Ship Structural Design I 2019

I- Hull Girder Bending Moment

١ A ship 140 m long has a rectangular cross section of 20 m beam and 13 m depth. The total
weight of the ship is 25830 tonnes, 20830 tonnes of which are uniformly distributed over the
entire length of the ship; the remaining 5000 tonnes are uniformly distributed over a length of 10
m with its centre of gravity amidships. Calculate the still water bending moment. And hence
repeat the same problem distributing the 5000 tonnes over two intervals each of 5 m, one of
them fore and the other is aft. And compare between the two conditions.

Third Year ١
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

The hull of a box-shaped vessel is 50 m long and has a mass of 600 tonnes. The mass of the hull
٢
is uniformly distributed over her length. Machinery of 200 tonnes mass extends uniformly over
the quarter length amidships. Two holds extending over fore and aft quarter length each have
140 tonnes of cargo stowed uniformly over their length. Draw the curves of shearing force and
bending moment for this condition and state the maximum values.

Third Year ٢
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

A uniform box-shaped barge, 40 m long 12 m beam is divided into four cargo compartments
3
each of 10 m long. The barge id loaded with 600 tonnes of iron ore, level stowed, as followed:
No. 1 hold – 135 tonnes, No. 2 hold – 165 tonnes,
No. 2 hold – 165 tonnes, No.4 hold – 135 tonnes.
The loaded barge floats in fresh water on an even keel at a draft of 1.75 m. Construct the curves
of shearing force and bending moment for this condition and also find the position and values of
maximum bending moment for the still water condition.

Third Year ٣
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

A box-shaped vessel 100 m long, floats on an even keel displacing 2000 tonnes. The mass of the
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vessel is 1000 tonnes evenly distributed and she is loaded at each end for a length of 25 m with
500 tonnes of cargo, also evenly distributed. Sketch the curves of loads, shearing force and
bending moments.

Third Year ٤
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

5 A barge of 2000 tonnes light displacement and length of 100 m with a draft 4 m forward has five
compartments. The compartments hols 7000 tonnes of cargo distributed as follow:
No. 1 hold – empty No. 2 hold – 2000 tonnes No. 3 hold – 2000 tonnes
No. 4 hold – 1500 tonnes No. 5 hold – 1500 tonnes
Construct the load, shear force and bending moment diagrams showing the maximum values on
each curve.

Third Year ٥
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

A rectangular barge 80 m long and has a beam of 14 m the weight distribution of partially
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loaded barge is shown in the figure below. The barge is floating at rest in still water. Draw
curves of loading, shearing force and bending moment, stating the maximum values for shearing
force and bending moment and the position where they act.

Third Year ٦
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

In a calculation of the longitudinal strength for the sagging condition, the following mean
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ordinates in tonnes/m were found for sectional lengths of a ship each 12 m long, starting from
forward:

Draw the shearing force and bending moment diagrams and state the positions and values of the
maxima.

Third Year ٧
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

The mean immersed cross-sectional areas between ordinates of a ship 300 m in length, balanced
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on a hogging wave, as read from the Bonjeans curves are given in the table below, together with
mass distribution. The second moment of area of the midship section is 752 m 4 and the neutral
axis is 9.30 m from the keel and 9.70 m from the deck.
Calculate the maximum direct stress given by the comparative calculation and the maximum
shearing force.
Making the assumption that the second moment of area is constant along the length, estimate the
deflection of the midship.

Ordinates 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Area (m2) 0.5 2.5 71 302 565 633 490 243 49.5 10.5
Weight (ton) 2690 4920 6400 9260 7830 9370 9900 10670 6790 5030

Third Year ٨
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

A ship of 130 m has the following values of M/I at each station. Calculate the deflection at
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amidships.

St. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
M/I 0 420 790 900 1500 1460 1200 980 350 110 0

Third Year ٩
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

The LBP of a ship is 200 m, the beam is 30 m and the block coefficient is 0.750. The hull weight
١٠
is 5000 tonnes having LCG 25.5 m from amidships. The mean LCB of the fore and after bodies
is 25 m from amidships. Values of the constant b are: hogging 9.795 and sagging 11.02. Given
the following data and using Murray's Method. Calculate the longitudinal bending moments
amidships for the ship on a standard wave with:
(a) the crest amidships, and
(b) the trough amidships.

