Circle Theorems
11th grade Maths
Week 6 – Lesson 1
• Understand and use the
alternate segment theorem
• Understand and use the internal
Agenda and intersecting chord properties
• Solve angle problems using
circle theorems
2
• Tangent – is a line or plane that intersects a curved
surface at exactly one point.
• Kite – is a flat shape with straight sides. It has two pairs
of equal-length adjacent (next to each other) sides.
• Cyclic Quadrilateral – is a quadrilateral which has all
its four vertices lying on a circle.
Definitions
• Chord – is the line segment joining two points on a
curve.
• Secant – is a line that intersects a curve at a minimum
of two distinct points.
• Segment – is a part of a line that is bounded by two
distinct end points 3
Circle Key Definitions
(Minor) Arc
It’s a ‘minor’ arc because it’s less
than half the circle
(Minor) Sector
It’s a ‘minor’ sector because
it’s less than half the circle
Chord Radius
(Minor) Segment
The area on the other side of the
chord would be a major segment. Diameter
Tangent
Circumference
4
Sum-Up - 1
x Arrow Bowtie
x
x
2x
The angle between a tangent and
The angle at the centre of a Angles in the same
the radius drawn to the point of
circle is twice the angle at the segment of a circle are
contact is 900
circumference. equal.
5
Sum-Up - 2
A + C = 1800
B + D = 1800
B
C
The opposite angles of Two tangents on a circle are equal in
a cyclic quadrilateral length. Therefore they make an
add up to 1800 isosceles triangle.
6
Sum-Up - 3
y
x
y x
Angle in the semi-circle is 90o The angle between chord and
tangent is equal to angle in the
Alternate Segment.
7
Angle at the centre
x° Angle at the centre is double
the angle at the circumference
2x°
8
Angle at the centre - Proof
First, draw a radius:
2 Isosceles Triangles
y x°
°
Let’s insert x, y and z
Using full circle angle:
z => z = 360 - (180 - 2x) - (180 - 2y)
° x°
z = 2x + 2y
y°
Angle at the centre is double the
angle at the circumference
9
Angles in Same Segment
Angles subtended from the
same segment are equal
10
Angles in Same Segment - Proof
First, draw in radii
y
x Apply ‘angle at centre’ for x and y
2x = 2y
x = y
2x = 2y
Angles subtended from the
same segment are equal
11
Perpendicular Bisector
Perpendicular bisector cuts a chord/tangent at 90°
More definitions about bisector:
• Bisector of a given angle: A line that cuts an
O angle into two equal parts.
• Bisector of a line segment: A line which cuts
another line segment into two equal parts.
12
Opposite Angles in a Cyclic Quadrilateral
Opposite angles in a cyclic
2y quadrilateral add up to 180°
13
Opposite Angles in a Cyclic Quadrilateral - Proof
First, draw in radii and use the Angle at the centre
x property To insert the angles 2x and 2y
2y Full angle around the circle center
2x 2x + 2y = 360º
2(x + y) = 360º
y x + y = 180º
Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral
add up to 180°
14
Lengths of Tangents
Tangents to a circle which meet at a
point are equal in length
(AC = CB)
B
15
Lengths of Tangents – Proof
A
x2 - r2
r C
x
O
x2 - r2
r
1. Connect meeting point C to centre
B 2. Draw radii AO and OB inside the circle
3. Apply perpendicular bisector 16
4. Pythagoras
Angle in a Semi- Circle is 90° - Proof
Draw a radius, and let’s insert the
y x angles x and y
° °
y + y+ x + x = 180 (Angles in a Tri)
y x
° ° => 2y + 2x = 180
=> 2(y + x) = 180
y + x = 90
Angle in a Semi- Circle is 90°
17
Alternate segment (tangent-chord) theorem
In any circle the angle between a chord
and a tangent through one of the end
points of the chord is equal to the angle
in the alternate segment.
18
Look at this... proof of the alternate segment theorem
Combine
Angle in a semi-circle Perpendicular bisector
19
Alternate segment theorem - Proof
For cases when chord
isn’t a diameter?
90-x
Simply apply ‘same segment’ theorem 20
Practice
PQ and PT are tangents to a circle with centre O.
Find the unknown angles giving reasons.
R
yo
Q
xo O angle w (PTO) = 90o (tan/rad)
98o angle x (PQO) = 90o (tan/rad)
angle y (QRT) = 49o (angle at centre)
angle z (QPT) = 360o – 278 = 82o (quadrilateral)
zo wo
P T
21
Practice
PQ and PT are tangents to a circle with centre O.
Find the unknown angles giving reasons.
Q
yo
O
xo angle w (OTR) = 90o (tan/rad)
angle x (TOR) = 180 – 140 = 40o (Triangle Sum Theo)
angle y (PQT) = 50o (isosceles triangle)
80o wo 50o
P T R
22
Cyclic Quadrilateral
23
Cyclic Quadrilateral
70o
Find the missing r
x y angles below
given reasons in q
110o
each case.
85o p
135o
angle x = 180 – 85 = 95o (cyclic quad) angle p = 180 – 135 = 45o (straight line)
angle y = 180 – 110 = 70o (cyclic quad) angle q = 180 – 70 = 110o (cyclic quad)
angle r = 180 – 45 = 135o (cyclic quad)
24
Intersecting chords (inside circle)
A
D
P
AP x BP = CP x DP
C B
25
Intersecting chords (inside circle): Example
AP = 10, PD = 4 and PB = 6.
A Find CP
D
P AP x BP = CP x DP
C B
CP = AP x BP / DP
CP = 10 * 6 / 4
CP = 15
26
Intersecting chords (outside circle)
A
AP x BP = CP x DP
B
C
D P
27
Intersecting chords (outside circle): Example 1
A CD = 6, DP = 4 and BP = 5
Find AB
B
C
D P
AP x BP = CP x DP
AP = CP x DP / BP
AP = (CD + DP) * DP / BP
AP = 10 * 4 / 5 = 8
28
AB = AP – BP = 8 – 5 = 3
Intersecting chords (outside circle): Example 2 - Harder
A AB = 8, BP = 6 and CD = 5
Find DP
B
C
D P
AP x BP = CP x DP
(AB + BP) * BP = (CD + DP) * DP
14*6 = 5*DP + DP2
DP2 + 5DP - 84 = 0
(DP-7)(DP+12) = 0
29
=> DP = 7