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Overkill: On only a 100% recount of VVPATs

Verification of a statistically significant sample of VVPAT slips should suffice

The introduction and use of the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT), an adjunct system
attached to the Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), and the provision of counting VVPAT tallies from
five random polling booths in every Assembly constituency to be matched with the EVM vote-count,
have not assuaged critics of the use of EVMs in Indian elections. Some suggest the fact that the
process could be more transparent if a machine audit trail of all the commands that are executed is
maintained in the system, beyond just the votes recorded in the EVM’s ballot unit and the printed
slips in the VVPATs, allowing for an audit to rule out any malicious code. This could indeed make the
system more robust and be considered as an upgrade to the existing machines. Others suggest that
the use of VVPATs has introduced potential vulnerabilities that did not exist with the standalone
nature of EVMs and the technical and administrative safeguards that undergirded the legacy system.
This too could be addressed by reworking the safeguards to ensure that the VVPAT-combined
systems are as secure and foolproof as the standalone EVMs were. But incomprehensible is the
critique from many, including political parties such as the Congress, that only a 100% recount of all
VVPATs would suffice, instead of the current method of sampling the number of recounts, in order to
have full transparency. The Supreme Court of India has now listed a series of petitions related to this
demand.

Despite Cassandra-like pronouncements about malpractices and EVM-hacking, there has been no
proof of any actual tampering of EVMs so far. While EVMs, as any machine is bound to, have suffered
glitches, and promptly been replaced in the event of machine failures, the critique that they are
prone to hacking or manipulation despite the existing technical and administrative safeguards has not
been made with any actual proof. The sample counting of VVPATs, across both the general election in
2019 and several other Assembly elections for instance, which allow the voter to confirm whether the
mandate matches the choice made on the EVM, have shown that the mismatch between the VVPAT
recount and the EVM count has been minuscule — an outcome of trivial errors such as non-deletion
of mock polls in the machine before the voting process or errors in manual recording of the final count
from the machine. An increase in the recount sample to make it more statistically significant, by
making the selected number of Assemblies specific to each State/Union Territory based on the size of
the province, or, simply to increase the recount sample in seats where the margin of victory is narrow
(say, less than 1% of the overall votes) could be solutions. But to insist on a full recount seems an
overkill and a clear lack of trust in the EVM itself. [Practice Exercise]

 Red/blue coloring of words in the sentence indicates subject verb relationship; where ‘red’
denotes ‘subject’ and ‘blue’ denotes ‘verb’.

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Vocabulary
1. Overkill (noun) – Excessive action or effort, 11. Rule out (phrasal verb) – Exclude,
more than what is necessary or eliminate, dismiss, disregard, reject
appropriate

2. Suffice (verb) – Be enough, be adequate,

12. Malicious (adjective) – Harmful, spiteful,
be sufficient, meet the needs, satisfy
malevolent, vindictive, destructive

3. Adjunct (adjective) – Supplementary,

13. Indeed (adverb) – In fact, actually, really,
additional, auxiliary, accessory, extra
truly, certainly

14. Robust (adjective) – Strong, sturdy, tough,

4. Provision (noun) – Supply, providing,
powerful, vigorous
furnishing, arrangement, preparation
15. Potential (adjective) – Possible, likely,
prospective, potential, conceivable
5. Tally (noun) – Total, sum, count, record,
score
16. Vulnerability (noun) – Susceptibility,
6. Assuage (verb) – Relieve, ease, alleviate,
weakness, frailty, proneness, liability
soothe, mitigate

7. Critics (noun) – Detractors, faultfinders,

17. Exist (verb) – Be, live, have existence, be
censors, reviewers, commentators
present, occur

18. Standalone (adjective) – Independent, self-

8. Transparent (adjective) – Clear, open,
contained, separate, isolated, unconnected
straightforward, evident, obvious

9. Audit trail (noun) – A record or evidence of

19. Undergird (verb) – Support, reinforce,
all the steps in a transaction or process
brace, strengthen, fortify
10. Execute (verb) – Carry out, perform,
20. Legacy system (noun) – old method, yet
implement, effectuate, enact
still in use

21. Address (verb) – Deal with, tackle, handle,

attend to, confront ,

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22. Safeguard (noun) – Protection, precaution, 33. In the event of (phrase) – In case of, if
defence, safety measure there is, should there be, in the occurrence
of
23. Incomprehensible (adjective) –
Unintelligible, unclear, obscure, 34. Prone (to) (adjective) – Susceptible, liable,
unfathomable, perplexing inclined, disposed, likely

24. Critique (noun) – Analysis, evaluation, 35. Manipulation (noun) – Control, influence,
assessment, review, appraisal maneuvering, management, handling

