SIO for Cardiovascular System

1. name the components of the circulatory system

2. recall the functional organization of the CVS
3. state the basic function and the general functions of the CVS
4. state the functions of
(a) the heart
(b) the arterial system
(c) the aorta
(d) the arterioles
(e) the capillaries
(f) the venous system, and
(g) the lymphatic system
5. state the differences between the systemic and the pulmonary circulations
6. list and define the properties of the heart muscle and correlate them to the function of the
heart as a pump
7. describe the conducting system of the heart
8. define heart beat and describe the origin of the heart beat
9. explain why the sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart
10. explain the significance of the slope of prepotential on heart rate and the effects of
acetylcholine on heart rate and noradrenaline on the slope
11. describe, with diagram, the spread of cardiac excitation
12. state the significance of AV nodal delay
13. define; ECG; draw and label normal ECG
14. explain why it is possible to record potential changes of the heart from the body surface
15. state the causes of the waves and complexes of the ECG
16. lists the leads routinely used in recording ECG
17. list the various intervals, durations and segments of the ECG and correlate them with
electrical events of the heart
18. calculate heart rate and examine rhythm from ECG record
19. state the uses of ECG
20. define
(a) cardiac cycle
(b) systole, and
(c) diastole
21. calculate the duration of cardiac cycle from the given heart rate and vice versa
22. state the durations of atrial and ventricular systoles and diastoles for a cardiac cycle of 0.8 s
duration
23. state the significance of an adequate diastolic period
24. state the relationship between the changes in heart rate and the lengths of systolic and
diastolic periods
25. state the phases of cardiac cycle
26. describe (with the help of a diagram ), the sequence of electrical and mechanical events in a
cardiac cycle and their correlation
27. list the heart sounds and state the characteristics and genesis of each sound
28. define
(a) stroke volume
(b) end-diastolic ventricular volume
(c) end-systolic ventricular volume
(d) ejection fraction , and give the normal values under resting conditions
29. define arterial pulse and draw and label the record of the arterial pulse
30. name the sites where arterial pulse can be examined
31. state the information that can be obtained by examination of the arterial pulse
32. define central venous pressure (CVP) and state the causes of a, c, and v waves
33. state the influence of respiratory fluctuations on the CVP
34. state the normal value for CVP
35. state the information that can be obtained from examination of jugular venous pulse and
pressure and from monitoring of the CVP
36. describe parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of the heart
37. define cardiac output and cardiac index and give normal values for an average sized man in
the supine position under resting conditions
38. state the effects of various conditions (change in posture, eating, sleeping, physical exericse,
emotions, pregnancy) on cardiac output
39. state the equation relating cardiac ouput to the heart rate and stroke volume
40. state the normal heart rate and its physiological variations
41. describe the control of heart rate
42. define vagal tone and describe the effects of vagal (parasympathetic) discharge on the heart
43. define sympathetic tone and state the effects of sympathetic discharge on the heart
44. explain the balance of vagal and sympathetic effects on the resting heart rate
45. list the factors acting
(a) directly, and
(b) reflexly on SA node and state their effects on the heart rate
46. define , with regards to the heart,
(a) heterometric regulation,
(b) homeometric regulation,
(c) preload, and
(d) afteroad, and give an example of each
47. state '' Starling's law of the heart"
48. list and describe the factors affecting end- diastolic volume
49. draw a graph (curve) which describes the application of Frank-Starling law to ventricular
performance
50. list and describe the factors influencing myocardial contractile state
51. describe regulation of cardiac output
52. state the effects of training on
(a) heart rate
(b) stroke volume
(c) end- systolic ventricular volume, and the significance of these effects
53. explain the terms resistance and capacitance vessels, and high-pressure and low - pressure
systems
54. relate the velocity of blood flow to the total cross- sectional area of the blood vessels
55. state the average normal arm to tongue circulation time
56. explain why the blood flow is continuous in the arterial system throughout the cardiac cycle
57. define
(a) blood pressure
(b) systolic arterial blood pressure
(c) diastolic arterial B.P
(d) pulse pressure
(e) mean arterial pressure and state the formulae for calculating (d) and (e)
58. state the normal systemic arterial blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures) of a
supine adult at rest
59. explain the principle underlying the indirect (auscultatory and palpatory) methods of
measuring systemic arterial blood pressure
60. state the physiological variations in systemic arterial blood pressure
61. relate the arterial blood pressure to cardiac output and total peripheral resistance (TPR)
62. state Poiseuille- Hagen formula and its application in regulating blood flow, blood pressure
and resistance to blood flow
63. define " vascular tone " and state its relation to
(a) arterial blood pressure and
(b) capillary blood flow
64. outline the nerve supply of blood vessels
 65. list the local and systemic regulatory mechanisms influencing vascular tone
66. explain the term " autoregulation" regarding blood flow and name 3 vascular beds in which
autoregulation is well developed
67. state myogenic theory of autoregulation
68. list vasodilator metabolites and explain metabolic theory of autoregulation
69. list the hormones produced by the endothelium and state the actions of each
70. state the effect of local temperature on vascular tone
71. state the effects of vasopressin, angiotensin II, catecholamines, acetylcholine, serotonin,
kinins and atrial natriuretic peptide on vascular tone
72. state the effect of sympathetic discharge on blood vessels
73. outline the location and organization of the vasomotor centre
74. list the inputs to the vasomotor centre and state their effects
75. define / list / classify the baroreceptors of CVS
76. name arterial baroreceptors and state their responses to arterial blood pressure changes
77. name the buffer nerves
78. state the blood pressure range to which arterial baroreceptors are responsive
79. outline the feedback control mechanism for stabilizing B.P
80. compare the roles of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system in B.P. homeostasis
81. describe B.P homeostasis and state the mechanism responsible for moment to moment
regulation of B.P
82. state the role of chemoreceptors and brain ischaemia in B.P regulation
83. outline the mechanisms responsible for long - term regulation of B.P
84. define " reflex bradycardia " and " reflex tachycardia"
85. list the cardiovascular reflexes and explain axon reflex
86. outline the cutaneous vascular response to skin injury
87. outline the architecture of microcirculation
88. state the fuctions of microcirculation
89. outline the exchange of substances across the capillary wall
90. explain " flow - limited exchange " and " diffusion - limited exchange "
91. describe the mechanism of interstitial fluid formation ( with the help of an equation relating
the amount filtered to its influencing factors)
92. state the magnitude of Starling forces along a typical muscle capillary
93. define oedema
94. list and state the factors favouring increased interstitial fluid formation
95. name the major constituents of lymph
96. state the importance of lymphatic circulation in maintaining interstitial fluid volume
97. state the factors influencing
(a) lymph flow and
(b) venous return
98. explain the importance of
(a) thoracic pump,
(b) skeletal muscle pump and
(c) gravity, in circulation
99. state the effects of pressure gradients between aorta and the ventricles on coronary blood flow
100. describe the chemical and neural factors affecting coronary blood flow
101. explain " reactive hyperaemia "