Grenze International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Special Issue

Smart Health Monitoring System using Raspberry

Pi3b+
Madhushree B M1, Pavan N2, Kushal D3, Thanushree S4, Chaitra Ganesh5 and Lokesh C6
1-6
Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru, India
Email: madhushreebmgowda562000@[Link], pnmysore19@[Link], kushalkd1288@[Link],
thanushrees9813@[Link], [Link]@[Link], lokesh.c@[Link]

Abstract—IoT (Internet of Things) is a revolutionary technology which establishes an

interconnected network for everything. With an IoT being a burgeoning industry for the future,
significantly in the field of health care, wearable gadgets can be manufactured, which enables
IoT to connect with individual’s health track or history in a smart way, especially with recent
advancements in wireless sensor networks. Thus, a doctor can keep an eye on a patient’s health.
The major focus of this paper is to build a module which measures basic parameters required
with multiple use of sensors and integration of the monitoring system with an IoT.

Index Terms—Heartbeat sensor, Raspberry Pi board, Temperature sensor, MPU6050,

MAX30102, Accelerometer sensor, Internet of things, Drip sensor, IoT, Oxygen level..

I. INTRODUCTION
Though the health care society is slow in adopting IoT-Internet of Things than diverse subjects, IoT in the area
of healthcare is bound to keep the people secure and healthy where the primary goal is to bring down the cost of
health care in the up-coming years. Smart Health Monitor is where the patients who are specifically ill/elderly
are revealed for treatment or in home. For such conditions the Doctors need to have a perpetual update about
patient’s health associated parameters like their activity, heart pulse, oxygen level and body temperature.
Manually doing this is too bothersome task and also for several patients it becomes close to absurd. In these
kinds of circumstances, this IoT based smart health monitoring system can bring about an innovation that can
keep the Doctors informed all time over internet.
Smart Health Monitoring System is a Raspberry Pi 3b+ based system which collects patient’s details with the
help of sensors. It uses Wi-Fi module to communicate these data to the mail through internet. There is oxygen
level, temperature sensor, drip level sensor, body movement i.e., tilt sensor and heart beat monitor module
electrically interfaced to the system and physically to be dressed by the user. The Temperature sensor senses the
temperature of patient’s ambience, so when this sensor is in close affinity of the user it indicates the users’ body
temperature. Thus, the doctor can get linked to these vital characteristics referring to the patients’ health over the
IoT interfacing from anywhere all around the world. This is how IoT based ICU Patient Monitoring System is an
improvised system that helps in watching ICU Patients without any manual intervention.
A smart IoT based health monitoring system has been designed here, which has an intelligence medicine box
linked with sensors and server for regular health monitoring. This smart medicine prescribers helps the user to
get regular health care and develop an easy communication between doctor and patient without meeting up
physically. The proposed module prescribes based on conditions helps the patient to take the right medicine at

Grenze ID: [Link].8.3.679

© Grenze Scientific Society, 2022
the right time along with a Gmail, which will help the patient to take the medicine. Doctors will get health
parameters of the person as Gmail alerts using SMTP library.
The gathered sensor data will assist the doctor in the emergency scenarios for the better and improved patient
health. The hardware components to implement the project consists of a different sensors and Raspberry Pi 3
Model B+ containing a method to communicate with a doctor through the Gmail alerts along with audio alerts.
This developed module will help doctors to know about the condition of the patient’s health and screen it
anywhere around the world. In this invented idea the sensors collect the medical data of the patient which
includes patient’s heart rate, oxygen level, body temperature, drip level and patient position using tilt sensor.
This information is sent to the Internet and stored in a Gmail. This module uses Google Text to speech Library
for giving audio alerts to patient about medicines through the speaker and alerts about the abnormality in the
measured parameter.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

