Insecta /Serangga

- A very fast overview

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Keanekaragaman ekariota

• Size of
organisms
represents
number of
species.
• Insects comprise
ca. ¾ of all
animal species.

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Crustacea Acari 4
Chelicerata 5
Morfologi eksternal serangga dewasa
• Eksoskeleton keras dari
kitin.
} Head • Tiga bagian tubuh: kepala
(mulut, mata
} Thorax sederhana/majemuk, dua
antena), thorax (dg kaki
Abdomen dan sayap), abdomen.
• Tiga pasang kaki dan 2
pasang sayap!
• Mulut diagnostik untuk
membedakan antar
serangga 6
kecoa lebah Kupu2 nyamuk

Labrum (g) Labrum (g)

Mandible (r) Mandible (r)
Maxillae (y) Maxillae (y)
Labium (b) Labium (b)

Mouth parts of insects

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Mata majemuk serangga
• Individual component:
Ommatidium.
• Mata capung tdd 28,000
ommatidia.
• Aside from compound
eyes, also individual
eyes can occur: Ocellum.

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Insect legs

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Beetle Grasshopper Louse Honey bee Mole cricket

Variasi kaki serangga 11

 System ekskretori dan pencernaan
• System pencernaan(hijau): Pharynx→
Esophagus→Proventriculus→Ventriculus
(absorption)→Malphigian tubules
(ekskresi:biru)→Ilium→Rectum
(reabsorption of water)→Anus.

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 Internal morphology
•Spiculae (openings)
and tracheae (pipes)
utk pertukaran gas
(Biru).
•Dorsal heart, open
circulatory system
(merah).
•Ventral nerve cord
(kuning).
→ Compare with
vertebrates!

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Perkembangan insekta
• In order to grow, immature
insects have to shed their
inflexible exoskeleton. They
have to molt.
• Molting is controlled by
hormones:
• Ecdysone is triggering molt.
• Juvenile hormone is
suppressing adult
characteristics. If levels
decrease, pupation into adults
is triggered.
• Artificial juvenile hormone has
been used as insecticide. 14
Three different forms of development
• Metamorphosis: change of form.
1. Ametamorphosis: no metamorphosis;
immatures resemble adults, except size →
most primitive insects, e.g. springtails.
2. Gradual metamorphosis: Immatures resemble
adults, except certain features, e.g. wings,
coloration; juveniles are called nymphs or
naiads → e.g. grasshoppers, cockroaches,
dragonflies → HEMIMETABOLIC
3. Complete metamorphosis: Immatures do not
resemble adults; juveniles are called larvae
and pupae → e.g. butterflies, beetles, flies,
bees, → HOLOMETABOLIC

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Systematic entomology
• Because of the immense
insect diversity, only
those orders (groups) will
be introduced, which
have high relevance for
forests and forestry.
• Important functions in
forests performed by
insects are: predation,
herbivory (including
timber!), decomposition,
parasitism, pollination,
seed dispersal. 17
Orders Collembola, Diplura
+Thysanura
• Most ancient insect groups.
• Without wings.
• Ametamorphic.
• Mouth parts chewing/
mengunyah.
• Among the most important
arthropod decomposers in
leaf litter and forest soils.
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Order Phasmida: Walking sticks
and leaf insects
• Two pairs of
membranaceous wings,
often reduced in walking
sticks.
• Hemimetabolic.
• Chewing mouth parts,
mostly feeding on leaves
of trees.
• Mimesis/meniru: Shape
and color resembling
twigs and leaves as
protection against 19
predators.
 Orthoptera: belalang dan jangkrik
• Last pair of legs mostly
adapted for jumping.
• Chewing mouth parts:
• Caelifera (short
Ensifera
antennae) herbivorous,
• Ensifera (long
antenna) omnivorous.
• Hemimetabolic.
• Important pests in
agriculture, less so in
Caelifera forestry. 20
Order Isoptera: Termites/rayap
• Social insects with
three ‘castes’:
– reproductive (‘king’
+‘queen’),
– workers (males +
females),
– soldiers.
• Mouthparts chewing.
• Two pairs of
membranaceous
wings.
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• Hemimetabolic.
Feeding ecology of termites
• Most serious pests of
timber and wood
products, but also
important decomposers.
• They can digest
cellulose, some with the
help of protozoans and
Archaea.
• Biomass in some rain
forests is 2,000 kg/ha
and more than 1,000
ind./m2.
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Order Hemiptera, Suborder
Heteroptera - True bugs
• Sekilas menyerupai
kumbang, but have sucking/
menghisap mouthparts.
• Hemimetabolic.
• Four membranaceous wings,
first pair with thickened
base/bagian dasar menebal.
• Feeding on plant sap/getah,
some can transmit plant
diseases. Some groups are
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predators, few are parasites.
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Order Hemiptera, Suborder Homoptera
- Cicadas, hoppers, aphids, etc.
• Sucking mouthparts.
• Hemimetabolic.
• Two pairs of wings fully
membranaceous.
• Many important pest
species, feeding on plant
saps. Some can transmit
plant diseases.
• Aphids/kutu daun can build
up populations very fast
through parthenogenesis.
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Order Thysanoptera - Thrips
• Small insects (ca. 3
mm) with two pairs of
fringed wings/sayap
berumbai or wingless.
• Rasping/sucking
mouthparts.
• Hemimetabolic.
• Some pest species,
possibly most
important pollinators of
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Dipterocarpaceae.
Order Coleoptera - Beetles
• Most diverse insect order
with ca. 350,000
described species.
• Two pairs of wings, first
pair as hard elytrae.
• Holometabolic.
• Chewing mouthparts.
• Occupy virtually all kinds
of niches as predators,
herbivores, decomposers
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or pollinators.
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 Wood beetles/kumbang

