group always records the lowest figures in those activities.

Structures for describing static charts:

1. A accounts(ed) for/ comprises(ed) of/ make(made) up/constitutes(ed)/take(took)up +
the largest/lowest percentage in…: Coal’s production accounted for the largest percentage
in total energy production in France.

2. A accounts for a bigger/smaller share than: Teacher’s salaries accounted for a bigger
share than other costs.

3. “Twice”, “three times” được dùng cho so sánh ngang bằng và có thể dùng double (adj),
triple (adj)/treble (adj) để thay thế sử dụng trong câu với nghĩa tương tự khi miêu tả biểu đồ
trong Writing Task 1.
o Correct: The number of students in school B was double that in school A in 2000 (double
là adj)
o Correct: The number of students in school B was twice as high as/ higher than that in
school A in 2000 (so sánh ngang bằng)

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o Correct: The number of students in school B was three times as high as/ higher than that
in school A in 1998 (so sánh ngang bằng)
o Correct: The number of students in school B was triple/treble that in school A in 1998
(triple và treble tương đương nhau và đều là adj)
o Incorrect: The number of students in school B was two-fold higher than that in school A
in 2000 (two-fold chỉ được sử dụng để mô tả thay đổi qua thời gian, không sử dụng trong
so sánh)
o Correct: The number of students in school B was significantly higher than that in school
A in 2000 (so sánh hơn kém)

4. “Twice”, “Three times” như đã nói ở trên, được sử dụng trong so sánh ngang bằng, còn
“two-fold” hay “three-fold” được sử dụng để chỉ “thay đổi qua thời gian” – giống như
“double”, “triple”, “treble” dạng động từ.
o Correct: There was a three-fold increase in the number of students in school A from
1998 to 2000 (three-fold đóng vai trò tương đương adj)
o Correct: The number of students in school A tripled/trebled from 1998 to 2000
(triple/treble là verb)
o Incorrect: The number of students in school A increased three times from 1998 to 2000
(three times chỉ được dùng trong so sánh ngang bằng ,ta chỉ có thể dùng three- fold
hoặc một trạng ngữ chỉ mức độ trong trường hợp này)
o Correct: The number of students in school A increased three-fold from 1998 to 2000
(three-fold đóng vai trò tương đương adv)
o Correct: The number of students in school A increased substantially from 1998 to 2000
(substantially đóng vai trò là adv).
5. The percentage/number of A was highest, at.., followed by B and C,
with…and…respectively.
6. The percentage/number of A was highest, at.., as opposed to/compared to B, with….
*The figures for C and D were significantly lower, at…and…. respectively.

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II. Practices:

Practice 1:
The bar chart shows different methods of waste disposal in four cities: Toronto, Madrid,
Kuala Lumpur and Amman in 2011. Summarize the information by describing the main
features of the chart and making comparisons where appropriate.

Practice 2:
The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five
different countries in 2002. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. Write at least
150 words.

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Practice 3:
The chart below shows the annual pay ( thousands of US dollars) for doctors and other
workers in seven countries in 2004.

Practice 4:
The pie charts below compare water usage in San Diego, California and the rest of the
world.

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Sample answers:
Practice 1:

The bar chart illustrates the percentage of waste disposed of by different methods in four
cities.

It is clear that landfill is the most popular method of waste disposal in Toronto and Amman,
but the percentage of waste incinerated in Madrid and Kuala Lumpur is highest. Toronto
records the most significant difference among these methods.

About three-quarters of total waste in Toronto is disposed of by burying in the ground, which
is the highest figure on the chart. Similarly, landfill is the most common method to deal with
waste in Amman, accounting for nearly a half. However, in both Kuala Lumpur and Madrid,
the figures for incineration are largest, at about 55% and 40% respectively

An equal percentage of waste in Madrid and Kuala Lumpur is recycled, with each recording
over 22%, while Toronto and Amman also recycle nearly the same percentage of waste, at
under 10%. In comparison, only a minority of waste in each city is composted, occupying
nearly 10% or even less.

Practice 2:
The table shows the percentage of consumer expenditure for three categories of products
and services in five countries in 2002.
It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food,
drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest
percentages in the table. People in Turkey are the largest spenders on two out of three
categories, excepted for clothing and footwear.
Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably
higher in Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on
leisure and education was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing
and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries.
It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure
for food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5%
respectively. Spain had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for
leisure/education, at only 1.98%.

Practice 3:
The bar chart compares the payment each year for doctors and other workers in different
nations in 2004.

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Overall, the US paid the largest annual salary for both positions and also recorded the widest
gap between these two figures. Doctors’ salaries were always higher than other workers’.
In 2004, annual payment for doctors in the US was 120 thousand US dollars, which nearly
tripled the amount of money that other workers in this country received. The figures for
doctors in France and Switzerland were equal, at about 70 thousand US dollars, but other
workers in the former were paid lower than in the latter, at about 40 and 30 thousand
dollars.
In Germany and Czech, doctors were offered roughly 65 thousand dollars each year,
compared to 60 in Italy. The lowest payment for this job was found in Finland, with only 50
thousand US dollars. Meanwhile, this nation offered a higher annual payment for other
workers, at 25 thousand US dollars, than in Italy, Czech and Germany where they were
offered equally, at 20 thousand dollars.