The author [2] has comprised information related to fitness tracking application created in last few years and
have better impact on present technology. The review about mindset of the developers who have built a system
using similar type of sensors like normal temperature sensor, Arduino as microcontroller, local servers or clouds.
The work concluded that Amazon web services is best cloud to store the data of these kind of sensors.
The author [3] has built a model which monitored respiration, temperature, heart beat value and patient’s
movements. All these data uploaded to Raspberry Pi through a signal conditioning unit and an amplifier circuit.
Signals have low gain; hence amplifier gains up the signal and sends to Raspberry Pi. It works using Linux
operating system. The module used thermistor to measure the temperature which is nothing but a temperature
sensitive resistor. Here using one thermistor they monitor respiration and another one for room temperature.
MMA7260QT is an accelerometer sensor used to measure body movement which has X, Y, Z axis and fitted to
the patient’s bed. IR transmitter and receiver is used measure the heartbeat. In the module the pulse rate sensor is
connected to the finger of the patient.
The author [4] has developed a model to capture and display real-time signals from the human body Raspberry
Pi, Pulse heart rate, Arduino, ECG sensor, and Temperature sensor make up their system. The Raspberry Pi
panel is a single-chip computer that includes traditional computer components like a processor CPU single core
with a speed of 700 MHz and a processor CPU dual core with a speed of 250 MHz, as well as digital control
outputs that can control electronic and electrical parts like a microcontroller. With a power consumption of less
than 3W, the Raspberry Pi plate is one of the lightest computer panels available. The module uses an Arduino
which depends on ATmega328P AVR microcontroller. AD8232 is an ECG sensor with 3.5V control usage and
170 Micro amperes. Pulse sensor has cork, lead mettle dimension due to Arduino. It gives thriving and maze cast
circuitry with respect to hardware. It is very fast and has 3V stability. Temperature sensor is LM35 which
provides temperature value extra precisely compared to thermistors.
The author [5] has emerged a device using ESP8266 to monitor health and connected it with a thinkspeak
platform. The module uses SEN11754 to interface the device and monitor the heartbeat of the patient.
Temperature can be measured using LM35 with highest accuracy. The model has 4x4 keypad to enter password
and LCD 16x2 to display the readings measured.
The author [9] has presented a system with RS 232, PIC 16F887A microcontroller, Serial interface-MAX 232,
LM35 sensor, PPM sensor, System Pc., GSM Module-SIM 300, Bluetooth Module-HC05, Android Mobile
Device. Electrocardiography is a transesophageal interpretation of the heart's electrical activity over time, as
spotted by electrodes when placed to the skin's surface and recorded by a device outside the body. An ECG is the
name given to the recording made by this non-invasive process. An ECG is used to examine the rate and
regularity of heartbeats. The module uses pulse rate to evaluate overall heart health and fitness level. Human
body’s ability to produce and get rid of heat. It can be measured using temperature sensor. Range of 96 - 99% of
SpO2 level is considered as normal. PIC16F877A belongs to PIC micro family and uses flash memory
technology which can be written and erased up-to thousand times.
The author [10] has come up with a health monitoring system which uses heart beat and blood pressure sensor to
measure the respective parameter and to process these values it is fed into Arduino Uno. The model has GSM
and GPS module connected with a think speak. This module estimates the speed of a patient’s heartbeat in beat
per minutes. It works with the principle of Photoplethysmography, which changes with respect to blood volume.
To measure the blood pressure, she has used BMP180. Using Arduino IDE, board can be programmed. To
enable a communication between the microprocessor and GSM, SMT module is used.