25. In order to (phrase) – With the purpose of,

for the purpose of, so as to, so that 36. For instance (phrase) – For example, as an
example, to give an example, as an
26. Transparency (noun) – Openness, clarity, illustration
lucidity, clearness, visibility
37. Mandate (noun) – Authority, command,
27. Petition (noun) – Appeal, request, plea, decree, directive, order
entreaty, application
38. Minuscule (adjective) – Tiny, small,
28. Pronouncement (noun) – Declaration, minute, microscopic, infinitesimal
statement, announcement, proclamation,
assertion 39. Outcome (noun) – Result, consequence,
effect, upshot, aftermath
29. Malpractice (noun) – Misconduct,
wrongdoing, improper behavior, 40. Trivial (adjective) – Insignificant,
unprofessionalism unimportant, minor, petty, negligible

30. Tampering (noun) – Interference,

meddling, manipulation, alteration, 41. Province (noun) – Region, territory, area,
falsification district, sector

31. So far (phrase) – Until now, up to the 42. Margin (noun) – Difference, gap, lead,
present, up to this point, hitherto edge, advantage

32. Promptly (adverb) – Quickly, without 43. Narrow (adjective) – Limited, restricted,
delay, immediately, instantly, rapidly confined, tight, constricted

44. Insist (on) (verb) – Demand, assert,

maintain, stand firm, hold out for

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Summary of the Editorial

1. The use of the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) along with Electronic Voting
Machines (EVM) in Indian elections has not fully satisfied critics.

2. Some propose adding a machine audit trail for more transparency, which could enhance
system robustness.

3. Others point out potential vulnerabilities introduced by VVPATs compared to standalone

EVMs, suggesting the need for updated safeguards.

4. A major critique, notably from the Congress party, is that only a 100% recount of VVPATs
would ensure full transparency.

5. The Supreme Court of India is currently considering petitions related to this demand for a
complete VVPAT recount.

6. Despite concerns about EVM malpractices and hacking, no actual tampering has been proven.

7. EVM glitches have occurred but have been addressed promptly, with no evidence of hacking
or manipulation.

8. Sample counting of VVPATs in past elections has shown only minuscule mismatches between
VVPAT recounts and EVM counts.

9. These mismatches are often due to trivial errors like non-deletion of mock polls or manual
recording errors.

10. Increasing the VVPAT recount sample to be more statistically significant could be a solution,
rather than a full recount.

11. Adjusting the recount sample size based on the size of the state or union territory, or
increasing it in closely contested seats, are potential approaches.

12. Insisting on a 100% VVPAT recount is seen as excessive and indicative of a lack of trust in the
EVM system.

13. A more statistically significant sample of VVPAT slips for verification should suffice for
transparency.

14. A complete VVPAT recount is considered overkill and unnecessary.

15. The editorial suggests that addressing concerns with targeted improvements and increased
sampling is a more reasonable approach than a full recount.

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Practice Exercise: SSC Pattern Based

1. What is the primary concern raised by critics regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines
(EVMs) and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs) in Indian elections, as mentioned in
the passage? [Editorial page]
A. Critics argue that the use of EVMs and VVPATs has made the voting process less
transparent and more susceptible to manipulation due to the lack of a machine audit trail
for all commands executed during the voting process.
B. Critics are concerned that the introduction of VVPATs has eliminated the need for EVMs
altogether, making the voting process more cumbersome and less efficient.
C. Critics believe that the use of EVMs and VVPATs has significantly improved the
transparency and accuracy of the voting process, leaving no room for further
enhancements or audits.
D. Critics suggest that the standalone nature of EVMs was more secure and reliable, and the
addition of VVPATs has introduced unnecessary complexities and vulnerabilities to the
system.
2. What is the critique of the current method of verifying VVPAT tallies in Indian elections, as
described in the passage?
A. The critique is that the current method of verifying a statistically significant sample of
VVPAT slips is sufficient for ensuring transparency and should not be changed.
B. The critique is that the verification of VVPAT tallies from only five random polling booths in
every Assembly constituency is inadequate and that a 100% recount of all VVPATs is
necessary for full transparency.
C. The critique is that the use of VVPATs has made the voting process too transparent, leading
to unnecessary scrutiny and delays in the announcement of election results.
D. The critique is that the Supreme Court of India has been too lenient in its approach to the
demands for a 100% recount of VVPATs, thereby undermining the integrity of the election
process.
3. What is the tone of the line "An increase in the recount sample to make it more statistically
significant, by making the selected number of Assemblies specific to each State/Union
Territory based on the size of the province, or, simply to increase the recount sample in seats
where the margin of victory is narrow (say, less than 1% of the overall votes) could be
solutions."?
A. Critical
B. Suggestive
C. Indifferent
D. Pessimistic
4. What is the main theme of the passage?
A. The passage primarily discusses the technical and administrative safeguards of EVMs and
the absence of proof regarding their tampering.
B. The passage focuses on the criticism surrounding the use of VVPATs in Indian elections and
the debate over the necessity of a 100% recount for transparency.

