Chapter 2
External and Internal Finishes.
Plastering
Claddings
Painting
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CLADDINGs
• Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a
skin or layer. In construction, cladding is used to provide a degree of
thermal insulation and weather resistance, and to improve the
appearance of buildings. Wikipedia
• The term ‘Cladding’ refers to components that are attached to
Primary structure of a building to form a Non Structural, External
Surfaces.
CLADDINGS
• Main wall –built of less aesthetic materials.
• A protective covering that protects the outside of a
building.
Materials' used for finishes depends on:
• Types of backing
• Room usage.
• required degree of comfort
• Aesthetic purpose
• Cost
• Maintenance problem
• Individual choice
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Claddings to building can be :
•for internal finishes
•for external finishes
Finishes may be:
-dry cladding
-wet cladding
Cladding for External and Internal Finishes
1. Cladding fixed to a structural backing.
2. Claddings to framed structure.
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[Link] FIXED TO A STRUCTURAL
BACKING
Material used in this type of claddings are
generally considered as small dimension units
like: tiles, slates, shingles, timber , plastic
boards, stone facings,etc.
This type of claddings are applied:
If the structural wall is unable to provide an
adequate protective barrier to the elements.
As a decorative features to break up the monotony
of a large plain area
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Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
TIMBER CLADDING
Dry cladding
• Usually in the form of
• a moulded shaped board
fixed to battens.
• Either vertical or
horizontal cladding.
- fixed on treated timber
battens and fixed to walls
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TIMBER CLADDING
Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
• Speed of construction high.
• In some cases increased insulation value.
• Reduction in amount of water used.
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Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
• Requires regular maintenance
to preserve resistivity.
• Softwoods- painted regularly.
• Hardwoods are given
preservatives.
• Plastic board has also similar application.
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Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
TILE CLADDING
• Small sized artificially manufactured or natural
stone tiles cut into the proper shape and size.
• Types may be:
• Glazed tiles
• Quarry tiles
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Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
GLAZED TILES
• placed over plaster
application.
• 100-300mm in square or
rectangular shapes.
• Gloss or matt finishes in
different colors, designs and
patterns.
• Suitable for complete or
partial tiling of bathrooms
and kitchen.
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Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
QUARRY TILES
• Slate, marble ,granite
• Gives natural look to wall surfaces
• Slate used for tiling is carefully selected and
fixed on treated timber battens and fixed to
walls
• Gives natural appearance
• Water resistant
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Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
Natural stone cladding
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Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
• Marble and granite tiles used should
be of smaller dimensions ( due to
their weight)
• Mainly used for decorative purposes
• Fixed to walls either by mortar dabs
or by fixing on metal non rust clamps
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Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
Suitable materials are
natural stone,
reconstructed and pre-
cast concrete panel of
small units (1sq m).
Dense materials such as
slate or marble should
be of 40mm thick
whereas softer stones
like sandstone or lime
stone should be at least
75mm thick.
Aluminium panel
cladding on structural
backing.
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Cladding on structural backing 15
Contd….[Link] fixed to a structural backing.
[Link] to brick panel walls: these walls
must have an acceptable and durable
finish.
This can be achieved by using facing
brick with a neat pointed joint on
stone masonry backing or similar
cladding to the face of a panel.
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[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
Enclosed the spaces.
Methods available to clad framed structures are
extensive -
• constructed between columns/beams,
• light infill panels of metal, timber, Glass
• Brick wall
• pre-cast concrete panels, and
• composite cladding panel
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Contd…..[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
1. Brick panel walls: these are non-load bearing walls and
must fulfill the following requirements:
Adequate resistance to the elements.
Have sufficient strength to support their own self
weight and any attached finishes.
Strong enough to resist both positive and negative wind
pressures.
Provide the required thermal/sound insulation.
Provide the required fire resistance.
Have adequate durability.
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Contd…..[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
Constructed in the same way as ordinary solid or cavity
walls.
Panels must be support at each structural floor and
tied at vertical edges.
Compression joints are provided between top edge of
panel and soffit of frame.
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Contd…..[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
Cavity wall
• Butterfly wall ties are placed into the internal wall
and built into the brick joints at every fourth
course.
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Contd…..[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
3. Concrete cladding panel walls:
These are made from pre-cast concrete with a textured
face in storey height or under-sill panel format.
Constructed in the same way as ordinary solid or
cavity walls.
Panels must be support at each structural floor and
tied at vertical edges.
Compression joints are provided between top edge of
panel and soffit of frame.
[Link] height concrete cladding Panel
[Link] sill cladding panel
c. Combination of both are also possible.
[Link] panel (stone + concrete)
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Contd…..[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
[Link] height concrete
cladding panel
beam to beam cladding
The storey height is
designed to span
vertically from beam
to beam and if
constructed to a
narrow module, it gives
an illusion of a tall
building.
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b. Under sill cladding
The under-sill
type spans horizontally
from one column to
another and are used
where a high wall or
window is required.
c. Combination of both are
also possible.
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Contd…..[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
[Link] Panel: Where stone
facing is required, it may be
advantageous to use composite
panels.
- appearance of traditional stone
work.
This is achieved by casting a
concrete backing of a suitably
keyed natural or reconstructed
stone facing and fixed to the frame
by masonry fixing cramps or by
conventional fixing methods.
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Contd…..[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
Another product for cladding is glass fibre
reinforced plastics(GRP) which consists of glass
fibre reinforcements impregnated with resin,
pigments and a suitable medium as a hardener.
They are light weight, durable, non corrosive, have
good resistance to weather, can be moulded to
almost any profile and have good aesthetic
properties.
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Contd…..[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
All forms of cladding must fulfill the following
functions:
Be self supporting between the framing members.
Provide necessary resistance to rain penetration , wind
pressures, wind penetration.
Give required degree of thermal insulation, sound
insulation and fire resistivity.
Provide sufficient openings for admittance of natural
day light and ventilation.
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Contd…..[Link] FIXED TO FRAME STRUCTURE
When designing or selecting a panel the following
things are taken into account:
a. Column or beam spacing`
b. Exposure conditions
c. Any special requirements as to the finish or texture
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1. Claddings fixed to a structural backing
2. Claddings to frame structures
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End
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