Item Weight LCG from amidships

No.1 Hold 1800 t 55.0 m aft
No.2 Hold 3200 t 25.5 m forward
No.3 Hold 1200 t 5.5 m forward
No.4 Hold 2200 t 24.0 m aft
No.5 Hold 1500 t 50.0 m aft
Machinery 1500 t 7.5 m aft
Fuel Oil 400 t 8.0 m aft
Fresh Water 150 t 10.0 m forward

Third Year ١٠
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

The following data refer to 157m tanker:

1١
Draught=9m Cb at 9.3m draught = 0.723

Item Weight LCG from amidships

Hull 5400 t 0.073 m F
Machinery 900 t 57.6 m A
Nos. 1, 2, and 3 tanks 4050 t 44 m F
Nos. 4, and 5 tanks 4370 t 17.4 m F
No. 6 tank 1490 t 2.4 m A
Nos. 7, 8, and 9 tanks 5090 t 23.2 m A
Deep tank 450 t 62.5 m F
E.R.D.B. and cross Bunker 380 t 43 m A
Various service tanks 270 t 60 m A
Crew, etc. 50 t 26.52 m A

Murray's "a" value is given by

Draught = 0.06 L, a = 0.179 Cb+0.063
Draught = 0.05 L, a = 0.189 Cb+0.052
Estimate the still water bending moment acting at amidships of the vessel in this loading
condition. Also, calculate the wave bending moment (taking b' values as the previous problem).

Third Year ١١
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

II- Hull Girder Bending and Shear Stress

1 The effective part of transverse section of a ship amidships is represented by the steel material
shown below.
The beam of the ship is 10 m and the depth is 6 m. All plating is 1.5 cm thick. Find the
maximum tensile and compressive stress when the ship is subjected to sagging moment of 6000
tonnes.m.

2m
3m

1m

Third Year ١٢
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

The ship section of a coastal oil tanker 110 m long, 18 m beam and 10 m depth is shown in the
٢
figure below. The ship is subjected to a vertical BM, Ms = 60 MN.m (sagging) and Mw = 90
MN.m and horizontal BM = 70 MN.m.
Calculate the hull girder stresses at points A, B and C when the ship is inclined to the SB side by
30°.
Make all necessary assumptions and sketch the stress distribution over the side shell plating.

Third Year ١٣
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

For the following midship section, if the maximum still water bending moment is 30,000 t.m
3
(hogging) and the wave bending moment is 10,000 tm, determine:
1. The total bending stress at points (1 and 2) at the deck if the ship is inclined at angle of
30°.
2. New deck thickness needed to sustain a 10% increase in bending stress at point (1) at the
upright condition.

Third Year ١٤
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

A box shaped vessel of 60 m length and 10 m breadth that floats in fresh water, has the
4
following shear force diagram.

Determine:
1. The net weight diagram
2. The still water, wave and total bending moments on the vessel (given that h=L/20)
3. The total bending stress at point (1) at the deck if the ship is inclined at an angle 30 o
4. The transverse shear stress at points (1) and (2)

Third Year ١٥
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

Calculate the deck and keel modules for the structural section given below. Calculate the
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maximum stress due to sagging bending moment of 11576 tonnes.m. The centre of are of each
girder and longitudinal may be assumed to lie in the plating to witch it is attached. Second
moment of girders about their own [Link]. are negligible.

Third Year ١٦
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

6 A steel barge of constant rectangular section, length 72 m, floats at a draught of 5 m when

loaded. The weight curve of the loaded barge may be regarded as linear, from zero at the two
ends to a maximum at the mid-length. The structural section is shown below. If the stress in the
deck in still fresh water is not to exceed 123 MPa, estimate the thickness of plating if this is
assumed to be constant throughout.

Third Year ١٧
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

7 The following data apply to the half-section modulus of a ship girder 13.7 m deep with an
assumed neutral axis 6.1 m above the keel:

Find the stress in keel and upper deck if the bending moment is 61,935 tonnes.m.

Third Year ١٨
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

8 The date given below is applied to a new design. Draw the curves of loading, shearing force and
bending moment and calculate the maximum stresses in keel and deck given that:
2nd moment of area of section about NA = 10.52
Total depth = 10.52
NA above keel = 3.96 m
Length = 110 m

Third Year ١٩
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

9 The particulars of a structural strength section 13 m deep taken about mid-depth are as follows:

On calculation, the maximum stress in the upper deck for the hogging condition is found to be
122 N/mm2. Determine how many longitudinal girders must be welded to upper deck to reduce
the stress to 100 N/mm2 under the same loading conditions, given that:
(a) areas of cross-section of each girder = 0.002 m2.
(b) c.g. of each girder can be considered to be at the height of the upper deck.
(c) second moment of each girder about it's own c.g. is negligible.

Third Year ٢٠
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

١٠ A rectangular vessel is 15 m board and 10 m deep and has deck plating 5 mm thick and sides
and bottom 9 mm thick. At a certain section, it is subjected to a hogging bending moment of 65
MN.m and shearing force of 3.15 MN. Calculate in accordance with classical beam theory,
a – maximum tensile and compressive stress
b – maximum shearing stress
c – if the deck and bottom were 9 mm thick, and the sides 5 mm thick. What would then be the
stresses?