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The author [11] has evolved a module which includes pulse rate sensor, temperature sensor, Arduino uno
microcontroller, ESP8266 and Raspberry pi 2 model. Arduino uno works with microcontroller Atmega 328P and
has 14 digital I/O pins. In these 6 are PWM outputs, 16MHz clock pulse, 32Kb flash memory to store code and
has a inbuilt 10-bit ADC converter which detects 1024 analog values. It works with voltage around 0- 5V and 0-
1023 integer values. The minicomputer of second generation is Raspberry Pi 2 which is cheaper, effective and
powerful tool to interface lots of tools together. It has ARMv7 32-bit processor which makes it faster and even
more powerful compared to other existing modules. The module uses KG011 as heartbeat sensor which works
under the principle of photoplethysmography. Due to light intensity the blood volume also changes in an organ
of the human body and the signal pulses are equal to heart beat pulses. DS18B20 is a digital temperature sensor
which they’ve used to determine the body temperature. It has a unique one wire interface which makes it unique
and has stainless steel probe in front to make it flexible in harsh or wet environment. It’s rage for power supply
is 3V-5V, measures temperature range of -55°C - +125°C and works under the same range. It also provides
RJ11/RJ12, 3P-2510 connector.
The author [14] has implemented a system using Raspberry Pi 3. It is an Embedded Board which has a quadcore
arm cortex-A53 processor which is 10 times better in performance when compared with Raspberry Pi 1 board
and when compared to Raspberry Pi 2 it is 80% faster in working the tasks parallelly.
The author [15] has comprised a model to detect the patient’s motion using Accelerometer which senses and
detects the activity or inactivity regarding the presence or lack of motion. They’ve used Raspberry Pi 3 module.
The author [16] built a model to monitor health which included Raspberry Pi, LM35, Pulse rate sensor and ECG
sensor. They’ve used Raspberry Pi 3 model B which has inbuilt Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and USB. LM35 is an analog
temperature sensor which gives correct readings. To check the heartbeat, pulse rate sensor is used. 88- 90 pulse
rate is considerably more than that is not acceptable. If it exceeds then alert sound will be generated. To monitor
ECG, they’ve used Electrocardiogram sensor which provides more information regarding the heart beat and
other disease indications.
The author [19] has proposed a model with temperature sensor, pulse sensor, SpO2 sensor, Wi-Fi module and
GSM. The pulse sensor has a feature to cancel the noise in the circuit. On the sensor a finger is placed, and it’ll
calculate the amount of blood in capillary tube based on amount of light reflected. The result is nothing but the
difference in the amount of light transmission and reflection. Their temperature sensor measures from -55°C -
+150°C and output changes by 10mV for every 10° rise in the measured temperature value. To estimate the
oxygen content in blood they’ve used SpO2 sensor, which passes a light beam through blood in the finger and
calculates the change in light absorption. To connect the internet with embedded system a WIFI module is used,
which uses communication protocol.
The author [21] has built a module to continuously monitor a patient which comprises of various sensors Pi such
as ADC1015, ADXL345, heart beat sensor and DS18B20 and Raspberry.
The author [26] has developed a prototype using AD8232 for ECG monitoring, SpO2 measurement through
MAX30100 and Max6675 to measure the temperature and al the sensed value is fed into ESP32. The ECG
sensor has 3 electrodes connected to right arm, left arm and right leg to get the signal. Using optical reflection
method, the MAX30100 sensor calculates the percentage of oxygen level. Through SPI communication protocol
the Max6675 is connected to the ESP32.
The author [27] has invented a system with LM35 as a temperature sensor to measure the human body
temperature. The output voltage will be linearly proportional to centigrade temperature and doesn’t require any
amplification. Its values are more accurate than thermistors. AD8232 acts as a ECG sensor which is used to
measure the response of heart. He has used a ARM11 processor-based Raspberry Pi 3 module B+ which
provides dual core with 1Gb SDRAM and 5V power supply through Micro USB.
The author [28] has emerged with a compact monitoring system using Raspberry Pi 3 which has USB ports, 14
GPIO pins, EEPROM. They’ve used a powerful PIC Microcontroller which has a capacity to execute instruction
in 200 nanoseconds. It is 8-bit microcontroller, CMOS FLASH-based microchip with 28-pin. The PIC6F72 has
8-bit analog-digital converter with 5 channels and 2 additional timers. LM35 operates under 4-30V and output
voltage is proportional to temperature Celsius with more accuracy than thermistor.
The author [30] has monitored patient’s using DS18B20, a temperature sensor which has the capacity to measure
from -55°C to 125°C. Its resolution provides a range from 9 to 12 bit, has a 64-bit unique ID burned inside the
chip and query time is less than 750ms provides one pin to share multiple sensors.
The author [33] has presented a module with ESP32 as a processor designed with RF- balun, low-noise
amplifier, filters, amplification control, antenna switches. It has the ability to communicate with Bluetooth and
WIFI via I2C/UART or SPI/SDIO interfaces.

