Okay. So the product technology regarding we'll, just two important points we'll discuss. Okay? Four g. Four g.

Mainly four g. Four g lag. Four g lag is why because of the four g lag. It's because of the misaligned die. Because
on the top and bottom die is not aligned.

A faulty die, chance of? Forging die. Forging die. Yeah. What about forging burst?

Working at too low temperature. Because when the heat is not enough Mhmm. When it press, then it will not
properly deform and burst. Forging this is a fracture. It is because of too low temperature and foraging lab is
because of top and bottom they not aligned properly.

That is misalignment. Misalignment. Yes. Mhmm. So regarding the forging is very important.

Laminate tearing is normally coming in the t giant. Laminal. Yeah. Laminal tearing will be coming in the t giant,
due to low through thickness factor. Mhmm.

Totality. Yeah. Lack of, lack of penetration, is due to maybe the larger size. Go go who get, diameter of the noise
larger and speed or something. So all of the go will be the and so on.

This this is already I see. Heat up at the zone. Then we, proceed sometimes in the heat up at the zone also. The
area immediately adjacent to the welding aKected during overheating War heated. That is called Then what
else?

They may give some, defects and ask which type of defect may be. In the casting, very important is hot air. Hot
air is coming due to temperature variation of diKerent section thickness. You remember? Mhmm.

DiKerent section thickness Yeah. In the car where it's coming hot air. It is the temperature variation of diKerent
cross section that is called Hot here. Okay. Suppose when you're welding a plate to plate like this.

Okay? Mhmm. Normally, what they will do, they will they will restrain it. They will put a support. They will put
one.

They're putting another they put one angle and attack it temporarily. That is called restraint. Restrained.
Restrained. The purpose of restraint is to avoid the contraction.

Contraction. There is there is a shrinkage or not shrinkage. It's contraction or a distortion. Distortion. Distortion.

Distortion due to contraction stresses. The purpose of restraining a leg is to avoid that distortion. Distortion
means more become to avoid the distraction due to contraction stresses. Understand? Do you understand the
concept of that?

Yeah. The purpose of, restraining is to avoid the discharging due to contraction stresses. Can you you can
explain him in in here also. Okay. So that's why I will look forward.

Okay. Support avoid the distortion due to contractions. Mhmm. Okay. Then what else actually?

What is the temperature for at which the magnetic particle loses it after demagnetization? 700. Seven 80 or
seven seven Seven eighty. Curate temperature. Curie temperature.

It is sometimes, they lost the temperature. Sometimes, they lost what is curie pie. So which temperature you
are talking about? So it's the degree temperature. Curie temperature.

This point. No. This is properties. What is curie pie? Curie pie is the temperature at which it loses the magnetic
property.

Mhmm. So it's 70. Okay. Sometimes they'll ask what temperature it loses the magnetic property. In that case,
seven?
70. 70 or eighty? Seven eighty. Sometimes some book that is seven eighty. And, what is the purpose of
radiometer?

Radiometer is to measure that intensity of the light or wavelength intensity. Intensity. Really the question tricky
they will be. Yes, sir. Mainly, radiometry is used to measure the intensity, not wavelength.

Mhmm. Okay? Then what is the wavelength of, u e meter? Three fifteen to 400 meter. 400 meter.

Which is dangerous? UVB and UVB. UVB, in the terms of wavelength, less than three twenty is dangerous.
Mhmm. Okay.

Less than that is sharp wavelength. Less than three twenty. Mhmm. So we UVB light, working is three fifteen to
400. Mhmm.

And the dangerous is less than three twenty to three twenty. Okay? So radiometer is used to measure the
Intensity. Intensity, not wavelet. Like, only Florals.

Florals. Using That is temporary cloudiness because, you know, florals of eye. Florals. Florals of eye. Directly
directly, that's it right now.

If you will, like, you will, like, directly hit on the, eye eye, then it will not have permanent damage. It's only
temporary cloudiness. Instead of temporary cloudiness, they may give fluorescing of your eyeballs. Okay.
Fluorous in the number because that, that light will fluores into your eyeball.

That is only happen. Okay. Regarding the demagnetization, if you want to demagnetize here, shaft large shaft.
Large shaft, which method is better? DC or AC?

DC DC? DC. In the large shaft type? AC. Sharp will give more power.

Reducing. Yeah. More penetration will be zero. So DC will be the metal method. DC coil will be DC coil.

