Module 1: Understanding Science and the environment and a worldview that

Scientific Revolution is built around practices that

purport to guide the individual
What is science? towards a personal understanding.”
● Science has no single origin. There -Watters & Diezmann, 2003
is no individual that can exactly ● “An intellectual as well as a social
identify when and where science activity carried out by humans in
began. their pursuit to have a better
● It started when humans began to understanding of the natural
ask questions about the world.” -Gribbin, 2003
environment and observe ● “Cultural as well as individual
everything about nature and its process of thoughts.” -Cajete, 1999
activities. ● “Science in relation to literacy that
includes: processes, skills,
Literatures defining science concepts, and the ability to
● “Suggests that science as an
communicate ideas based on
organized body of knowledge,
reasons.” -Bybee (1997) & Thier
wisdom, and experiences
and Daviss (2002)
concerning the natural and physical ● “It is a process of finding out and a
world, this conceptions has evolved system for organizing and reporting
to include attitudes, processes, and discoveries .” -Lind, 1997
skills through which science as a ● “Science is also construed as a
body of knowledge is formed.” - form of social language developed
Pawilen, 2006 by the scientific community.” -
● “The observation, identification, Scott, Asoko, and Leach, 2007
description, experimental ● “The idea of social language was
investigation, and theoretical adapted from Bakhtin (1993). For
explanation of natural Bakhtin, it is a form of
phenomena.” - The American conversation curious to a certain
Heritage Dictionary of the English stratum of society within a system
Language, 2004 at a given time.” Scott, Asoko, and
● “An ongoing theoretical dialogue Leach, 2007
with nature, in which scientists ● “Based on specific concepts such
have developed successively more as energy, mass, entropy; it
powerful models to account for a involves the development of
wider range of phenomena.” - Snir, models that provide accounts of
et al., 2003 phenomena in the natural world;
● “Science in a broader cultural and it is characterized by key
sense, is also a way of epistemological features such as
understanding the world and the development of theories..” -
human interactions with it.” Scott, Asoko, and Leach, 2007
-Cobern, 1993
● “A human endeavor within which
people try to make sense of the
How is science defined? While the revolution began in
1. It is an idea - It comprises ideas, Europe, science itself is not European in
beliefs, theories, and all systematic origin. Ancient civilizations worldwide
reasons and observations on the (e.g., Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and
natural and physical world. China) had already developed
2. it is a personal and social sophisticated traditions in science,
activity- It includes activities of mathematics, and technology.
human beings to acquire better
understanding of the world. Advances in knowledge
3. 3. it is a course or field of study - ● Fields like mathematics, physics,
It is a subject in basic education, a astronomy, biology, and chemistry
discipline or a field of study in were modernized during this era.
higher education that deals with the ● Scientists developed methods of
process of teaching and learning observation and experimentation,
about the natural and physical leading to more precise knowledge.
world. This is what we call school
science. Empowerment of Society
4. it is an intellectual activity - It ● The revolution encouraged people
incorporates a methodical and to challenge traditional beliefs and
applied study of the natural and examine the world with curiosity
physical world that involves and skepticism.
observation and experimentation. ● It empowered them to reflect
deeply, assess new evidence, and
Scientific revolution reshape their way of life.
● The Scientific Revolution was a
pivotal period in history that Conflict with Religion
transformed science from a simple ● The revolution was not without
observation of nature to a challenges. Some scientists faced
systematic, evidence-based persecution from religious
approach. It took place between the authorities, as their discoveries
early 16th century and the 18th often conflicted with theological
century, mainly in Europe, and teachings.
marked the beginning of modern ● Despite this, the pursuit of science
science. continued, demonstrating the
resilience of human curiosity and
What Triggered the Revolution? commitment to uncovering the
● The invention of the printing press truth.
made it easier to share books and
ideas. (Inventor: Johannes Golden Age
Gutenberg) ● The revolution laid the foundation
● Scholars began questioning for future scientific discoveries.
● It introduced critical thinking,
traditional knowledge and used
creativity, and problem-solving as
critical thinking to explore the
core aspects of scientific practice.
natural world.
Science ideas Marie Curie
● These are the theories, models, and ● The Nobel Prize-winning scientist
discoveries developed by scientists was known for her relentless
to understand the natural world. curiosity and resolve.
Humans ● Her Discoveries of Polonium and
● Scientists and thinkers use their radium, and her work on
creativity, reasoning, and curiosity radioactivity, changed the way
to develop these ideas. people understand the world.
Society ● Polonium and radium are
● Society benefits from scientific
radioactive elements discovered by
advancements, using them for
Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898.
technological innovation,
Their discovery established the
problem-solving, and improving
scientific field of radioactivity
quality of life.
Radium Therapy
Inspired by human creativity and ● .Radium was used in cancer
critical thinking, the revolution reformed how treatment and radiographic devices.
people study and do science, moving away
from thought experiments to data-driven The Manhattan Project
and experiment-based ideas. Inspired by ● Polonium was used in the
human creativity and critical thinking, the Manhattan Project's Dayton Project
revolution reformed how people study and do during World War II
science, moving away from thought
experiments to data-driven and experiment-
based ideas.

