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Wave shaping circuits are the electronic circuits, which produce the desired shape at the
output from the applied input wave form. These circuits perform two functions −

 Attenuate the applied wave

 Alter the dc level of the applied wave.
There are two types of wave shaping circuits: Clippers and Clampers.

Op-amp based Clippers

A clipper is an electronic circuit that produces an output by removing a part of the input above or

n
below a reference value. That means, the output of a clipper will be same as that of the input for
other than the clipped part. Due to this, the peak to peak amplitude of the output of a clipper will be

e.i
always less than that of the input.

The main advantage of clippers is that they eliminate the unwanted noise present in the
amplitude of an ac signal.

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Clippers can be classified into the following two types based on the clipping portion of the
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input.

 Positive Clipper
 Negative Clipper
The circuit diagram of positive clipper is shown in the following figure –
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In the circuit shown above, a sinusoidal voltage signal Vt is applied to the non-inverting terminal of
the op-amp. The value of the reference voltage Vref can be chosen by varying the resistor R2.

[Link]
[Link]

The operation of the circuit shown above is explained below −

If the value of the input voltage Vi is less than the value of the reference voltage Vref, then the
diode D1 conducts. Then, the circuit given above behaves as a voltage follower. Therefore, the
output voltage V0 of the above circuit will be same as that of the input voltage Vi , for Vi < Vref

If the value of the input voltage Vi is greater than the value of reference voltage Vref , then the
diode D1 will be off. Now, the op-amp operates in an open loop since the feedback path was open.
Therefore, the output voltage V0 of the above circuit will be equal to the value of the reference
voltage Vref , for Vi > Vref .

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The input wave form and the corresponding output wave form of a positive clipper for a positive

e.i
reference voltage Vref are shown in the following figure –

e
sfr
ote
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[Link]
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Negative Clipper
A negative clipper is a clipper that clips only the negative portion(s) of the input signal. You can
obtain the circuit of the negative clipper just by reversing the diode and taking the reverse polarity
of the reference voltage, in the circuit that you have seen for a positive clipper.
The circuit diagram of a negative clipper is shown in the following figure –

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sfr
ote
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In the above circuit, a sinusoidal voltage signal Vi is applied to the non-inverting terminal of the op-
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amp. The value of the reference voltage Vref can be chosen by varying the resistor R2

The operation of a negative clipper circuit is explained below –

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If the value of the input voltage Vt is greater than the value of reference voltage Vref, then the diode
D1 conducts. Then, the above circuit behaves as a voltage follower. Therefore, the output
voltage V0 of the above circuit will be same as that of the input voltage Vi for Vi > Vref.

If the value of the input voltage Vi is less than the value of reference voltage, then the diode D1 will
be off. Now, the op-amp operates in an open loop since the feedback path is open. Therefore, the
output voltage V0 of the above circuit will be equal to the value of reference voltage
,Vref for Vi < Vref.

[Link]
[Link]

The input wave form and the corresponding output wave form of a negative clipper, for a negative
reference voltage Vref , are shown in the following figure –

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Op-amp based Clampers

A clamper is an electronic circuit that produces an output, which is similar to the input but with a
shift in the DC level. In other words, the output of a clamper is an exact replica of the input. Hence,
the peak to peak amplitude of the output of a clamper will be always equal to that of the input.

[Link]
[Link]

Clampers are used to introduce or restore the DC level of input signal at the output. There are two
types of op-amp based clampers based on the DC shift of the input.

 Positive Clamper

 Negative Clamper

This section discusses about these two types of clampers in detail.

n
Positive Clamper
A positive clamper is a clamper circuit that produces an output in such a way that the input

e.i
signal gets shifted vertically by a positive DC value.
The circuit diagram of a positive clamper is shown in the following figure –

e
sfr
ote
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In the above circuit, a sinusoidal voltage signal, Vi is applied to the inverting terminal of op-
amp through a network that consists of a capacitor C1 and a resistor R1 . That means, AC
voltage signal is applied to the inverting terminal of the op-amp.