DC coil for the metal method for the large shaft. Okay. This is shocked. One Tesla. Thousand?

That's That's 10,000. 10 thousand. 10 thousand. Okay. And, one test line is 10,000.

And the symbol, for the magnification force is Five. H h. Sorry. It's inverted. Five is correct.

Right? Main is not for you. Magnetic lines, five. Yeah. And the tenth.

Yes, ma'am. I'm talking about partition force. It's h. It's h. And, where we are using the external?

Called, LBD ratio is? 20 by 10 Length Sometimes which will be they will ask which you which is not the property
of magnetization force. So any other thing like magnetic lines, of course, they will form a closed loop. Mhmm.
Then, they will give a related answer.

Another our answer may be not matching to that. So we have to select that. Please carefully read whether it's
not a limitation. Many, many things are there. This happened.

What did you what is This happened with me once when it comes. And long coil is called? I'm sorry. Regimenite.
So you don't know.

Long kite. Like this. Like a spring. It's all the lines. And then they will ask definitely, they will ask where is the,
maximum flux density in the rigid kite.

In a circle. It is the ID immediately to the edge where there is in the ID. Immediately close to the edge. This is the
edge now. Mhmm.
It is in the Edge. Side of the rigid guide and immediately What's the rotation? Then sometimes they'll ask about
fill factor. And in the central conductor method. Mhmm.

So not central conductor. In the It's not. Threaded box. Threaded box is central conductor. Not at all.

And the central conductor, there will be the maximum flux intensity. These are all coming in the Central It was
coming in the Out. ID. ID. Sorry.

ID of the. And sometimes they will ask some questions. Two or three defects they will need. Millimeter. Mhmm.

Under hundred micrometer means that cannot be cleaner defect, we can find. Porosity, very diKicult. If it is a
subsurface, we cannot find. Subsurface, we cannot find. Which we cannot find.

Maybe they give four in the last, Patient. Assessment paper also there. A plain artifact under this much hundred
micrometer. Mhmm. Yeah.

A small pole below 200 micrometer. Mhmm. In 200 micrometer, it is a pole, we cannot find it. So please
remember the pole. Small pole We can find.

We cannot find. Other things we can find. Small pole we cannot find. So the corals we can find. Small pore, if
it's a pore, we can find.

But if it is below anything, definitely, we can find. Okay. This is sub surface. Okay. So but if there's a cleaner
defect, cleaner defect means it may be crack or something.

Mhmm. Below Sometimes they'll give some some materials which can be detected by which in which of the
following material you can find the NPA. Suppose my answer is copper, aluminum. Aluminum. Glass.

None of the Especially, heat point. Key point is the temperature. So it's it loses the mechanism and, the key
point, that is instead of key point, they will tell in which temperature loses the mechanism. So Seven eighty.
That's Seven eighty.

Seven 80. Measuring the UVA intensity. Insensitivity. And the UVA light fall on here, fluorescent, what it will
aKect? It will emit light Like something.

Visible spectrum. It will emit the white light Right. In the range of White 20. Visible spectrum. Visible spectrum
means visible, range When you're using a prod and the fluorescent when you're using a prod and the
fluorescent, I I actually, prod also we can use wet method.

I don't clay method because we are using the fluorescent ink. So the intensity lead intensity is based on one
point is prod spacing. Mhmm. Another point is, the concentration of floors and teeth. Mhmm.

And another thing, maybe all of them will be there. So Not less. Yeah. Contacting on the surface. If you want to
find here, longitudinal defect sorry.

If you want to find here, a long tunal magnetism in a shaft, this is shaft. Mhmm. It's a long tunal magnetism. It's
a long tunal mechanism. What type of defect will be finished?

That particular. Transverse and radial. Transverse to radial. Yeah. So they will do.

Thing is there. Right. Transverse? Saturation. When we are not able to rise further intensity, even though you rise
Saturated.

What is called? Saturated. And And the particle Mhmm. Magnetic particle should have desirable property.
Magnetic particle should have high permeability, low Low Okay.
If your material is having high retentivity, what is the meaning? We will ask. Demand the time. Very diKicult. It
will not give up the magnetism easily.

This it will not give up. Retain retentivity means retaining ability. Mhmm. So it will not give magnetism Easily.
Easily.

Easily of the removal of external force. And regarding the course course course, you could ask some questions.
Exactly. Course the course. This is not very, very important.