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III. PROBLEM DEFINITION

• Using different meters to check vital parameters such as Drip level, heartbeat, Oxygen level, body
temperature and body movement is very expensive.
• Lack of instantaneous alert facility.
• Monitoring patients prone to pandemic is still a risk.
• Lack of communication between patients’ who reside in remote areas and doctors.

IV. PROBLEM FORMULATION

• To carry out accurate testing of Drip level, body Temperature, Heartbeat, Body movement using
Accelerometer sensors and Oxygen level.
• Develop health monitoring hardware module using sensors with cost benefits.
• Enhance the functionality of module using IoT.
• To monitor isolated patients can be done using this module.
• Provide a channel for better communication.
• Detailed study of different sensors, microcontrollers and processors.

V. SOLUTION METHODOLOGIES

The project was carried out in different phases.

• Planning: All the components were collected to build this project
• Analysis: Objectives and goals were defined and gathered information required to diagnose the
problem
• Design: Structure of the prototype was decided
• Implementation: developing a program
• Maintenance: To get the desired model continuous analysis to be made
A. Simulation using Proteus tool
The Figure 1 represents the complete schematic software setup of smart health monitoring system using proteus
tool and its functionality between users.
The system includes one of the basic vital sensors interfacing with the arduino as shown below in Figure 1. The
information is collected by the sensors and sent to the microcontroller Arduino UNO, where the information is
received and processed. The data collected by the processor is compared with the threshold values of the sensors
added in the module. If the sensed data is either equal or above the threshold range or below the threshold range,
then an emergency notification or alert sound will be made by the buzzer connected to the arduino in this system.
The developed system uses the sensors such as heartbeat sensor for counting the heart rate, Temperature sensor
LM35 for measuring the body temperature and Potentiometer indicating one whole module for measuring the
blood pressure as shown in Figure 1. The module measures the vital parameters in real - time and screens on the
LCD whether the given parameter’s value range is in low or normal or high state.
The basic software virtually proposed model consists of Arduino, pulse - rate sensor, Temperature sensor,
potentiometer (Blood pressure), virtual GPS, virtual terminal, Oscilloscope, LCDs, Buzzer and GSM module.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of smart health monitoring system using proteus

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Components used in proteus to implement

1. Arduino UNO

The Arduino is a credit - card sized small and cheap microcontroller that can be
inserted into a CPU and using a standard keyboard and mouse the data can be fed
into it. It is a powerful small device that provides people of all ages to explore
computing, and to learn how to code in different languages like C. It is suitable
for doing everything that a personal computer can do, from playing high -
definition video and, browsing the internet, to word-processing, making
spreadsheets, and playing games. The proposed system uses ARDUINO UNO.
Data is transferred from the sensors which are connected to this Arduino board.
Sensors used are temperature sensor LM35, heartbeat sensor, potentiometer and
ECG which are portrayed in the succeeding sections. The information from these sensors is screened on the LCD
display.

2. Pulse-rate sensor
Heartbeat sensor is used for checking the pulse - rate which means to measure
the heart rate. It has circuitry for noise cancellation. The heartbeat up to 60 - 90
is acceptable, beyond or below this range it is not considerable and considered as
a critical so an alert will be created for such instances, then a buzzer will indicate
this condition. The sensor used is as analog sensor and analog to digital
conversion is done in coding part.

3. Temperature sensor

Temperature sensors are of different types. The proposed system uses the LM35
temperature sensor. It is an analog sensor but provides correct readings as desired
by the application or it can also be converted using analog to digital converter.
The sensor measures the body temperature from -55 degree Celsius to +150
degree Celsius. For every 10 degrees rise in temperature, the output changes by
10mv.

4. ECG sensor
Electrocardiogram circuit is developed to monitor ECG. ECG gives more data about the heartbeat and all other
disease indications. Hence monitoring this will be more useful with the help of the circuit. The circuit will be
connected to heartbeat [Link] that we can monitor signals of heart. The threshold value will be set for this
sensor is 200ms (PR interval) when implemented in hardware.

5. GSM module
GSM modem provides a virtual terminal as an output. It is standard for the
mobile telephones. This module sends the message to the mobile if there is a
sensed value which has crossed the threshold, here in this system it displays on
virtual terminal.