Practice 4:
The pie charts illustrate the proportion of water consumed for three main purposes in San
Diego, California and the remaining parts of the world
It is clear that the percentages of water catering for domestic use in San Diego and California
are higher than the figures for the two other sectors, while agriculture records the highest
water usage in the whole world. Such dramatic differences are not seen in water
consumption of California.
In the world, a vast majority of water is used for agricultural purpose, at 69%, while only a
trivial percentage is for residential one, accounting for only 8%. However, the two
mentioned regions in America record an opposite allocation. The principal purpose of using
water in these places is for domestic use, occupying 60% and 39% in San Diego and California
respectively while agriculture is the least important one, at 17% and 28%.
In terms of the use of water for industry, the gap among three pie charts is not significant.
The same proportion of water in San Diego and the whole world (23%) is used for this sector,
compared to nearly a third in California.

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LESSON 6: REVIEW
I. DYNAMIC CHARTS:
1. Line graph:

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2. Bar graph:

3. Pie graph:

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The two pie charts below show the online shopping sales for retail sectors in Canada in
2005 and 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

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4. Table:

II. STATIC CHARTS:

[Link] graph:

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2. Pie graph:

[Link]:

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LESSON 7: MIXED CHART

I. Structure of a mixed chart answer:
The information below gives details about household income and spending on food and
clothes by an average family in one UK city in 2010 and 2013.

1. Introduction: Paraphrase the question, always use present tense for introduction.
The table shows the annual income of an average family in a particular UK city and its
expenditure in 2010 and 2013, while the pie charts illustrate the spending’s breakdown
including clothes and various types of food.

2. Overview: Main features of both charts.

Overall, a household earned less but spent more in 2013. It is apparent that the budget for
meat and fish made up the largest proportion in 2010, but that shifted towards fruit and
vegetables three years later.

3. Body: 2 bodies, each about the features of each chart.

As regards the table, an average family in the UK earned £29,000 in 2010, and nearly half of
that sum ( £14,000) was spent on food and clothes. Although income fell by £4,000 after 3
years, there was an increase of £1,000 spent at that time.

Concerning the pie charts, one quarter of household income in 2010 went to meat and fish,
but this figure then decreased to 15% in 2013. Likewise/Similarly, expenditure on clothes
nearly halved from 22% to only 12%. By contrast, fruits &vegetables and dairy products
became the two biggest expenses, at 35% and 20% respectively. It is of note that other food
and beverages constituted an unchanged percentage of 18% of family spending in both
years.
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***Phrases worth using: As regards/With regard to/With respect to/ Concerning.

II. Practices:
Practice 1:

Practice 2:

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Practice 3:

Practice 4:

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Sample answers:

Practice 1:

The table shows the value of fish that was imported to the US ( measured in billions of
dollars) in 1988, 1992 and 2000, while the three pie charts illustrate the amount of fish that
the US brought in from China, Canada and other countries in the same three years.
Overall, the value of imports rose by almost double over the period given. At the start of the
period, the US imported fish predominantly from Canada but, by the final year, other
countries had become the main source.
Regarding the table, the value of imports started at $6.57 billion in the first year, increasing
to $8.52 in 1992 and reaching $10.72 in the last year.

In terms of the source of fish importation, Canada supplied the overwhelming majority in
1988 (
60%) compared to China and other countries which provided only 13% and 27% respectively.
By 1992, other countries had replaced China as the main supplier and made up 46% of all
imports in 1992 and 42% by 2000. US imports from Canada fell over the period by just over
a half to 28% as opposed to China which witnessed an increase to 30% in 2000.

Practice 2: 3 bodies.

The charts illustrate the number of undergraduates, government spending on each student
from 1991 to 2001, and compare the percentages of students of different family economic
backgrounds in 1991. Figures were taken in the UK.
Overall, in 1991 the majority of undergraduates came from middle-income families. Also, in
contrast to the increased number of university students, government spending became
more and more limited toward the end of the period.
The proportion of university students whose family financial background fell into the middle
category was just over 60%, approximately twice as much as that of students from high-
income families. Meanwhile, only 8% of UK’s undergraduates were from families with low
income in 1991.
There was a moderate rise in the number of undergraduates from over 1000000 in 1991 to
more than 2000000 in 1999. This figure then slightly declined to precisely 2000000 after 2
years.
Despite the overall increase in students’ number, government budget allocated for
supporting those students fell exponentially from 6500 pounds to around 4700 pounds, a
decrease of 1200 pounds in only 5 years. After that, the figure experienced almost no change
until the end of the period.

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LESSON 8+9: MAP

I, The directions in a map:

- In the north of : Ở phía Bắc

Eg: The green is in the north of the park

- To the north of: Về phía Bắc

Eg: The shopping center is located to the north of the river.

- In the northwest: Ở phía Tây Bắc

Eg: In the northwest, there is a residential area.

- In the northeast corner: Ở góc Đông Bắc

Eg: The capital is located in the northeast corner of the map.

