ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

MODULE1
INTRODUCTIONTOARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE (AI)

CO – Students will be able to summarize the

history of intelligent systems

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE
 According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it
is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs”.
 Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-
controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar
manner the intelligent humans think.
 The term "artificial intelligence" is used to describe machines that
mimic "cognitive” functions that humans associate with other
human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving”.

Dept of AI & ML EDULINE 2

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• AI is the branch of computer science that is concerned with the

automation of intelligent behavior
• AI is the part of computer science concerned with designing
intelligent computersystems, that is, computer systems that
exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in human
behavior such as understanding language, learning, reasoning and
solving problems.
• AI is the exciting new effort to make computers think machines
with minds, in the full and literal sense
• AI is the study of the computations that make it possible to
perceive, reason, and act.

EDULINE 3

 AIhasthreedifferentlevels:
 Narrow AI: Artificial intelligence is said to be narrow when the
machine can perform a specific task better than a human. The
current research of AI is here now.
 General AI: Artificial intelligence reaches the general state when it
can perform any intellectual task with the same accuracy level as a
human would.
 Strong AI: Artificial intelligence is strong when it can beat humans
in many tasks.

EDULINE 4

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 GoalsofAI
• To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent
behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.
• To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems
that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
• General-purpose AI like the robots of science fiction is incredibly
hard Human brain appears to have lots of special and general
functions, integrated in some amazing way that we really do not
understand at all (yet).
• Special-purpose AI is more doable (non-trivial) E.g., chess/poker
playing programs, logistics planning, automated translation, voice
recognition, web search, data mining, medical diagnosis, keeping a
car on the road.
EDULINE 5

HISTORYOFAI
• 1943: early beginnings McCulloch& Pitts: Boolean circuit model of
brain
• 1950: Turing Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence“
• 1956: birthof AI Dartmouth meeting:"Artificial Intelligence“
name adopted
• 1950s:initialpromise
Early AI programs,including
Samuel'scheckersprogram
Newell&Simon'sLogicTheorist

EDULINE 6

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• 1955-65:“great enthusiasm”
o Newelland Simon:GPS,generalproblemsolver
o Gelertner: Geometry Theorem Prover
o McCarthy :invention of LISP-History of AI
• 1966—73:Reality dawns
o Realization that many AI problems are intractable.
o Limitations of existing neural network methods identified
• 1969—85:Adding domain knowledge
o Development of knowledge-based systems
o Success of rule-based expert systems, E.g.,DENDRAL,
MYCIN
EDULINE 7

• But were brittle and did not scale well inpractice

• 1986-Rise of machine learning
o Neural networks return to popularity
o Major advances inmachine learning algorithms and
applications
• 1990-Role of uncertainty
o Bayesian networks as aknowledge representation framework.
• 1995-AI as Science
o Integration of learning,reasoning,knowledge representation
• 1995–2011 Intelligen tagents

EDULINE 8

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• 2011–present: Deep learning, big data and artificial general

intelligence
• Latest Achievements in AI(2018)
• Alibaba language processing AI outscores to humans at a Stanford
University reading and comprehension test,scoring 82.44against
82.304onasetof100,000 questions.
• Announcement of Google Duplex, a service to allow an AI assistant
to book appointments over the phone.
• The LAT imes judges the AI'svoicetobea"nearly flawless" imitation
of human-sounding speech.

EDULINE 9

DD

EDULINE 10

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APPROACHESTOAI
FourmainapproachestoAI

[Link],ChandigarhUniversity,Punjab EDULINE 11

 Approach#1:Thinking Humanly
• AI is: “The exciting new effort to make computers think , machines
with minds, in the full and literal sense." (Haugeland, 1985)
• AI is: “The automation of activities that we associate with human
thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving,
learning." (Bellman, 1978)
• Goal is to build systems that function internally in some way similar
to human mind.

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Cognitive Intelligence :Workings of the humanmind

• Traditional computer game players typically work much differently
than human players
• Massive look-ahead,minimal“experience”
• People think differently inexperience,“bigpicture”, etc.
• Cognitive science tries to model human mind based on
experimentation
• Cognitive modeling approach tries to act intelligently while actually
internally doing something similar to human mind

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 Approach#2:Acting Humanly
• "The art of creating machines that perform functions that require
intelligence when performed by people." (Kurzweil,1990)
• "The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better." (Rich and Knight, 1991)
• Ultimately to be tested by the TuringTest.
• To provide a satisfactory operational definition of intelligence

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Intelligent capabilities
 The computer would need to possess the following capabilities:
• Natural language processing: to enable it to communicate successfully
in English.
• Knowledge representation : to store what it know so rhears.
• Automated reasoning: to use the stored information to answer
questions and to draw new conclusions.
• Machine learning: to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and
extrapolate patterns.
• Intelligence takes many forms, which are not necessarily best tested
this way.

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 Approach#3:Thinking rationally: The " laws of thought "

approach
• AI is:"The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models.“ (Chamiak and McDermott, 1985).
• "The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive,
reason, and act.” (Winston, 1992).
• Approach firmly grounded in logic.

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 Approach#4:Acting rationally
• AIis:"Computation al Intelligence is the study of the design of
intelligent agents." (Poole et al., 1998)
• Agents:something that acts [Link] some action.
• Rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or,
when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
• "AI is concerned with intelligent behavior in art if
acts."(Nilsson,1998)

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Acting rationally
• In solving actual problems,it’s what really matters.
• Behavior is more scientifically test able than thought.
• More general: rather than imitating humans trying to solve hard
problems, just try to solve hard problems.