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6. LCD
Liquid crystal display of 4 rows and 20 columns is used here. It will display the
parameters values and condition of that whether it is in low, normal or high
state.

7. GPS
We have used virtual GPS here. The Tx is transmitter and Rx is receiver.
Latitude and longitude can be varied manually.

8. Buzzer

Buzzer is used to give an alert sound if the blood pressure, heartbeat and body
temperature is not in the normal range.

Components like potentiometer is used to vary the blood pressure. Normal range is set up - to 80/120. Virtual
terminal used here to display the location instead of mobile screen. Oscilloscope will display the ECG waves.

From the Figure 1 we can observe that the potentiometer, temperature sensor LM35 and Heartbeat sensor is
associated to the Arduino 1 as input at pins A1, A0 and A2. A5 is connected to a push button, when this is logic
1 it initiates the heart beat count along with the timer. Buzzer is connected to A3, it will make the alert sound
only when the parameter value sensed is not in the provided range. The other side of Arduino 1 has two LCDs
namely, LCD1 and LCD2. LCD1 displays the time count, heart beat count, blood pressure, heart beat/minute and
body temperature in degree Celsius (°C) and in degree Fahrenheit (°F). LCD2 displays whether the measured
heart beat per minute, blood pressure and body temperature are in low, normal or high state.
On the other side of the Figure 1 Arduino 2 is connected with a GSM module, virtual GPS and virtual terminal.
Manually you can change the location in VGPS by giving the value for latitude and longitude.
The equivalent circuit for ECG is provided here. By varying the resistors, we can see different kinds of ECG
wave. When one of the input is given from Heart beat sensor to Op - amp then we can keenly observe the heart
beat in the waveform.
When the simulation starts, Arduino 1 will read the sensor values and it’ll compare it with the provided normal
range and then it’ll display it on the LCDs respectively. If the obtained value is above or below the normal range,

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then the alert sound will be made by the buzzer to indicate it. On the other hand, Arduino 2 will read from virtual
GPS about the location and process that with the GSM module and displays the latitude and longitude with
respect to the location on the virtual terminal. Oscilloscope will display the ECG signal.
B. PROPOSED Module

Figure 2. Hardware module of Smart health monitoring system

This system consists of Raspberry Pi 3b+ with sensors like MAX30102, MPU6050, LM35 and drip sensor along
with an LCD and Speaker for audio alerts. From these sensors the Raspberry Pi 3b+ gets data of oxygen level,
heartrate, body temperature, drip level and motion of the body. When these parameters exceed certain limit then
the person who is monitoring the patient will get notified through an email as well as audio alert and on the
LCD.
Working of the Smart health monitoring system is explained here. When the module is started it displays its
name first and then begins with monitoring the patient’s body position. After a particular delay it will sense all
the vital parameters and displays it on LCD and Python screen. To change the backlight of LCD we’ve provided
a Potentiometer. Assume that the heart beat value has occurred more than the normal range then the mail is sent
to the concerned doctor and family member indicating that there is problem with the heart beat and also indicates
through the audio alert.

Components used to build hardware module

1. Raspberry Pi 3b+

It was developed by raspberry foundation

and acts as a mini computer. It works
well with the Linux operating system
(OS). It provides lots of GPIO pins to
interface many sensors. ARM Cortex is
the CPU, provides 1.2GHz Clock speed
and 1-4GB memory, Micro SDHC slot
storage. It is 40 times faster compared to
other processors. It accepts power supply
through USB, Power Supply, Micro USB
and works with up-to 5V operating
voltage. It provides inbuilt Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, Audio port. It has capacity to
do multitasking. Provides enormous
input/output connectivity through SPI,
DSI, UART, SDIOCSI, GPIO communications and also around 1GB RAM. This consumes around 400mA
current and 1.9-2.1W power. If more components are interfaced it consumes more power.

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2. LM35
LM35 is one of the temperature sensors used to measure the
human body temperature. It provides temperature value extra
precisely compared to thermistors and has highest accuracy.
Its output voltage will be linearly proportional to centigrade
temperature and doesn’t require any amplification. It
consumes up-to 60uA of current. It takes input voltage from 4
to 20 volts. It is very accurate and available at low cost.
Measures temperature from -55⁰C to +150⁰C with an error
around 0.5⁰ C.