- In the middle of: Ở giữa của

Eg: The post office and the bank in the middle of the town were demolished to make
way for a new supermarket.

II, Vocabulary to describe changes:

• A xuất hiện
Verb Noun
A+ be built The birth of/ The existence of
A+ be made No
A + be established The establishment of
A+ be constructed The construction of
A+ be erected The erection of
A+ appear/emergence The appearance of/ The emergence of

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• B bị thay thế bởi C

B+ be replaced by C The replacement of B by C
B+ be converted into C The conversion of B into C
B+ be turned into C No
B+ be transformed into C The transformation of B into C
C be built in place of B/ C be built on the No
site of B
B+ be cleared/demolished to make way The clearance/demolition of B to make way
for/give way to C for C
• D bị phá hủy
Verb Noun
D+ disappear The disappearance of D
D+ be demolished The demolition of D
D+be cut down ( chỉ dùng cho cây :D) No
D+ eliminated/removed The elimination of /The removal of D
D+ be erased No
• E không đổi
E stay/ remain unchanged

E see no changes

• F mở rộng
F + be widened/ extended/ enlarged towards + direction ( mở rộng về phía)

The extension of F

• G thu hẹp
G+ be narrowed

G+ be reduced in size

G+ be diminished

III, Structures to describe changes:

1. S+V
Ex: The old town was knocked down to give way to several office buildings.

2. There + be + N + of + S
Ex: There was an appearance of a cinema on the site of the old art center in the west of
the town.
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3. Time + witness/ experience + N

Ex: The year 2000 witnessed the conversion of the industrial complex into a park.

4. Direction + witness/ experience + N

Ex: The west of the lake witnessed the appearance of a cinema in place of the art
center.

5. The use of relative clauses:

Ex: The warehouse which was located in the north of the Lakeside near the Old town
was demolished to give way to a car park.

6. The use of compound sentences:

Ex: While the car park in the northwest corner remained unchanged, the pond was
enlarged to become a lake.

Cách chia đoạn :

- Nếu có 2 bản đồ với 2 mốc thời gian khác nhau, nếu có River hoặc Road chạy qua
giữa Map thì đó là yếu tố thuận lợi để chia đoạn body.
- Để chia đoạn, sử dụng hướng để phân định các khu vực chính, ví dụ như To the east
of the river, To the south of the river,….

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IV, Structure:

1, Introduction:

- The map illustrates/ shows/ depicts some changes to S over a X-year period
- The two maps show/ depict how S change
Ex: The maps show the changes experienced by the town of Lakeside over a 9-year period
from 2000 to 2009.

Or: The maps show how the town of Lakeside developed at the beginning of the 21th
century.

2, Overview:

- It is clear that S changed considerably with the introduction of/ with the
disappearance of..
- The main developments are that….
- The most obvious change over the period is that…
- It is clear that most of the changes took place in….
Ex: It is clear that the town changed considerably with the extension of the industrial
complex during the period. The most obvious changes were seen in the area to the north
of the river.

Or: It is clear that the town became more modern and dynamic with the appearance of
well-developed facilities and the extension of the industrial complex over the given
period. It is also notable that most of the developments took place in the north of the
town.

3, Body:

- Looking at the map in more detail, we can see that

- The most noticeable change is that…
- The most striking change is that…
- In addition/ Additionally,..
- Furthermore,..
- Another change is that,..
- An additional development is that
Ex: To the north of the river, the derelict warehouse was knocked down to make way for
a car park, while the nearby old town was replaced by offices and a university. No change
was made to the school which was located near the riverbank. In addition, a cinema on
the left of the school was built in place of the art centre. The residential area

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in the northwest corner of the Lakeside remained unchanged, whereas the one near the
riverbank was turned into a shopping center. Another change is that the lake in the
northeast area was converted into a pond.

To the south of the river, there was a considerable extension of the industrial complex
toward the south relative to the disappearance of the residential area.

Practice 1:

Practice 2:

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Practice 3: The two maps below show road access to a city hospital in 2007 and in 2010.

:
Practice 4:

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Practice 5: The plans show a school library 5 years ago and the same library now.
(9/9/2017)

Practice 6:

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LESSON 10 -13: CAUSE – EFFECT – SOLUTION

ESSAY
Introduction: Clause (to introduce the topic). This problem happens for some reasons,
and some measures are available to tackle it.

Body 1: Several reasons can explain why + Clause (paraphrase the topic). Firstly, (the
first supporting idea) because (explanation 1). For example, (clause to give an example
for the first idea). Secondly, (the second supporting idea), for (explanation 2). A telling
example is (the second example for supporting idea 2).

Body 2: This problem can be addressed by some methods. The first solution is + clause
(the first solution) because (explanation for the first solution). For instance, (example
1). Another remedy is + clause (the second solution), for (explanation 2). Example 2.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the topic + stem from some reasons, and some feasible
measures can be adopted to deal with this phenomenon.