[Link]
[Link]

The DC reference voltage Vref is applied to the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp. The
value of reference voltage Vref can be chosen by varying the resistor R2. In this case, we will
get a reference voltage Vref of a positive value.

The above circuit produces an output, which is the combination (resultant sum) of the
sinusoidal voltage signal Vi and the reference voltage Vref. That means, the clamper circuit
produces an output in such a way that the sinusoidal voltage signal Vi gets shifted vertically
upwards by the value of reference voltage Vref.
The input wave form and the corresponding output wave form of positive clamper are shown

n
in above figure −

e e.i
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ote
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From the figure above, you can observe that the positive clamper shifts the applied input
waveform vertically upward at the output. The amount of shift will depend on the value of
the DC reference voltage.

Negative Clamper

A negative clamper is a clamper circuit that produces an output in such a way that the input
signal gets shifted vertically by a negative DC value.

[Link]
[Link]

The circuit diagram of negative clamper is shown in the following figure –

n
e e.i
sfr
ote

In the above circuit, a sinusoidal voltage signal Vi is applied to the inverting terminal of the
op-amp through a network that consists of a capacitor C1 and resistor R1. That means, AC
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voltage signal is applied to the inverting terminal of the op-amp.

The DC reference voltage Vref is applied to the non-inverting terminal of the [Link]
value of reference voltage Vref can be chosen by varying the resistor R2. In this case,we will
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get reference voltage Vref of a negative value.

The above circuit produces an output, which is the combination (resultant sum) of sinusoidal
voltage signal Vi and reference voltage Vref. That means, the clamper circuit produces an
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output in such a way that the sinusoidal voltage signal Vi gets shifted vertically downwards
by the value of reference voltage Vref.
The input wave form and the corresponding output wave form of a negative clamper are
shown in the following figure –

[Link]
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We can observe from the output that the negative clamper shifts the applied input
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waveform vertically downward at the output. The amount of shifting will depend on the
value of DC reference voltage.
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Peak Detector
Definition: Peak detector circuits are used to determine the peak
(maximum) value of an input signal. It stores the peak value of input
voltages for infinite time duration until it comes to reset condition. The peak
detector circuit utilizes its property of following the highest value of an
input signal and storing it.

n
Rectifier circuits usually provide an output in proportion to the average value

e.i
of the input. However, some application requires measurement of the peak
value of the signal. Thus, peak detectors are used.
Usually, the peak of non-sinusoidal waveforms is measured using a peak
detector. As traditional ac voltmeter cannot measure the peak of such signals.
fre
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It consists of a diode and capacitor along with an op-amp as shown above.

The circuit does not require any complex component in order to determine the
peak of the input waveform.
Working Principle:

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[Link]

The working principle of the circuit is such that, the peak of the input waveform
is followed and stored in terms of voltage in the capacitor.
By the time on moving further, if the circuit detects a higher peak, the new
peak value is stored in the capacitor until it is discharged.
The capacitor employed in the circuit is charged through the diode by the
applied input signal. The small voltage drop across the diode is ignored and
the capacitor is charged up to the highest peak of the applied input signal.
Let us consider initially the capacitor is charged to voltage Vc. The diode

n
employed in the circuit gets forward biased when the applied input voltage
Vin exceeds the capacitor voltage Vc. Thereby allowing the circuit to behave as

e.i
a voltage follower. The output voltage follows the applied input voltage until
Vin is more than Vc.
As the input voltage Vin reduces below the value of capacitive voltage Vc, it
fre
causes the diode to get reverse biased. In such condition, the capacitor
retains the value until the input again exceeds the value stored in the
capacitor.
The figure below shows the output voltage waveform for an applied input
tes
signal.
No
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As we can see in the waveform shown above, at time t1, the circuit misses the
peak of the input signal as it is less than the previous peak of the input signal.
Thereby allowing the capacitor to hold the value of the previously occurred
peak.