Module 2: Intellectual Revolutions that

Defined Society

INTRODUCTION
Scientists are inspired by their
curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity to
explore the physical and natural world.
Their love for science is driven by their deep
In this part of the lesson, the contributions of
passion to know and to discover.
three notable scientists are analyzed.
Albert Einstein
Nicolas Copernicus
● Einstein's curiosity led him to
● He put forth the theory that the Sun
explore natural science and
is at rest near the center of the
develop the special and general
Universe, and that the Earth,
theories of relativity.
spinning on its axis once daily,
● "I have no special talents. I am
revolves annually around the Sun.
only passionately curious" .
 Mexico up to the border of South
Charles Darwin America,
● “A genius who came from a line of ● Meso America is known for their
intellectually gifted and wealthy rich culture and indigenous
family ” knowledge system.
● In 1589, Darwin published his
book "The Origin of Species" 3 Civilization in Mesoamerica •
which is considered the most Mayan Civilization
important work in scientific • Inca Civilization
literature. • Aztec Civilization
● Darwin's skills as a scientist moved
beyond the realm of plants and 1) Mayan Civilization
animals into the realm of humans. ● One of the prominent civilizations
His book "The Descent of Man" during the ancient period that
was impressive yet very lasted for approximately 2000
controversial. years.
● One of the world’s first
Sigmund Freud civilizations to use a writing
● Freud made a substantial system known as Mayan
contribution to the scientific world Hieroglyphics.
through the development of an
important method to gather Mayan Works in Astronomy
dependable data to study human ● The Mayans are known for their
behavior popularly known as works in astronomy.
● They have integrated their
psychoanalysis.
advanced knowledge of astronomy
● His method of psychoanalysis was
in the design of their temples and
verified to be successful in
other religious structures, allowing
understanding neurological
them to use these temples for
conditions that were not known in
conducting astronomical
medicine during his time.
observations.
● Mayan knowledge and
Module 3: Cradles of Early Science
understanding about celestial
Science was developed in Asia,
bodies were advanced as
Europe, Mesoamerica, and in Africa.
demonstrated by their knowledge
People in these continents invented tools to
of predicting eclipse and using
help their everyday life.
astrological cycles for agricultural
Science provided different ancient
activities.
civilizations the means to survive and
● Mayans are also acknowledged for
understand the natural and physical world.
using 2 complicated calendar
systems to measure time.
Development of Science in Mesoamerica ●
● These calendars are useful for
Mesoamerica covers the entire area
planning their everyday activities,
of Central America, from southern
 and their religious rituals and ● Some of their contributions are the
cultural celebrations. following:
(Tzolk'in and HAAB) 1. Antispasmodic Medication - They
used a type of antispasmodic
Mayan works in Technology medication that could prevent
● The Mayans also developed the muscle spasms and relax muscle,
technology for growing different
could also help during surgery.
crops and for building elegant
2. Chinampa - Form of Aztec
cities using ordinary machineries
technology for agriculture.
and tools.
3. Invention of the Canoe - a light
● • They also built hydraulics
narrow boat used for traveling in
systems with complex waterways
water systems.
to supply water to different
4. Chocolates - The Aztec in Mexico
communities.
developed chocolates, The Aztect
● The Mayans also built looms for
valued the Cacao beans as part of
weaving cloth.
their offerings to the Gods.
● Devised a rainbow of glittery
5. Calendar - This calendar enabled
paints made from a mineral called
them to plan their activities, rituals
mica.
and planting season.
Incan Civilization
● They developed scientific ideas Development of science in asia
and Technology such as Building Asia, the largest continent in the
roads covered with stones world, Home of several ancient
● Developing quipu civilizations, It is a home to diverse