Mhmm. Okay. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah.

Highly course material. Mhmm. Mhmm. Course material will have uh-huh. Yeah.

High high retentive material will have High Mhmm. More Understand? Mhmm. Low cost. Two or three factors
suddenly, you have to see one by one.

Mhmm. Suppose my if you have high intensity material, my answer is, more coarse, coarse, high, reluctance.
Mhmm. And a narrow loop means that's not answered. Another answer will be, of course, high holes, of course,
more reluctance, also wide loop.

Wide loop. That's wide loop. Yes. It's also very, very important to choose the answers like this because read it
out. Mhmm.

Understand what I mean? Wide loop for Okay. When are you seeing a central when when are you using a central
connector, what is important? Whether it should be a hollow or solid or some material It should be hollow. It
should be no.

No. The we have to choose the so choose the answer. If if your answer is going to be it should be insulated.
Mhmm. That is correct answer.

It should be insulated from the object. Yeah. Yes. To avoid this part, it shouldn't be touched. It should be
insulated.

When you are using the central conductor, it should be insulated so that you do not directly touch the
compartment. Calculation maybe one or two only. Mainly, n I is equal to 0.4 into h into k. Mhmm. Yeah.

That is, which one? Please remember that. On line eight. On line eight. Zero point four into h into k.

Yeah. Digit. That's right. N a is equal to 0.4 h. Into k k.

Then maybe one calculation. Not much calculation. That is very important. All the Every time in there they will
give all the things, then we have to calculate. K value everything then.

Then please remember about the solenoid. Mhmm. A long pile. Okay. It's solenoid.

Okay. It's not rigid kind. This long kind means like a spiral. Oh. Spiral spring.

Mhmm. They should call it just to one coil. Mhmm. They should call it just to one coil. Okay.

The spiral. Long coil. Yes. One single coil comes So the material should have high permeability and then low
returnability. Sir, tell me, you're labeled with planar defect.

Planar defect is nothing but lack of vision, lack of penetration, and then crack, these are planar defect. Which
are all applied? No. Not plain. It's two dimensional.

Oh, yes. Planar is two dimensional. Volumetric is three-dimensional. Because if you take a crack or, lack of
fusion Lack of penetration. All these things are invisible area.
You will have length at the with small width, not volume. Volumetrical volumetrical like a three-dimensional,
like porosity, slight inclusion. Like a fusion like a penetration thin. Laminations. Laminations.

Root cut. Root conquer. Okay. Good. We'll we have very short time.

Okay, sir. 10:30. So you I already told about saturation time. We just not further increase the flux density even
though you apply the current. That is the saturation.

It is saturating this. On the subsurface. So this is half ADC. Yes. Beto.

And the skin eKect, No. This is called sign wave. This is called sign wave. Positive, negative. Oh.

Sign wave is applicable for Yes. Yes. Yes. You want to see this one? This is the assignment.

This is the assignment. Yeah. So it's like continue. You are seeing the duty. Cycle.

We will do we will do that. That is the cycle. Cycle. That's What's that? When the straight flash straight flash is
nothing but s p r e o.

It's straight mean boundary. Mhmm. You know? Like, hard make. When this, when the deep welding, it is
straight and it touch the current metal, what will happen?

It become hard and become crack. Right. Steel flash will induce, hardened material structure and crack. The
same like arch type? Just like arch type.

Yeah. Arch type. Little arch. Three straight flash and oxide is gonna say any. So what will make it?

Hole hole. Hole hole. Not hole. It will The damage is started. Diverted the barrel metal.

Yeah. Also, it may induce a crack. Mhmm. Okay. Or some brittle crack.

Crack. Oh. Is Yeah. Straight flash straight flash. Because train means wandering.

Yeah. So if the rod is, not properly, it will touch their parameter. It will induce the hotspot and time. So what is
the main advantage of, MT comparing with PT? Fast.

It can it can find some subsurface of the class. Yeah. PT not possible. It can find. Subsurface.

They are not telling the deep seated, but how are they gonna find? Points of surface defect. Go ahead. Go
ahead. Comparing.

When we are using p t, wet method, which is safer comparatively? ParaKin? Carrier with paraKin? Carrier with
carrier with the, kerosene? Carrier with the oil?

Carrier with the Waters. Water. Clear water. Water. Because they have no Yeah.

No No. No fire hazard. To flash. Yeah. Actually, shocking is there, but they will use DC current or something.