Sample essay:
More and more people are migrating to cities in search of a better life, but city life can be
extremely difficult. Explain some of the difficulties of living in a city. How can governments
make urban life better for everyone?
Cities are often seen as places of opportunity, but there are also some major drawbacks of
living in a large metropolis. In my opinion, governments could do much more to improve city
life for the average inhabitant.
The main problem for anyone who hopes to migrate to a large city is that the cost of living is
likely to be much higher than it is in a small town or village. Inhabitants of cities have to pay
higher prices for housing, transport, and even food. Another issue is that urban areas tend to
suffer from social problems such as high crime and poverty rates in comparison with rural
areas. Furthermore, the air quality in cities is often poor, due to pollution from traffic, and
the streets and public transport systems are usually overcrowded. As a result, city life can be
unhealthy and stressful.
Body 1: Topic sentence -> Main idea 1 -> Why/How Supporting idea 1 -> (Example 1) -> Main
idea 2 -> Supporting idea 2 -> (Example 2) -> Conclusion (5-6 sentences -110 words)
However, there are various steps that governments could take to tackle these problems.
Firstly, they could invest money in the building of affordable or social housing to reduce the
cost of living. Secondly, politicians have the power to ban vehicles from city centres and
promote the use of cleaner public transport, which would help to reduce both air pollution
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and traffic congestion. In London, for example, the introduction of a congestion charge for
drivers has helped to curb the traffic problem. A third option would be to develop provincial
towns and rural areas, by moving industry and jobs to those regions, in order to reduce the
pressure on major cities.
In conclusion, governments could certainly implement a range of measures to enhance the
quality of life for all city residents.
- Detailed – summarize the main ideas in two bodies/ personal suggestion
- 2 and more sentences
(273 words, band 9 Simon) -> 1 bài essay sẽ viết từ 250-280 từ là lý tưởng.

I. TOPIC: POPULATION

Many people say the gap between rich and poor people is wider, as rich people become richer
and poor people grow poorer.

What problems could this situation cause and what measures can be done to address those
problems?

Paraphrase:
- The gap between rich and poor = The wealth gap = The gap between two classes of
society = Wealth/ Economic/Financial inequality = The wealth disparity
- Problems = Issues = Negative effects/ impacts ( Exert effects on sth..)
- Cause = Lead to = Translate into = Give rise to = Result in
- Measures = Solutions = Remedies = Methods
- Deal with = Tackle = Address = Combat = Solve
- Rich = Wealthy = Affluent
- Poor = Financially disadvantaged = Underprivileged = Impoverished = Live under the
poverty line = Live in destitute conditions
Brainstorm:
Introduction: It is true that the wealth gap in society has been significantly widened because the
rich have become more affluent while the poor tend to live under the poverty line. This
tendency leads to several problems, but it can be tackled by applying some feasible (possible)
measures.
Body 1: On the one hand, the increased gap between two classes of society can give rise to
certain issues.
- A heavy financial burden on government budget (Point) -> The poor have to struggle for
making ends meet, and the government cannot turn its back on them (Explanation) ->
budget deficit ( thâm hụt ngân sách) for other important sectors such as transport
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infrastructure, education or economic development, hindering the overall development

of a nation.
- Social unrest/anarchy -> The poor may feel that the wealthy are responsible for their
sufferings -> increased resentment and discontentment -> Protests
- An increase in the crime rate -> The poor cannot get access to better job and educational
opportunities -> Constrain themselves to entry-level jobs -> Fail to sustain their
livelihood/earn a living -> the poor may resort to illegal activities to make easy money.
Body 2: On the other hand, this can be addressed in certain ways.
- Levy a heavier tax on the rich -> The government can use these earnings to provide free
goods and services for the poor -> afford survival needs
- Provide vocational courses and create more jobs -> There is no need to rely on criminal
acts to earn a living.
- Increase the minimum earning of the poorest workers -> The poor is provided with a
safety net, which guarantees their basic living needs under any circumstances.

TOPIC – RELATED VOCABULARY

- The two classes of society: 2 tầng lớp xã hội

- To live on the breadline/ poverty line: Sống nghèo đói
- Income inequality: Bất bình đẳng thu nhập
- The breeding ground for social unrest and political instability: Là nơi sản sinh ra rối
loạn xã hội và bất ổn chính trị
- The onset of social anarchy/ social unrest: Sự bắt đầu của sự hỗn độn trong xã hội
- To resort to violence and opt for the life of criminals: Tìm đến bạo lực và lựa chọn
con đường tội phạm
- To reduce the amount of income inequality in society: Giảm lượng bất bình đẳng thu
nhập trong xã hội
- To place much importance on individual competence to determine the amount of
money one might earn: Nhấn mạnh vào khả năng cá nhân để quyết định số tiền mà
một người sẽ nhận
- rapidly growing human populations: dân số tăng trưởng nhanh chóng
- a population bomb = a population explosion: sự bùng nổ dân số
- to increase at an alarming rate: tăng ở một mức độ đáng báo động
- an increase in global birth rates: 1 sự tăng trong tỷ lệ sinh toàn cầu
- to exceed the carrying capacity of the earth: vượt quá sức chứa của trái đất
- to put an end to human survival: đặt dấu chấm hết cho sự tồn tại của con người
- increased demands for water/ food/ fossil fuels/ natural resouces/…: nhu cầu tăng
đối với nước/ thực phẩm/ nhiên liệu hóa thạch/ các nguồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên

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- to lead to the depletion of natural resources: dẫn tới sự cạn kiệt các nguồn tài
nguyên thiên nhiên
- to put heavy pressure on water/food supplies: đặt áp lực nặng nề lên nguồn cung
cấp nước/ thực phẩm
- to pose a serious threat to the well-being of planet Earth: gây ra mối đe dọa nghiêm
trọng cho sức khỏe của trái đất
- advances in science, technology, medicine, food production/ better medical
services/ technological breakthroughs → a increase in life expectancy/ a decline in
mortality rates: các tiến bộ trong khoa học, công nghệ, y tế, sản xuất thực phẩm/ dịch
vụ y tế tốt hơn/ các đột phá trong lĩnh vực công nghệ → sự tăng trong tuổi thọ/ giảm
tỷ lệ tỷ vong
- to lead to environmental degradation/ air, water pollution/ soil contamination/
global warming/ deforestation/ desertification/ widespread famine/ conflicts and
wars/ higher unemployment rates/ higher levels of crime/ other serious social
problems: dẫn tới sự suy thoái môi trường/ ô nhiễm không khí, nước/ ô nhiễm đất/
nóng lên toàn cầu/ tàn phá rừng/ hoang mạc hóa/ đói nghèo trên diện rộng/ mâu
thuẫn và chiến tranh/ tỷ lệ thất nghiệp cao hơn/ mức độ tội phạm cao hơn/ các vấn đề
xã hội khác
- population control methods: các phương pháp kiểm soát dân số
- family planning/ limit family sizes: kế hoạch hóa gia đình/ giới hạn kích cỡ gia đình
- to provide sex education in schools: cung cấp giáo dục giới tính trong các trường học

Homework:

1. Nowadays, more and more people decide to have children later in life. What are the
causes? And some effects on society?

2. City citizens suffer from a lack of physical activities. What are some causes? What can be
done to solve the problem?
II. TOPIC: HEALTH
Nowadays, what many people in western countries eat is unhealthy food. Why is this
the case? What can western people do to improve this situation?
Paraphrase:
- Many people = A number of people
- Unhealthy food = food that is not good for their health = detrimental food =
unwholesome food
- Change their diet = Switch to well-balanced/better diets/ Adjust their eating
habits/ Change their diets for the better/ Improve their current eating patterns.

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Introduction:
It is true that westerners often consume unwholesome foods on a daily basis. This stems from
several reasons, but it can be solved by adopting some feasible methods.
Brainstorm:

Body 1: Explain why people in western countries eat unhealthy food.

Body 2: How should people in developed nations change their diets.

Conclusion: Summarize the main idea

VOCABULARY AND SUGGESTED IDEAS:

-Have/ exert a positive/negative on something = Something is put at risk/ at stake

= Pose a threat to sth/sb: Có ảnh hưởng tích/ tiêu cực lên cái gì = Đe dọa đến cái gì
- A well-balanced/healthy/ nutritious/well-rounded diet high in essential vitamins
and nutrients: Một chế độ ăn cân đối/ khỏe mạnh/giàu dinh dưỡng/toàn diện
chứa nhiều các loại vitamin và khoáng chất
- To be too pre-occupied/busy with work to prepare home-cooked meals: Quá bận
rộn để chuẩn bị những bữa ăn được nấu ở nhà.
- Rely on fast food and pre-prepared meals to save the cooking time: Phụ thuộc
vào đồ ăn nhanh và các bữa ăn được chuẩn bị sẵn để tiết kiệm thời gian nấu ăn.
- Lead to/ Cause/ Be responsible for some diseases like obesity, high blood
pressure and diabetes: Dẫn đến/gây ra/ chịu trách nhiệm cho 1 số căn bệnh như
béo phì, huyết áp cao và tiểu đường.
- An excessive consumption/ intake of harmful foods: Sự tiêu thụ/nạp vào quá mức
của các đồ ăn độc hại.
- Preservatives are injected into the foods to keep them fresh/ maintain their
freshness/ make them last longer: Những chất bảo quản được bơm vào đồ ăn để
giữ chúng tươi lâu.
- Organic foods: Đồ ăn hữu cơ
- Take a complete control of the ingredients put into our foods: Kiểm soát hoàn
toàn các nguyên liệu đưa vào đồ ăn.
- Reduce the risk of contracting/ developing some ailments/ diseases: Giảm nguy
cơ mắc các bệnh tật.
Homework:

1. Many youngsters are becoming obese and unhealthy nowadays. What are the reasons?
What can be done to solve the problem?
2. Urban citizens are suffering from a lack of physical activities. What are the effects?
What can be done to reverse the situation?
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III. TOPIC: SPORTS