[Link]
[Link]

As it is a positive peak detector, one can also construct a negative peak

detector circuit, that will hold the lowest or most negative signal voltage. This
is basically done by reversing the polarities of the diode in the circuit.
Improvement in peak detector circuit:

The figure below shows the circuit of an improved peak detector. It is used to
buffer the source of the signal from that of the capacitor.

n
e.i
fre
tes
No

As we can see the circuit is comprised of 2 Op-amps. However, the basic

circuit of the peak detector contains only one Op-amp. A high impedance load
is offered by the op-amp A1 to the source. While op-amp A2 performs
buffering action in between the load and capacitor.
The same basic principle is applied in this circuit also. The voltage at the
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output side is the similar as the peak of the input signal stored in the capacitor.
Its working is such that, as the input voltage becomes higher than the charge
stored on the capacitor, it charges itself with the new higher value of input
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signal.
However, for a smaller value of the input, the capacitor sticks to the previous
higher value. The diode D2 employed here restricts the output of op-amp
A1 from reaching negative saturation.
This basically provides an improvement in the recovery time of op-amp A1 at
the condition of attaining a higher peak than the previous. The two resistances
serve as the path for the bias current of input to A1.

[Link]
[Link]

To prevent the effect of the offset voltage, the value of the two resistances
R1 and R2 are kept equal.
The necessary frequency compensation must be given to op-amp A1 in
order to have stability against oscillations.
Applications of Peak detector:

1. It is used in the analysis of spectral and mass spectrometer.

2. Peak detector finds its application in destructive testing.

n
3. It is used for instrumentation measurement, mostly in amplitude
modulated wave communication.

e.i
4. It widely finds applications in sound measuring instruments.

From the above discussion, we can conclude that peak detectors are used to
overcome the disadvantage of ac voltmeter. As the peak of a square,
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sawtooth or any random waveform is not measured using ac voltmeter
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 Linear Integrated Circuits

Unit I: IC Fabrication
IC Fabrication | Introduction, advantages and scope of IC Fabrication | Classification of
integrated circuits | Integrated Circuit Chip Size and Levels of Integration | Fundamentals of
Monolithic IC Technology | Crystal Growth and Water Preparation | Epitaxial Growth | Oxidation
in IC Fabrication | Photolithography in IC fabrication | Diffusion process of IC fabrication | Ion
Implantation in IC fabrication | Isolation Techniques in IC Fabrication | Metallization | Packaging
of ICs | Realization of Active and Passive Devices in Integrated Circuits | Realization of Monolithic
Integrated Circuit | Fabrication of PV Cell | Two Marks Questions with Answers | University
Questions with Answers (Long Answered Questions) |

Unit II: Characteristics of Op-amp

Characteristics of Op-amp | Characteristics of Op-amp: Introduction | Op-amp Symbol and
Terminals | Block Diagram Representation of Op-amp | Ideal Op-amp (Differential
Amplifier) | Transistorised Differential Amplifier | Differential Amplifier Circuit
Configurations | D.C. Analysis of Differential Amplifier | A.C. Analysis of Differential Amplifier
using h-Parameters | Voltage Levels and Saturating Property of Op-amp | Equivalent Circuit of
Practical Op-amp | Output Offset Voltage(Voos) in Op-amp | Other Important Op-amp
Parameters | D.C. Characteristics of Op-amp | A.C. Characteristics of Op-amp | Voltage Transfer
Curve of Op - amp | Open and Closed Loop Configuration of Op-amp | Op-amp IC 741 | Op-amp
Ideal Inverting Amplifier | Op-amp Ideal Non-inverting Amplifier | Important Point about Non-
inverting Amplifier | Op-amp Volatge Follower | Op-amp Voltage to Current Converter | Op-amp
Current to Voltage Converter | Op-amp Summer or Adder Circuit | Op-amp Subtractor or
Difference Amplifier | Op-amp Integrator | Op-amp Differentiator | Stability of an Op-
amp | Concept of Frequency Compensation used in operational amplifiers | External
Compensation Techniques used in operational amplifiers | Internal Compensation Technique
used in operational amplifiers | Two Marks Questions with Answers | University Questions with
Answers (Long Answered Questions) |

