When the modulation index is less than unity in an FM demodulator that uses a delay line, the frequency variation relative to the carrier is small, indicating that the signal's frequency deviation is minor. This scenario makes it feasible to use approximations like cos(2πfmT) ≈ 1 and sin(2πfmT) ≈ 2πfmT without significant error, optimizing delay line phase-shift operations. This provides a stable pattern for extracting modulated information while retaining signal integrity, ensuring the output maintains high fidelity to the original modulation despite minor variations in frequency .

In a PLL, when the input phase is a linear ramp (e.g., ϕ(t) = 1000πt u(t)), the loop attempts to compensate continually, creating a steady-state output signal v(t) that locks onto the phase rate. This leads to a drift in v(t) proportional to the ramp rate. Conversely, if the input phase is sinusoidal, such as ϕ(t) = 4πsin(1000πt), the PLL generates an output that attempts to track these oscillations, producing an output v(t) reflective of sinusoidal phase adjustments. Each scenario affects signal processing, where the loop filter and VCO strive to minimize phase error, illustrating the PLL's adaptability to differing phase challenges .

Designing an Armstrong indirect FM modulator involves several key components: a narrowband FM generator, an oscillator, frequency multipliers, and bandpass filters. The narrowband FM generator creates the initial FM signal at a base carrier frequency with a controllable frequency deviation. Frequency multipliers are then used to increase the deviation and carrier frequency to match the desired wideband FM characteristics. Bandpass filters ensure that only the desired carrier frequency and its deviations are amplified and transmitted. In this context, each component needs to be carefully adjusted, such as setting the oscillator to the specific intermediate and final carrier frequencies, to achieve the target specifications .

In the described FM demodulation scheme, a delay line introduces a predictable phase shift, allowing part of the FM signal to interfere constructively or destructively with a delayed version of itself. This interference pattern alters the amplitude of the resulting signal, correlating directly with frequency deviations. Envelope detection then extracts the amplitude changes corresponding to modulated frequencies. Approximations such as cos(2πfmT) ≈1 allow for simplification of the calculations that would otherwise need to account for more complex trigonometric variations, ensuring that the resulting demodulation process remains mathematically tractable and reliable under typical operation conditions .

An FM demodulator followed by an integrator forms a PM demodulator under conditions where the FM demodulator removes any DC offset, preventing integration from yielding incorrect phase values. Conversely, a PM demodulator followed by a differentiator acts as an FM demodulator. The differentiator translates phase changes into frequency changes, even if there are jump discontinuities or a DC offset in the PM signal, due to differentiation's effectiveness in highlighting changes. These configurations are necessary because FM and PM modulation emphasize different aspects of the signal – frequency and phase, respectively – and thus require tailored demodulation techniques to extract the original message .

The primary challenge in producing wideband PM signals is managing the increased bandwidth required as modulation frequency rises. A wideband PM signal necessitates a broader spectrum to accommodate larger phase deviations and the high-frequency components introduced by changes in the modulating waveform. This requires both the modulator and the transmission channel to support extended frequency ranges, which can introduce additional complexity in terms of system design, such as the necessity for precise filters and linear amplifiers to handle the greater spectrum without causing distortion or signal degradation .

Frequency multiplication is used in FM modulation to convert a narrowband FM signal into a wideband FM signal by increasing both the carrier frequency and frequency deviation. To generate an FM signal with a specific carrier frequency and frequency deviation, the signal is first generated as a narrowband FM with a lower carrier frequency and deviation. For instance, if an output frequency of 104 MHz at a deviation of 75 kHz is desired from a narrowband FM signal with an oscillator frequency of 100 kHz and a message bandwidth of 15 kHz, frequency multiplication is needed. The multiplication factor can be calculated by dividing the desired frequency deviation by the narrowband FM deviation and applying this factor to the carrier frequency as well .

In frequency modulation systems, frequency deviation represents the extent to which the carrier frequency changes based on the modulating signal, which forms the basis for expressing the modulated signal. Typically, the instantaneous frequency of the FM signal is the sum of the carrier frequency and the frequency deviation, which itself is modulated in proportion to the amplitude of the input signal. Hence, any design involves selecting a carrier frequency that is fixed and frequency deviation parameters tailored to the signal's requirements, ensuring adequate bandwidth while maintaining the proportional integrity of modulation indices under specified constraints .

In a wide-band phase modulation (PM) system where the maximum phase deviation is large compared to one radian, the bandwidth of the PM signal is proportional to the modulation frequency. This indicates a linear relationship between the bandwidth and modulation frequency, as the phase deviation causes a wider range of frequencies to be transmitted as the modulation frequency increases. This characteristic is similar to wideband FM where bandwidth also increases with modulation frequency, although the mechanisms of phase modulation and frequency modulation differ .

When an FM signal is applied to a non-linear device characterized by v2 = a1v1 + a2v3_1, distortion can arise from the non-linear relationship, as higher-order harmonics are generated. Applying band-pass filtering centered at the carrier frequency helps mitigate distortion by attenuating these harmonics. In contrast, a DSB-SC (Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier) signal is less sensitive to this distortion due to its balanced nature, which doesn't involve frequency changes inherent to FM signals. The implication of band-pass filtering is more crucial in FM scenarios to ensure the output remains within useful signal parameters .