Shock proof can be done. But fire hazard is very dangerous because it is this is very, very important. Do you
understand? Mhmm. When you're using a prod Mhmm.

Which carrier, suspension Mhmm. Will be, more safe. So the option may be kerosene, paraKin, oil, and water.
Water. Water.

And the No. This is very important. Question. Very important. The particle in the carrier is this is separate.
Mhmm. In because in the aerosol can or in the thing, the particle in the carrier is Iron. No. That is okay. I told you
the word suspended.

Oh, suspended. Not dissolved. Mhmm. Not mixed up. It is suspended.

Suspended. So it is in suspension. It's also in our most of things are in the modern process. Please remember
the particle in the carrier are, what do you call it? Carrier or some other thing.

No. So there is suspension. Mhmm. Suspended only. Yeah?

Not result. You understand what I mean? Yes, sir. That is why we every time we digitate. Mhmm.

Ensure. Non relevant indication. Non relevant indication come from dissimilar material. Mhmm. And then,
maybe permeability change, geometry.

So most of them most situation, this will be all of the ball will be done. Then you two or three, all of them will be
done. So non relevant indication. Okay, sir. Reason for non relevant indication.

And sometime they will give one defect which will which method will be this is, they we have to think and
sometimes they will give some indication Mhmm. Is there which method is better to find that type of things in
the foot. In the ninth chapter, there was many things. No? Mhmm.

And the defect is in this direction. Mhmm. Whether, Kyle, a rigid Kyle, which will be better so that you have to
correlate in. And, sometimes about probe also. So How the last device in the vision?

This is personal. So, should be tangential. No. Two or three things are there now. So that is resolved about.

And the LVD ratio, I already told you. Please check LVD ratio. What is LVD ratio? LVD ratio is the Pen filter. Filling
of the whole book.

LVD issue is in the book. Please read it. And maybe every issue is one. Awesome. It'll be coming.

So my wedding writing already told you. That actually will be up. Product technology. Branding. Branding is a
defect.

You can only after reaching, you can find that one. No? That one we are stuck. We may have one one. I can
check it.

Product technology. Yeah. Actually, inclusion in the thing will become as changes inside. Not to remember, I
think. Stringers.

Stingers. Mhmm. Stringers means? Stringer is, inclusion. It is in the bar stock, it is coming in the center.

It is stretched. And, sometimes, the planar thing on the thing is a seam. Seam. Yeah. Yeah.

It is a planar defect. It is coming in the what process? This is going to be what process? First first talk, actually.
Segregation.

Segregation is identified only by microsapping analysis. Only with? Microsopic analysis. We cannot find any any
entity with it. Segregation.

Segregation. Mhmm. Segregation is nothing but aligned element, disintegrated. Aligned element disintegrated.
Mixing the iron, copper, magnets, and all.

Mhmm. So it is disintegrated. Mhmm. It is not properly mixed. That is called segregation.

DiKerence in temperature due to cross sectional thickness. Okay. Fins fins razor razor fins. Fin is I'm taking the
The thing regarding the thing can you do some posting? Forging.

In forging, what are the advantage? It is refining the structure, then it is making a well designed. It's just like a
well designed. Forging is is like a well designed. And also, grain structure will be improved.

Improved. Yes. There will be three properties regarding the forging. All of the things will be happening. Four g.

Four g is like punching. Right? Four g. Four g got heat and punching. Heat actually will be improved, welding
process.

Then yes. Yes. Then, sir? Rain flow flow will increase. It becomes stronger.

Mhmm. I don't even know because of, Because of handling like this. Hammering and heated and handling, rain
flow is continuous. Mhmm. So all of them will be for the tank.

Yeah. For the tank. After welding, we did it there. No defect was there. But after twenty four hours or something,
after some of us, there was an indication noted.

What will be the probable indication? This is a delete hydrogen induced crack. Hydrogen. Yeah. Because it
takes time.

It's a light turn. No? It takes time. So delete crack. Mhmm.

They will tell, like, this the indication came. Mhmm. After several hours, then what will be that indication is that I
didn't really introduce the cold cracking at GCC. Because it's a delayed crack. The binding.

That's what I told you. The segregation instead of segregation, actually, in the rolling process, the segregation
are changing into binding. Inclusion is changing into stringing. Understand? Mhmm.

So inclusion will be transformed to stringers. Mhmm. I told you, no. But segregation I told you segregation
cannot be detected. In the microscope.