Unit III: Applications of Op-amp

Applications of Op-amp | Instrumentation Amplifiers using Op-amp | Basic Logarithmic Amplifier
using Op-amp | Antilog Amplifier using Op-amp | Active Filters using Op-amp | Important
Remarks and Observations about Filters | First Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter using Op-
amp | Second Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter using Op-amp | First Order High Pass
Butterworth Filter using Op-amp | Second Order High Pass Butterworth Filter using Op-
amp | Introduction to Bandpass Filters using Op-amp | Band Elimination Filter using Op-
amp | Op-amp as a comparator | Types of Multivibrator | Monostable Multivibrator using Op-
amp | Astable Multivibrator using Op-amp | Sine Wave Generators (Oscillators), Phase Shift
Oscillator using Op-amp | Wien Bridge Oscillator using Op-amp | Triangular Wave Generator
using Op-amp | Clipper Circuits using Op-amp | Clamper Circuits using Op-amp | Active Peak
Detectors using Op-amp | Sample and Hold Circuit using Op-amp | DAC (Digital to Analog
Converter) using Op-amp | ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) using Op-amp | Precision Rectifiers
using Op-amp | Schmitt Trigger using Op-amp | Two Marks Questions with Answers | University
Questions with Answers (Long Answered Questions) |

Unit IV: Special ICs

Special ICs | Timer IC 555 | Voltage Controlled Oscillator Circuit (IC 566) | Basic PLL
Operation | Monolithic Phase Locked Loop IC 565 | 565 PLL Applications | Analog Voltage
Multiplier Circuit | Analog Voltage Divider Circuit | Analog Multiplier IC | Four Quadrant Variable
Transconductance Multiplier Circuit | AD633 Multiplier IC | Two Marks Questions with
Answers | University Questions with Answers (Long Answered Questions) |

Unit V: Application ICs

Application ICs | AD623 Instrumentation Amplifier IC | Voltage Regulator Characteristics | Types
of Voltage Regulator | Voltage Follower Regulator using Op-amp | Advantages of IC Voltage
Regulators | General Purpose Linear IC 723 Regulator | Protection Circuit in Regulators | Three
Terminal Fixed Voltage Regulators | Three Terminal Adjustable Regulators: LM 317 | Limitations
of Linear Voltage Regulators | Switching Regulators | Power Amplifiers | LM 380 Power Audio
Amplifier | Function Generator ICL 8038 | Two Marks Questions with Answers | University
Questions with Answers (Long Answered Questions) |

AU Solved Paper
AU Solved Paper - set 1 | AU Solved Paper - set 2 | AU Solved Paper - set 3 | AU Solved Paper -
set 4 | AU Solved Paper - set 5 | AU Solved Paper - set 6 | AU Solved Paper - set 7 | AU Solved
Paper - set 8 |
1st Semester Anna University EEE- Reg 2021
Professional English – I
2nd Semester 3rd Semester
Matrices and Calculus
Probability and Complex
Professional English - II Functions
Engineering Physics
Statistics and Numerical Electromagnetic Fields
Engineering Chemistry Methods
Problem Solving and Physics for Electrical Digital Logic Circuits
Python Programming Engineering
Electron Devices and
Physics and Chemistry Basic Civil and Mechanical Circuits
Laboratory Engineering
Electrical Machines - I
Engineering Graphics
C Programming and Data
4th Semester Electric Circuit Analysis Structures
Environmental Sciences
and Sustainability 6th Semester
Transmission and 5th Semester
Distribution Protection and
Linear Integrated Power System Analysis Switchgear
Circuits
Power Electronics Power System
Measurements and Operation and Control
Instrumentation Control Systems
Open Elective – I
Microprocessor and
Microcontroller Professional Elective I
Professional Elective IV
Electrical Machines - II Professional Elective II
Professional Elective V
Professional Elective III
7th Semester Professional Elective VI
High Voltage Mandatory Course-I& Mandatory Course-
Engineering II& MC
Human Values and 8th Semester
Ethics
Elective –
Management Project Work /
Internship
Open Elective – II
Open Elective – III
Open Elective – IV
Professional Elective
VII Click on Clouds to navigate other department

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