3. MPU6050
It is a digital motion detecting processor which has a
gyroscope and accelerometer. It has an in-built temperature
sensor along with an I2C bus interfaced to communicate with
other microcontrollers. It has a built in ADC of 16bit which
has great accuracy. Works with power supply of 3 to 5 volts
and uses I2C protocol for communication.

4. MAX30102
This can be used to measure heartbeat and oxygen level on
the wrist. Operates with the temperature range of -40⁰C to
+85⁰C. for optimal and robust performance a cover glass has
been integrated. It consumes ultra-low power which means
around 0.7uA. The MAX30102 operates by beaming both
lights onto a fingertip or earlobe or indeed wherever the skin
isn't too thick, allowing both lights to readily penetrate the
tissue and calculating the amount of light reflected using a
photodetector. Photoplethysmogram is the name of this technique for measuring pulses using light.

5. Drip sensor
Drip sensor detects the liquid present in the drip and based
on that controls the module. It compares analog value and
then converts it into digital. It works under 5V. To adjust
its sensitivity potentiometer is used. It is comprised of
LM393 comparator which sends output signal over 15mA.
It is 97% accurate and works with less power consumption.
It is affordable at low cost and provides both digital and
analog pins.

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VI. RESULTS AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

When the module is turned on and code is run, the LCD and python screen shows “Welcome to smart health
monitoring system” and starts monitoring the position of the patient.

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If the patient fell down or any other problem occurs with respect to position of the body there will be an audio
alert sound “Patient needs help”. An immediate mail alert will also be sent. If the sensor detects slight movement
based on the condition and limit provided in the code it’ll display “Patient is sleeping”. After sensing all the
required data it’ll display on the LCD and python screen. Then the sensed value will be sent to the mail. If there
is any abnormality it’ll give audio alert and sends mail. When the drip is available both LEDs will turn on the IC.
There is also an additional facility which reminds the patient to take the medicine on right time through an audio
alert.

VII. CONCLUSION
As mentioned in the objectives, we were able to demonstrate the intended application of the system. This
concept has proven to be an efficient way of saving time and helps to monitor elder people. Parameters like body
movement, body temperature, heartbeat, drip level and pulse oximeter are measured. And these data are sensed
in real time and immediate voice and mail alerts are sent to the concerned doctor and family member.
In the existing projects, there is high risk in case of security. Since we are using Gmail alerts which is
incorporated with Google there is less threat. Compared to other microcontrollers Raspberry Pi 3b+ provides
more GPIO pins, inbuilt Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. It also has capacity to do multitasking. Compared to other sensors
LM35 gives error around 0.5⁰ C, affordable low cost and very accurate. MPU6050 works with an error of 1%.
Pulse oximeter works with less power and accuracy of ±1°C. Drip sensor is 97% accurate and consumes less
power and provides both analog and digital pins.

VIII. FUTURE WORK

In our project, we have introduced smart health monitoring system capable of sensing heartbeat, oxygen level,
body movement, body temperature and drip level. The main motive of the project is to sense all basic parameter.
The multiple applications and the customizable feature will help the current hospitals, a big deal. This design of
smart health monitoring system can be used in any kind of remote places. The sensors selected can consume
much less power and hence will help in power saving and cost-saving too. The built module is flexible and
effortlessly operated.
The system can work without much loss of human physical energy. The system is provided with a Raspberry Pi
3b+ control which uses Wi-Fi communication. The android application can be used to control when to monitor
the patient. Wi-Fi sends immediate alert along with audio alert. In future smart sensors can be incorporated and
also interface other sensors. Devices interfaced with smart sensors provides useful sensory information. Multi
sensing is great feature of these type of sensors. It can measure humidity, temperature, pressure, surface acoustic

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vapor, infrared, gas flow respectively. Instead of Mail alerts can create a cloud storage or an app. SMS alert can
be incorporated.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We convey our gratitude to our Project Guide Ms. CHAITRA GANESH, Assistant Professor, and Dr. LOKESH
C, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for providing encouragement,
constant support and guidance which was of great help to complete this project successfully.

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