Nowadays, young people are admiring media and sports stars, even though they do not set
a good example. What are the causes? What are the effects?
Paraphrase:
- Young people = The young = Youngsters = Minors = The immature
- Set a good example = Be a good role model
- Admire = Have a great admiration for = Show reverence for = Idolize
- Media and sports stars = Celebrities in the field of media and sports = Celebrated
media and sports individuals = Famous entertainment stars
Introduction:
In today’s society, youngsters tend to show their great admiration for celebrities in the field
of media and sports though they are bad role models. This tendency stems from several
reasons and exerts detrimental effects on both the young and society as a whole.
Brainstorm:
Body 1: The reasons why the young tend to respect celebrities regardless of their improper
behaviors.
+ The young tend to be impressionable and gullible -> Unable to distinguish between right and
wrong -> Tend to emulate any of their idols’ behaviors.
+ Modern parents are often overwhelmed with their job -> Neglect their roles in educating
their children about ethics -> The young think that what their idols do is socially acceptable
and mimic them.
Body 2: Some repercussions of this tendency.
+ The young’s adoption of improper and impolite manner -> The degradation of their morality
-> Ruin their family and their future.
+ Social insecurity resulting from crazy fans gathering to support their idols -> For example,
the chaos when Vietnamese fans went uncontrollable when welcoming their Korean stars ->
Put themselves in danger and cause trouble to the local authority.

VOCABULARY AND SUGGESTED IDEAS:

- extreme sports = dangerous sports: thể thao mạo hiểm

- to be highly dangerous and life-threatening: nguy hiểm và đe dọa đến tính mạng
- to involve a high level of risk: liên quan đến mức độ rủi ro cao
- bungee jumping/ freediving/ ice climbing/ skydiving/ mountain biking/…: nhảy
bungee / nhảy tự do / leo núi băng/ nhảy dù / đi xe đạp leo núi / …
- team sports >< individual sports: thể thao đồng đội >< thể thao cá nhân
- to lead a sedentary lifestyle: có một lối sống ít vận động
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- to take regular exercise: tập thể dục thường xuyên

- to spend more time engaging in physical activities: dành nhiều thời gian hơn để
tham gia vào các hoạt động thể chất
- to keep fit and stay healthy: giữ dáng vàcó sức khỏe tốt
- to reduce stress and depression: giảm căng thẳng và trầm cảm
- to burn calories and build muscle → maintain a healthy weight: đốt calo và xây
dựng cơ bắp → duy trì một cân nặng tốt
- to have the opportunity to develop independence: có cơ hội phát triển sự độc lập
- to make every possible effort to achieve their goals: cố gắng hết sức để đạt được
mục tiêu của họ
- to sacrifice themselves for the sake of their team: hy sinh bản thân vì lợi ích của cả
đội
- to learn valuable life lessons: học những bài học cuộc sống quý báu
- to learn how to work effectively in a team environment: tìm hiểu cách làm việc
hiệu quả trong môi trường đội nhóm
- to have the chance to challenge themselves: có cơ hội để thử thách bản than
- to push themselves to their limits: đẩy bản thân đến giới hạn
- to step out of their comfort zone: bước ra khỏi vùng thoải mái của họ
- to pose a serious threat to …: đặt ra một mối đe dọa nghiêm trọng cho …
- to suffer from serious injuries or even death: bị thương nặng hoặc thậm chí tử vong
- to require special training and specialized gear/ equipment: yêu cầu đào tạo đặc
biệt và dụng cụ/ thiết bị chuyên dụng
- to undergo appropriate training: trả qua quá trình đào tạo phù hợp

Homework

1. Children nowadays tend to watch bloody or violent sports. What are the effects? What
can be done to solve the problem?

2. Extreme sports are increasingly popular. Why? What are the effects?

IV. TOPIC: EDUCATION

Many students find it difficult to concentrate or pay attention at school. What are the reasons?
What could be done?

Paraphrase:
- Concentrate = Focus # Distract
- Reduced level of concentration and attention span = Declined concentration ability
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and attention deficit

Introduction:
It is true that schoolchildren are suffering from declined concentration and attention ability.
This phenonmenon stems from several reasons, but can be addressed with some practicable
methods.
Brainstorm:
Body 1:
+ Old-fashioned teaching practices are to blame for this fact -> At most schools, teachers tend
to force students to learn by heart without providing them with vivid examples and
illustrations -> Lessons fail to engage students.
+ Poor sound systems in the class -> Noise from ventilation units like air-conditioning or
construction sites can distract students from focusing on their study.
+ Some schoolchildren suffer from some medical conditions like hearing impairment, autistic
spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Body 2:
+ Schools and teachers should adopt more novel and absorbing teaching methods to maximize
students’ attention span. For example,..
+ Schools should invest more in upgrading the quality of sound-proof systems inside the class
and the interior in general.
+ Undiagnosed auditory problems among schoolchildren should be paid more attention to ->
Schools organize regular health check-ups to identify hearing problems and give them timely
treatment.

Homework

1. There are few students choosing to study science subjects nowadays. What are the
reasons? What are the effects on society?
2. Some students work while studying. This often results in lacking time for education and
constantly feeling under pressure. What do you think are the causes of this? What
solutions can you suggest?
3. In some countries, young people have little leisure time and are under a lot of pressure to
work hard on their studies.” What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can
you suggest?”
4. Students leave high school without learning the way how to manage their money. What
are the reasons and solutions of this issue?