• Many beetle
Buprestidae families
Scarabeidae
contain
species which
are important
pests in forests
Cerambycidae and
plantations.

Lucanidae 34
Curculionidae
Order Hymenoptera – Bees, wasps, ants

• Social and solitary insects,

second most diverse group
after beetles.
• Chewing/lapping
mouthparts.
• Holometabolic.
• Two pairs of
membranaceous wings,
coupled by hamuli.
• Some are very important
pollinators, predators and
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even seed dispersers.
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Hymenopteran states
• Some bees, ants and
wasps have evolved the
most complex social
structures among
invertebrates.
• ‘Castes’ are one
reproductive females
(‘queen’, mostly long-
lived), repr. Males (mostly
short-lived) and sterile
workers.
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Bees as pollinators

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Bees in Borneo
• Social bees are more
diverse than solitary
ones.
• They are most likely
the most important
animals pollinators in
Borneo’s forests: in
Sarawak 32% of 270
plant species were
pollinated by social
bees, additional 18%
by solitary bees.
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 • Ants are by far the most
Ants in Borneo ‘influential’ animal group in
Borneo’s forests.
• In Sabah 524 species have
been found in six ha of
lowland forest.
• Some species are important
predators → army ants.
• Some are seed dispersers;
they can create specific
associations of epiphytes →
‘ant gardens’.
• Some are associated with
certain plants (Myrmecodia,
Macaranga) in which they
build their nests and which
they provide with nutrients and
defend against herbivores. 42
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Lepidoptera – Butterflies and moths
• Conspicuous and well-
known order.
• Sucking mouthparts.
• Holometabolic.
• Two pairs of wings,
usually covered in
scales and connected
to form one functional
pair of wings.
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Butterflies and forestry
• Adult Lepidoptera
mostly feed on
nectar and some are
important pollinators.
• Lepidoptera larvae
(caterpillars) can be
serious defoliating
pests.
• Some larvae are
destroying timber
because of their
wood-boring habits.45
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Trigonoptera brookiana
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 Examples for protective coloration

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Mimesis Mimicry
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Diptera - Flies
• One pair of developed wings;
second pair reduced to
halteres.
• Sucking mouthparts.
• Holometabolic.
• Form of antennae diagnostic
within the order Diptera:
Nematocera with long, slender
a.; Brachycera with short a.
• Some are pollinators; some are
predators. Important pest
species, e.g. of fruit trees.
• Some species are important
parasites of humans and
animals. 50
 Malaria - Plasmodium
Mosquito bites human.
Human
In the oocyte Sporozoites in liver
(‘egg’)
thousands of
sporozoites
develop. Anopheles sp.
Mosquito After days, spor.
are transformed
In the mosquito into merozoites
sexual which infect
propagation of repeatedly red
Plasmodium takes blood cells.
place. Typically fever
Merozoites transform into Gamontes which every 48 or 7251
can infect bloodsucking mosquitoes. hours.
Syrphidae – wasp mimicry

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