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE [Link]
STUDENTS

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

• High Accuracy with lesserrors • High Cost
• High-Speed • Can't think out of the box
• High reliability • No feelings and emotions
• Useful for risky areas • Increase dependency on machines
• Digital Assistant • No Original Creativity
• Use ful as a publicutility

[Link],ChandigarhUniversity,Punjab 19

APPLICATIONSOFAI
 Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess,
poker,tic-tac-toe,etc.,wheremachinecanthinkoflargenumberof
possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
 Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the
computer that understands natural language spoken by humans.
 Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate
machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning
and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.

[Link],ChandigarhUniversity,Punjab EDULINE 20

[Link],AP,CUPUNJAB 10
ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE

 Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and

comprehend visual input on the computer.
• For example, A spying aero plane takes photographs,which are used to
figure out spatial information or map of the areas.
• Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
• Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with
the stored portrait made by forensic artist.
 Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing
and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their
meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang
words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

[Link],ChandigarhUniversity,Punjab EDULINE 21

 Handwriting Recognition − the handwriting recognition software reads

the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can
recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.
 Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a
human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world
such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure.
They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to
exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their
mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

EDULINE 22

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INTELLIGENTAGENTS
 INTELLIGENCE
Ability of a system to:
• calculate
• reason
• perceive relationships and analogies
• learn from experience
• solve problems ,comprehend complex ideas
• classify, generalize
• adapt new situations
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 AGENTS
• An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its
environment through sensors and acting upon that environment
through actuators
 Operatesinanenvironment 
 Perceiveitsenvironmentthroughsensors
 Actsuponitsenvironmentthroughactuators/effectors
 HasGoals

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Agents

 INTELLIGENT AGENTS
• An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which act upon an environment
using sensors and actuators for achieving goals.
• An intelligent agent may learn from the environment to achieve their goals.
 Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:
• Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the
environment.
• Rule2:The observation must be used to make decisions.
• Rule3: Decision should result in anaction.
• Rule4:The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.
 A thermostat is an example of an intelligent agent.

EDULINE 26

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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE

 Sensor and actuators

• Anagent perceives its environment through sensors
• The complete set of inputs at a given time is called a percept
• The current percept or Sequence of percepts can influence the action
of an agent
• It can change the environment through actuators/effectors
• An operation involving an actuator is called an action
• Action can be grouped into action sequences

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 RATIONALAGENT
• A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference, models
uncertainty, and acts in a way to maximize its performance
measure with all possible actions.
• A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is about
creating rational agents to use for game theory and decision
theory for various real-world scenarios.
• For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI
reinforcement learning algorithm, for each best possible action,
agent gets the positive reward and for each wrong action, an agent
gets a negative reward.

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• A rational agent is an agent which has clear preferences and

models uncertainty via expected values.
• A rational agent can be anything that makes decisions, typically a
person, firm, machine, or software.
• A rational agent always performs right action, where the right
action means the action that causes the agent to be most
successful in the given percept sequence.
• Rational agent is capable of taking best possible action in any
situation.
• Performing actions with the aim of obtaining useful information is
an important part of rationality.

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 Rationality:
 The rationality of an agent is measured by its performance
measure. Rationality can be judged on the basis of following
points:
• Performance measure which defines the success criterion.
• Agent prior knowledge of it’s environment.
• Best possible actions that an agent can perform.
• The sequence of percepts.
• Rationality differs from Omniscience because an Omniscient agent
knows the actual outcome of its action and act accordingly, which
is not possible in reality.

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 Structure of an AI Agent
• An agent program which implements the agent function. The structure
of an intelligent agent is a combination of architecture and agent
program. It can be viewed as:
Agent=Architecture+Agentprogram
• Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an AI
agent:
• Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executeson.
• Agent Function: Agent function isused to map a percept to an action.
f:P*→A
• Agent program:Agent program is an implementation of agent function.
An agent program executes on the physical architecture to produce
function f.

[Link],ChandigarhUniversity,Punjab EDULINE 32

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 PEAS Representation
• PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon.
• When an AI agent or rational agent is defined, then its properties
can be under PEAS representation model.
• It is made up off our words:
 P:Performancemeasure
 E:Environment
 A: Actuators
 S:Sensors
• Performance measure is the objective for the success of an agent's
behavior.
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 PEAS description of the task environment for an automated taxi

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TYPES OF AI AGENTS
1. Simple Reflex Agent
• Choose actions only based on the current percept.
• Rational only if a correct decisionis
made only on the basis of current
precept.
• Their environment is completely
observable.
• Condition-Action Rule − It is a rule that maps a state (condition) to an
action.
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2. Model-based reflex agent

• A model of the world to choose their [Link] maintains an
internal state.
• Model−knowledge about“how the things happen in the world”.
• Internal State−It is a representation of unobserved aspects of current
state depending on percept history.
• Updating the state requires the information about
How the world evolves.
How the agent ’s actions affect the world.

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3. Goal-based agents
• Choose their actions inorder to achieve goals.
• Goal-based approach is more flexible than reflex agent since the
knowledge supporting a decision is explicitly modelled, thereby
allowing for modifications.
• Goal−It is the description of
desirable situations.

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4. Utility-based agent
• Choose actions based on a preference (utility) for each state.
• Goals are in adequate when
there are conflicting goals,out
Of which only few can be achieved.
• Goals have some uncertainty of
being achieved and you need
to weigh likelihood of success
Against the importance of a goal.

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5. Learning agent
• A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its
past experiences, or it has learning capabilities.
• It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt
automatically through learning.
• A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components,which
are:
oLearning element: It is responsible for making improvements by
learning from environment
oCritic: Learning element takes feed backfrom critic which describes
that how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed
performance standard.
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oPerformance element: It is responsible for selecting external

action.
oProblem generator: This componentis responsible for suggesting
actions that will lead to new and informative experiences.

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Ruchitha M,Assistant Professor ,Dept of AIML 21