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LESSON 14: TWO-PART QUESTION ESSAY

Topic 1: Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What
factors are important in achieving happiness?
- Happiness means different things to different people.
- It can be described as a feeling of pleasure or enjoyment.
Introduction:

It is no doubt true that the majority of people would like to be happy in their lives. While
the personal nature of happiness makes it difficult to describe, there do seem to be some
common needs that we all share with regard to experiencing or achieving happiness.

Body:

Happiness is difficult to define because it means something different to each individual

person. Nobody can fully understand or experience another person’s feelings, and we all have
our own particular passions from which we take pleasure. Some people, for example,
derive a sense of satisfaction from earning money or achieving success, whereas for
others, health and family are much more important. At the same time, a range of other
feelings, from excitement to peacefulness, may be associated with the idea of happiness,
and the same person may therefore feel happy in a variety of different ways.

Although it seems almost impossible to give a precise definition of happiness, most people
would agree that there are some basic preconditions to achieving it. Firstly, it is hard for a
person to be happy if he or she does not have a safe place to live and enough food to eat.
Our basic survival needs must surely be met before we can lead a pleasant life. Secondly,
the greatest joy in life is usually found in shared experiences with family and friends, and
it is rare to find a person who is content to live in complete isolation. Other key factors
could be individual freedom and a sense of purpose in life.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, happiness is difficult to define because it is particular to each individual,

but I believe that our basic needs for shelter, food and company need to be fulfilled
before we can experience it.

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I. TOPIC: ENERGY

Alternative sources of energy (solar, tidal and wind power) are becoming increasingly
popular. In what fields would these types of energy be used? What are some possible
negative effects of this?

Paraphrase:

- Alternative sources of energy = Non-traditional/ Non-conventional/ Renewable

power sources
- Become increasingly popular = Become more pre-dominant/ prevalent = Gain
in popularity

Introduction: It is true that non-traditional power sources are getting more predominant.
While I think that these sources will be utilized in a number of areas, I would assert that this
can also exert some detrimental effects.

Body 1:

- In the transportation field -> people’s heightened awareness about air pollution
cause by greenhouse gases resulting from the internal combustion of fossil fuels
in the engine of vehicles -> the birth of zero-emissions vehicles running on solar
energy.
- In the energy production field -> the exploitation of traditional sources causes a
series of environmental issues such as soil erosion because of “mine subsidence”,
water pollution due to highly acidic run-off from mines and handling facilities,
and global warming resulting from toxic gases such as methane or CO2 released
during the mining process -> a switch to power generation from wind or tide.

Body 2:

- Higher upfront costs -> While money for re-fueling can be saved by using
renewable energy, the technologies are typically more expensive upfront than
traditional energy generators -> This would place a heavy financial burden on the
government budget.
- Intermittency -> Though renewable energy resources are available around the
world, many of these resources are not available 24/7, year-round. Some days
may be windier than others, the sun does not shine at night, and droughts may
occur for periods of time. There can be unpredictable weather events that disrupt

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these technologies. Fossil fuels are not intermittent and can be turned on or off
at any given time.

VOCABULARY AND SUGGESTED IDEAS:

- environmentally-friendly (adj): thân thiện với môi trường

- renewable/infinite energy sources >< non-renewable energy sources: các nguồn
năng lượng tái tạo được >< các nguồn năng lượng không tái tạo được
- nuclear power = nuclear energy: năng lượng hạt nhân
- nuclear weapon: vũ khí hạt nhân
- nuclear accident = nuclear disaster: tai nạn/thảm họa hạt nhân
- a leakage of nuclear materials into the environment: sự rò rỉ các nhiên liệu hạt
nhân vào môi trường
- high levels of radiation: mức độ phóng xạ cao
- improvements in nuclear technology: những sự cải thiện trong công nghệ hạt nhân
- solar, wind or water power: năng lượng mặt trời, gió và nước
- power stations = power plants: các nhà máy năng lượng
- fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas: nhiên liệu hóa thạch như than đá, dầu và
khí tự nhiên
- generate/produce electricity: sản xuất điện
- release greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere: thải khí thải nhà kính ra bầu
khí quyển
- sustainable energy sources: các nguồn năng lượng bền vững
- pose a serious threat to people and the environment: gây ra 1 mối đe dọa nghiêm
trọng cho con người và môi trường
- the exploitation of natural resources: sự khai thác các nguồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên
- the depletion of natural resources: sự cạn kiệt các nguồn tài nguyên thiên nhiên
- lead to environmental degradation/ global warming: dẫn tới sự suy thoái môi
trường/ nóng lên toàn cầu
- energy consumption: sự tiêu thụ năng lượng
- meet global energy needs: đáp ứng nhu cầu năng lượng toàn cầu
- run out: cạn kiệt
- install solar panels: lắp đạt các tấm pin năng lượng mặt trời
- build/ set up a wind farm: xây dựng 1 tua bin được dùng để sản xuất điện từ gió
- have a devastating impact on people/ the environment/ marine ecosystems: có
tác động tàn phá đối với con người / môi trường / hệ sinh thái biển
- energy-efficient/energy-saving appliances: các thiết bị tiết kiệm năng lượng

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Homework:

1. Nuclear power is becoming increasingly popular. What are some benefits of using this
type of energy? Should it be used or not?
2. With the increasing demand for energy sources such as oil and gas, people are looking for
sources of oil and gas in remote and untouched places. What are some benefits of this?
Should they do this?
3. Fossil fuels are essential for producing electricity, powering industry and fueling
transportation. However, one day we will reach a point when all the world’s fossil fuels
have been depleted. How can we conserve these resources? What are some alternatives
to fossil fuels?