● Constructing stone structures that cultural, economic, scientific, and political
could survive earthquakes and activities. These are civilizations that are
other natural calamities known in the fields of science, technology and
● Building the first suspension Mathematics.
bridge.
● Inventing a calendar with 12 3 Civilization in Asia
months to mark their religious 1. India
festivals and prepare them for 2. China
planting season 3. Middle East
● Creating inca tiles
● Developing irrigation systems and Civilization in india
techniques for storing water for ● A huge peninsula bordered by vast
their crops to grow in all types of bodies of water and fortified by
lands. mountains in its northern borders.
Indians had creatively developed
Aztec civilization useful ideas and technologies.
● created extensive contributions to ● They are known for manufacturing
science and technology. Iron, which is considered to be the
best. They are famous in
metallurgical works too.
Aztec works in Medicine Aztec works in Mathematics
● India is also recognized in ● Ancient is also known for
medicine. They developed Mathematics Bisht ( 1982 ) noted
Ayurveda, A system of traditional that the earliest traces of
medicine that originated in ancient mathematical knowledge in the
India before 2500 BC that is still Indian subcontinent appear with
practiced as a form of alternative the Indus Valley civilizations
medicine. where they tried to standardize
● They also discovered medical measurement of length to a high
properties of plants to cure various degree of accuracy and design a
illnesses. ruler to Mohenjo-daro ruler.
● Susrutasamhita of Sushruta - A ● The Indian astronomer and
famous text in ancient India, mathematician Aryabhata (
describes surgical procedures and 476-550 ), in his Aryabhatiya, He
other medical procedures that are introduced a number of
useful in practicing medicine Trigonometric functions
during that period. trigonometric tables and techniques
and algorithms of algebra
Aztec works in Astronomy ● Another Indian, Brahmagupta also
● They developed theories on the suggested that: “ Gravity was a
configuration of the universe. force of attraction, and lucidly
● The spherical self-supporting Earth
explained the use of zero as both a
● the year of 360 days with 12 equal
placeholder and a decimal digit,
parts of 30 days each day.
along with the Hindu-Arabic
● Siddhanta Shiromani - written in
number system now used
the 12th century, the first 12
universally throughout the world (
chapters was all about the interest
Clifford 2008; Bose 1998 )
in astronomy, it was
● Another Indian named Madhava of
[Link] to Sama ( 2008
Sangamagrama is also considered
) this writing covered topics such
as the founder of mathematical
as: Mean longitudes of the planets,
analysis ( Josep 1991 )
true longitudes of the Planets, the
three problems of diurnal rotation;
Civilization in China
syzygies; Lunar Eclipse; Solar ● China is among the ancient
Eclipse; Latitudes of the Planets, civilizations with considerable
risings and settings; moon’s contributions to areas like
crescent; conjunctions of the medicine, astronomy, science,
planets with each other, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and
conjunctions of the planets with the music among others.
fixed stars, and the paths of the sun ● The Chinese civilization's
and moon. influence can be observed in many
of its neighbouring countries like
Korea, Japan, Philippines,
Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia,
 Myanmar and particularly in Civilization in Middle east countries
countries that belong to the old Silk Muslim dominantly populate
Road. Middle East Countries. With the spread of
Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries brought a
China works in Medication period of scholarship or the Golden Age of
● The Chinese are recognized for Islam until the 13th century.
their alternative medicines The common language of Arabic
● They discovers medical properties
access to Greek writings during the
and uses of different plants and
Byzantine Empire and their proximity to
animals to cure human illness
India, contributed to the Muslims and
● Acupuncture is one of the medical
provided their scholars and knowledge
methods known to have been
base to create innovations and develop new