Third Year ٢١
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

III- Composite Construction

1 A ship has the following mild steel structure particulars: A= 4.09 m 2, YD =10.67 m, YB= 10.33
m and I = 275.8 m4. In order to increase the ship loading capability a high tensile steel deck and
bottom will be replaced the original ones. Determine the weight that the ship may carry after
completing this modification. (  u mild steel = 399MN/m2,  u high tensile steel = 482MN/m2).

Third Year ٢٢
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

٢ A box barge of constant cross-section has the following particulars I= 275.8 m 4 and YD = 10.67
m. A modification has been carried out to the section in order to reduce the stresses by 15%. The
section neutral axis has shifted by 2.5 m. Determine the change in the section modulus due to
this change.

Third Year ٢٣
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

3 The main dimensions of a general cargo ship are: L=120m, B=20m, D=13m. The geometrical
characteristics of the midship section are: Ao=2.9m2, yo= 8.2m, Io=27m4.
The ship is subjected to a sagging still water bending moment Ms=20,000 t.m and a wave
induced bending moment Mw=12,000 tm. A fully effective hatch coaming of depth 1.0 and
thickness 20mm is to be added at the upper deck.
Determine:
1. The stress distribution over the ship section before the addition of the batch coaming.
2. The geometrical characteristics of the midship section after the addition he hatch
coaming.
3. The stress at the upper deck and at the top of the hatch coaming.

Third Year ٢٤
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

a- It is required to add a transversely framed second deck at a distance (h) meters below the
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upper deck of a general cargo ship having the following data: Ao, yo, Io and σo. Determine the
required plating thickness such that the stress at the upper deck does not exceed 90% of the
original stress σo.

b- It is required to add a transversely framed second deck at a distance h=3.5m below the upper
deck of a general cargo ship having the following data: L=120m, B=19m, D=13.2m, A o=3.6m2,
yo=8.5m, Io=32m4, Mo=36,000 tm, hatch opening=9m.
Determine:
1. The thickness of plating of the second deck such that the stress at the upper deck
a1=0.9ao.
2. The geometrical characteristics of the ship section after addition of the second deck.
3. The stress at the second deck before and after addition of the second deck.
Assume M1=Mo. Sketch the midship section and show the original and final stress distribution.

Third Year ٢٥
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

In converting a steel ship, it is proposed to extend the short forecastle for the whole length of the
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ship. The new structure is wholly of light alloy. Estimate the new nominal stresses due to the
change in section modulus, assuming that the bending moment remains unchanged.
Before conversion:
Bending moment = 7742 ton/m, I = 23970 cm2m2, A = 4520 cm2, ydeck = 2.9 m, ykeel = 3.05 m.
Added structure:
Side plating 2.3mxl0mm stiffened by one 26 cm2 girder
Deck plating 11mxl0mm stiffened by five 26cm2 girders with centre of area 8 cm below the
deck.
E light alloy = 69 GPa
E steel =207 GPa

Third Year ٢٦
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

6 The midship section of a ship may be assumed as rectangular with a breadth of 18 m and depth 9
m. there is a second deck 2.5 m below the upper deck and a double bottom 1 .25 m deep with a
center girder. The material throughout is 1.53 cm thick. Determine the stress in the upper deck
when the ship is subjected to sagging bending moment of 31000 tonnes meter. If the limiting
compressive stress in the deck is taken as:
278
1.75
1 s
1
950  t 
Where:
s beam spacing, t thickness of deck plating. Determine the maximum spacing of the upper deck
beams.

Third Year ٢٧
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

7 A superstructure deck of breadth 9.25 m is to be fitted 2.75 m above the top of the ship’s main
structure. Determine the thickness of this deck plating so that the stress in the superstructure
deck will not exceed that in the top of the main structure without the superstructure.
A = 22600 cm2, INA 268000 cm2m2, NA to top of main hull = 7.6 m.

Third Year ٢٨
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

8 In a ship the maximum shearing force is 44.76 MN. A Y about the neutral axis is 151000 mcm 2.
I about the neutral axis is 2758000 cm2m2 and the thickness of the shell plating at the neutral
axis is 2.14 cm. determine the shear stress at the neutral axis.

Third Year ٢٩
 Ship Structural Design I 2019

a- If the midship section shown is subjected to a shearing force of 550 ton, determine the
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transverse shear stress at the neutral axis.
b- If the ship is subjected to a hogging still water moment of 7,000 t.m determine:
1. The bending stress at points (1) and (2) in the upright condition.
2. The bending stress at points (1) and (2) at angle of inclination of 25°.
c- Determine the thickness of the new high tensile steel main deck to replace the existing deck in
order to sustain an increase in the deck strength of 10%.

Third Year ٣٠