Banding also can be cannot be detected. So it's also Because it is a banding is the outcome of segregation. So
this also find the We can find the microscope. Yeah. You can find in the microscope.

Only in the microstructure, which is called Banding. Remember the word band. Banding. And so, also,
sometimes, they will ask about scene. It is coming in the bar stack.

It's a planar. Planar defect. Yeah. They say it's here. It's like a notch.

It's like a notch. So it's a planar defect. Two dimensional. Sometimes regarding the annealing, normalizing with
some chance of. Adding Mhmm.

Best light structure heating. Other thing, the vending, you know, the process which we frequently change a lot
and other things. Okay? I already told about the heat aKected zone also. So what defect can become in heat
aKected zone?

Cracks. Right? Cracks. If you found Heat aKected zone, heat aKected zone crack can come and also hydrogen
in this coat crack also come in heat aKected. Mhmm.

Because the the hydrogen entered the well pool will diKuse to the surface area. Okay. Tomorrow, we have time
to read go through the especially sharp notes. The sharp notes. Okay.
The sharp notes you have, I think? Yes. Yes. Yes. This one.

Right? This one. This one. This one, sir? Yeah.

Yeah. I mean, this one. Which one? So this is what what we have. And then the examination plan, I forgot to give
you Importing application.

Mhmm. They'll get the signature from you. Okay. You can go through it. It is not mandatory for the training.

Mhmm. But in the examination, they will do the same section with a practical. K. Should we keep this with us?
You can hear it.

Just quickly. One hour spacing. Yeah. So that's suggestion. That's all.

All the best. Be confident. Right. Try an example. And so which which topic should we focus more?

Because, like, the fourth and top nine topic are very vast and It's not like that. In each set of course, it will be
mixed only. We cannot, say like that. But, whatever I give, Risha, please focus on that. And if you have any
doubt, we can discuss on that.

And also some, What are the main points you told during the class? So we have to focus more on those. So now
what's like you will do, Shanna, that is also very useful for you. That's it. We need Okay.

Some ideas, they may ask, like, these type of questions. That's what I'm telling you. Now we discussed now.
Mhmm. That is also very, very important.

Okay. All the areas we touched. Mhmm. This is important. And particle gives some suggestions in the practical.

Practical, don't worry. It will not be a problem. You can do it properly. If you have doubt, you can put it in the
comments. If you have doubt, you can reprocess also.

Don't get confusing. Okay. So is there, like, in practical, suppose there are only three three defects. Mhmm. But
we found four, five.

And we've mentioned all of them. So will they cut marks for that? Actually, that will be aKecting in the UT
because in the UT Mhmm. What's the code? The current recession, you cannot correctly find.

So you'll you'll be losing mark in current recession. Mhmm. For the overcurrent, there is a mark we will detect.
But the conversation in the empty, everybody know. All of it is crack.

Mhmm. Linear crack, porosity. So you'll not lose mark in the conversation. So that will save you even though if
you give an overcut. Okay.

I I understand what I I believe you understand what I mean. Mhmm. In the OT, very diKicult to tell the
characterization. Mhmm. Suppose they they lose mark in characterization, that is writing the type of defect.

Mhmm. They'll be using mark. Mhmm. But even though they write all the defects wrongly, but if they find all the
defect, more are given, they can pass through a t. What is the secret?

Mhmm. But you you understand what I mean? Yes, sir. In UT, if you find all the defects properly, in the defect,
calculation is not correct, you'll be passing in the model. Do not fail.

But if your caprication is wrong, then you have given one more over call, then there will be get under one.
Mhmm. Understand? Mhmm. Suppose your caprication a car.

Mhmm. You have given one more car. Mhmm. You will pass in butter. Pass in butter.
Because in the UT, there is feasibility is very less. But in the MT and PT, we are seeing the defect. So
capitalization is not going to be we love gross mark in capitalization. So even if you give one more call, that will
not but you are not supposed to miss the defect. Mhmm.

That is an important point. So you can put it in the commerce network. Okay? Thank you so much for your
cooperation. So make it so much, sir.

Thank you so much for your cooperation. Thank you so much for your cooperation. Thank you so much for your
cooperation. Thank you so much for your cooperation. Thank you so much for your cooperation.

Thank you so much for your cooperation. Thank you so much for your cooperation. Thank you so much for your
cooperation. Thank you so much for your cooperation.