developed in China.
ideas.
China works in Technology There are more Muslim scholars in
● Among the famous invention of the the field of Science, mathematics,
Chinese are the Compass, astronomy, philosophy, and even in the
Papermaking, Gunpowder, and field of Social Sciences
Printing tools that are known in the
west only by the end of the Middle Works in Science
● The Muslims scientist put greater
ages ( Davies 1995 )
value on science experiments
● in addition to their inventions are,
rather than plain thought
Iron plough, wheelbarrow, and
experiments.
propeller among others.
● This led to the introduction of the
● Also developed designs of different
scientific method in the Muslim
models of bridges ( Zongguo kexue
World
yan 1983 )
● Jabir ibn Hayyan - Father of
● Invented the first seismological
Chemistry ( some scholar
detector
considered this )
● Develop the first dry dock facility.
● Ibn al-Haytham, Muslim Scientist,
( Needham, et al. 1971 )
also regarded as the “ Father of
China works in Astronomy Optics “, especially for his
The Chinese recorded and empirical proof of the intromission
preserved several data on supernovas, lunar theory of light.
and solar eclipse, and comets, to better ● Muslim Chemist and alchemist
understand the heavenly bodies and their effects also played significant role in the
on the World ( Mayall 1939 ). They establishment of modern chemistry
observed heavenly bodies to predict weather ( Durant 1980 )
changes and seasons. Chinese people used
Works in Mathematics
Lunar Calendars and developed knowledge in
● Muhammad Ibn Musa
seismology that made them more prepared
al-Khwarizmi gave his name to the
in times of Natural Calamities.
concept of the algorithm and the
 term algebra is derived from during the Bronze age until Iron
al-jabr, age.
● Muslim Mathematicians did ● They Invented metal tools used in
several refinements to the Arabic their homes, in agriculture and
Numer System such as the constructing their magnificent
Introduction of Decimal point architectures
notation.
Works in Mathematics
Works in Medication ● The Lenombo Bone that
● Ibn Sina founded the science of may have been a tool for
experimental medicine and was the multiplication, division, and
first physician to conduct clinical simple mathematical
trials ( Jarquart 2008 ) calculation or a six month
● His two notable works, The Book lunar calendar, considered
of Healing and The Canon of to be the oldest known
Medicine - Used as a standard mathematical artifact dated
medicinal text in both the Middle from 35 000 BCE.
East and In Europe well into the ● The Islamic regions in
17th Century. Africa during the Medieval
● He also contributed to the detection period were also benefiting
of the contagious nature of from mathematical
infectious diseases and the learning, considered
institution of clinical advanced during that time.
pharmacology.
Civilization in Egypt
Civilization in africa ● The ancient Egyptian civilization
● This continent is blessed with has contributed significant
many natural and mineral advances in the fields of
resources. astronomy, mathematics, and
● The early civilizations in Africa are medicine.
knowledge-producers too.
Works in Science
Works in Astronomy ● The Rules of Geometry were
● The African used lunar, solar, and created and used to make
stellar calendar, or a combination rectilinear structures, the post of
of the three predicted seasons and lintel architecture in Egypt.
climates. ● The great structures of the
Egyptian Pyramids, The ancient
Works in Technology Egyptian cities, the early dams
● North Africa and the Nile Valley built to divert water from the Nile
imported iron technology or River are some proofs of their early
metallurgy from the Near East civilization
region that made them famous
 ● Early science activities in Egypt
were made to improve the quality
of life of the Egyptians

Works in Medication
● Egypt was known in Africa to be a
center of Alchemy.
● The Egyptians tried to study human
anatomy, pharmacology, and

applied vital components to the

treatment of diseases.

Works in Mathematics
● Ancient Egyptians are good in the
four fundamental mathematical
operations and other mathematical
skills.
● The have knowledge of the basic
concepts of algebra and geometry