II. TOPIC: TRAVELLING

More people than ever before are travelling to other countries now. Why? Is this a
positive development or negative development?

Paraphrase:

- Travel = Visit = Pay visits to = Set foot in = Go to

- International/ Outbound tourism = The international tourism industry

Introduction:

It is true that it has become increasingly easier for people to set foot in other nations. This
stems from several reasons, and I assert that this is both beneficial and detrimental in equal
measure.

Body 1:

- The development in the transportation industry with the advent of advanced

vehicles such as ship or plane, which allows visitors to reach their destinations
within a few hours or a few days, which was almost unimaginable in the past.
- The growing availability of budget airlines which offer countless promotional
programs and vouchers, making international travel more affordable for people
from all walks of life.
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Body 2:

- Beneficial: Tourists with tend to be willing to pay money for using services or
buying products at the host country -> Bring about huge revenues -> Boost local
economies and raise the living standards of local inhabitants.
- Detrimental: Tourists may do harm to the local ways of living or the local
environment.

TOPIC VOCABULARY AND SUGGESTED IDEAS:

- travel abroad = travel to a foreign country: đi du lịch nước ngoài

- go sight-seeing: đi tham quan
- a great way to relax and reduce stress: một cách tuyệt vời để xả hơi và giảm căng
thẳng
- have the opportunity to: có cơ hội làm gì
- experience different cultures and traditions: trải nghiệm những nền văn hóa và
truyền thống khác nhau
- learn a new language: học một ngôn ngữ mới
- broaden our horizons: mở rộng tầm mắt của chúng ta
- learn useful skills: học được những kỹ năng hữu ích
- play an important role in…: đóng 1 vai trò quan trọng trong…
- create more job opportunities for local people: tạo ra nhiều cơ hội việc làm hơn
cho người dân địa phương
- improve living standards: cải thiện mức sống
- high living costs: chi phí cuộc sống cao
- pose a serious threat to…: gây ra sự đe dọa nghiêm trọng cho…
- destroy natural habitats: phá hủy môi trường sống tự nhiên
- the loss of traditional cultures: việc mất đi các văn hóa truyền thống
- cultural diversity: sự đa dạng văn hóa
- popular tourist destinations = famous tourist attractions: những điểm đến du lịch
phổ biến
- attract millions of tourists: thu hút hàng triệu khách du lịch
- boost economy: thúc đẩy kinh tế
- see spectacular landscapes, wildlife and plants: chiêm ngưỡng những khung cảnh
tuyệt vời, động thực vật hoang dã
- bring a wide range of benefits: mang tới rất nhiều lợi ích
- cause damage to…: gây tổn thất cho…
- tourist = traveler = visitor: du khách
- traditional jobs and skills: những kỹ năng và công việc truyền thống
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- disappear = die out: biến mất

- adopt a new culture: theo một nền văn hóa mới
- culture shock: sốc văn hóa
- put heavy pressure on the environment: đăt áp lực nặng nề lên môi trường

HOMEWORK:

1. Scientists and tourists tend to travel to remote natural environments, such as South Pole.
Why is this? Is this a positive or negative development?

2. Space travel has been possible for some time and space tourism will probably be
developed in future. Why is this? Is space tourism is a negative or positive development?
(17/6/2017)

TOPIC VOCABULARY

- The space race: cuộc chạy đua vào không gian

- A space probe : tàu thăm dò vũ trụ không người lái
- A lunar module : tàu thám hiểm mặt trăng
- To put into orbit : đưa cái gì đó vào quỹ đạo
- Manned space flight: tàu thám hiểm vũ trụ có người lái
- To launch a space rocket: phóng tên lửa vào vũ trụ
- The cosmos= universe ( vũ trụ)
- To pour money into space research: sử dụng nhiều tiền vào mục đích nghiên cứu vũ
trụ
- A test flight : chuyến bay thử nghiệm
- A space shuttle: tàu con thoi để liên lạc giữa Trái Đất và trạm không gian vũ trụ
- A space station: trạm vũ trụ
- Space vogages: chuyến đi vào vũ trụ
- Space tourism: chuyến du lịch vào vũtrụ
- To discover the mysteries of the universe: khám phá những điều bí ẩn trong vũ trụ
- The conquest of space: chinh phục không gian
- To be an inspiration to: khơi nguồn cảm hứng cho
- Spacesuits and helmets: bộ đồ phi hành gia
- Vacuum-packed food: đồ ăn hút chân không.
- Weightless conditions: điều kiện không trọng lượng
- To endure hardships and discomforts: trải nghiệm và đối mặt với các điều kiện khó

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khăn
- To float through space: di chuyển chậm chạp trong không gian
- Zero gravity: không trọng lực
- The quest for a new homeland: sự tìm kiếm hành tinh mới cho cư dân
- Alien life forms: vật thể từ các hành tinh khác

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