0. Trichomonas vaginalis
0. No
0. Vulvovaginal swab
0. Sexually transmitted flagellated protozoa
0. • Counsel - abstain from intercourse or use barrier method of
contraception • Systemic metronidazole regime for 7 days to both partners

0. It is a straightforward and safe technique and has been shown to reduce
the number of caesarian sections due to breech presentation
0. • fetal abnormality • placenta praevia • oligohydramnios • APH •
multiple gestation • preecalmpsia
0. • placental abruption • premature rupture of membrane • cord accident •
transplacental haemorrhage • fetal bradycardia

• Semen volume (ml) 1.4 to 1.7
• Sperm concentration (million/ml) 12 to 16
• Total sperm number (million/ejaculation) 33 to 46
• Progressive motility (%) 31 to 34
• Morphology (normal forms %) 3 to 4
• Vitality live sperm (%) 55 to 63
• pH >7.2

0. Forehead forceps / Kielland forceps
0. • senior obstetrician • informed consent • facility of emergency
caesarean section • paediatrician should be available • uterine contraction present
• bladder empty • head should be 1/5 palpable • per vaginal examination, cervix
should be fully dilated • membrane ruptured • head below ischial spine • assistant
should be present
0. • Maternal - prolonged 2nd stage of labor, poor maternal effort,
medical conditions • Fetal - distress, meconium
0. • Unengaged head • head more than 3/5 palpable • head above ischial
spine • poor surgical skill • no emergency caesarian section


0. Ayre's spatula
0. • to collect pap smear • to takes smear from cervix, posterior vaginal
wall, upper 1/3 of lateral vaginal wall • to visualise os using speculum
0. It is performed for screening cervical cancer. In women greater than 30
years, pap test may be combined with other tests for diagnosing HPV, a common
sexually transmitted infection that can cause cervical cancer
0. From transitional zone (squamous-columnar junction) of cervix between
ectocervix and endocervix
0. HPV (human papilloma virus), a sexually transmitted infection
• But nowadays, cytobrush is used

0. Mirena (IUCD)
0. Levonorgestrel of 52mg dose
0. 5 years
0. Thickens mucus in cervix to stop sperm from fertilising ovum , thins
lining of uterus and partially suppresses ovulation by releasing hormone
levonorgestrel
0. Less than 1%

0. It is the procedure by which we can take endometrial sample/ tissue for
histopathology
0. • HMB of 45 years age • irregular HMB • HMB not responding to medical
treatment • PMB
0. • Pre operative (anaesthesia fitness) • spinal anaesthesia to patient •
in lithotomy position • apply antiseptic solution (pyodine) on cervix and vagina •
vulsellum forceps to grasp upper portion of cervix • hegar dilator for opening of
uterus • once dilatation is completed, curette is inserted in uterine cavity and
used to scrap lining of uterus • scraped tissue is sent to pathologist for
microscopic examination

0. • Maternal - previous caesarian sections with classical incision,
previous uterine surgery, placenta praevia, failure to progress in labour • Fetal -
malpresentation of the fetus, multiple pregnancies, intrauterine growth
restrictions
0. • Infection • haemorrhage • wound dehiscence • damage to surrounding
organs • blood clots • anaesthesia complications
0. Transverse lower segment incision

0. PCOS
0. • CBC • USG • LH:FSH (3:1) • serum testosterone • TFTs • OGTT
0. Combined oral contraceptive pills and cyclical oral progesterone can be
used to regulate menstrual irregularity
0. To be diagnosed with PCOS by rotter dam criteria, a woman must have two
of the following three manifestations • amenorrhoea/ oligomenorrhoea •
hyperandrogenism (clinical or biochemical) • polycystic ovaries on usg (8 pr more
subcapsular follicular cyst <10mm in diameter arranged at periphery and increased
ovarian volume >10cm3)

0. Molar pregnancy
0. • Blood tests - HCG levels • chest x-ray • transvaginal ultrasound •
histopathological examinations
0. • cervical dilatation • suction and evacuation until bubbles start
forming • follow up - 2 months B-HCG, but if it not drops after two weeks, then
urine pregnancy test for 6 months with 6 months of contaception