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C. The passage highlights the effectiveness of EVMs in preventing malpractices and the
negligible impact of trivial errors on election outcomes.
D. The passage emphasizes the role of the Supreme Court in addressing petitions related to
the demand for a 100% recount of VVPATs.
5. What can be inferred about the critics' perspective on the transparency and security of the
EVM-VVPAT system?
(i) Some critics believe that maintaining a machine audit trail of all commands executed in the
system could enhance transparency and security.
(ii) Critics unanimously agree that the current VVPAT tally counting method from random
polling booths is sufficient for ensuring transparency.
(iii) There is a consensus among critics that only a 100% recount of all VVPATs can guarantee
full transparency and eliminate any doubts about the integrity of the election process.
A. Only i is correct
B. Only ii is correct
C. Only iii is correct
D. Both i and iii are correct
E. All i, ii, and iii are correct
6. The following sentence has been split into four segments. Identify the segment that contains
a grammatical error.
I play / cricket in / my childhood/ with my sister.
A. my childhood
B. with my sister
C. play
D. cricket in
7. Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word.
Announced
A. Estrange
B. Declared
C. Secret
D. Hid
8. Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word.
Crooked
A. Admirable
B. Taken
C. Twisted
D. Toasted
9. Parts of a sentence are given below in jumbled order. Arrange the parts in the correct order
to form a meaningful sentence.
The 95th Academy Awards on March 13/ the Elephant Whisperers, a documentary about/ calf
by a tribal couple, won the best documentary (short) award at / the raising of an orphaned
elephant

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A. The 95th Academy Awards on March 13 calf by a tribal couple, won the best documentary
(short) award at the raising of an orphaned elephant the Elephant Whisperers, a
documentary about.
B. The Elephant Whisperers, a documentary about at the 95th Academy Awards on March 13
the raising of an orphaned elephant calf by a tribal couple, won the best documentary
(short) award.
C. The raising of an orphaned elephant calf by a tribal couple, won the best documentary
(short) award at the 95th Academy Awards on March 13 The Elephant Whisperers, a
documentary about.
D. The Elephant Whisperers, a documentary about the raising of an orphaned elephant calf by
a tribal couple, won the best documentary (short) award at the 95th Academy Awards on
March 13.
10. Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom
She wanted to make sure to take all on board before making the final decision.
A. To ignore everyone's opinion
B. To understand completely
C. To be stubborn
D. To refuse a proposal
11. Some sentences are given below. While the first and the last sentences (1 and 2) are in the
correct order, the sentences in between are jumbled up. Arrange the sentences in the
correct order to form a meaningful and coherent paragraph.
1. In a reality show, “Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives”, Sima Taparia of the series, “Indian
Matchmaking”, was asked about the possibility of matching for queer couples.
A. Her careful reply was: she is not ‘doing that’ right now because
B. Even as season three of her show dropped, the Supreme Court began hearing the case for
marriage equality within the ambit of the Special Marriage Act
C. It is not allowed in India and she will not commit to taking on queer clients when it is
D. If the court rules in favour of expanding the definition of marriage beyond that of a union
between biological men and women, Ms. Taparia’s response leaves enough room for
ambiguity – for legal rights do not automatically
2. Translate to social sanction, and this is exactly what the arguments in the courtroom and
beyond illustrate.
A. DBCA B. CBDA C. ACBD [Link]
12. Arrange the following sentences to form a coherent paragraph.
P. On April 20 2023, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) released the Indian Space
Policy 2023 that had been in the works for some years.
Q. Just preceding this, this writer wrote the article, “Awaiting lift-off into the Second Space
Age” (April 10, 2023), which said that India’s modest entry into the First Space Age
followed by its many gains should be used to help the country tap the vast potential in the
Second Space Age.
R. The document has been received positively by industry.

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S. However, it needs to be followed up with suitable legislation, accompanied by clear rules

and regulations.
A. SQRP [Link] [Link] [Link]
13. Arrange the following sentences to form a coherent paragraph.
P. No other event — save the fall of Dhaka in 1971 — did more for India’s self-esteem and its
place in the world, and no other policy decision had greater consequences for its national
security.
Q. In the previous two decades, the military aspects of India’s nuclear policy and programme
were shrouded in a veil of ambiguity and opaqueness.
R. Twenty-five years ago, on May 11 and 13, 1998, India carved out a new future for itself.
S. There had been little reliable information available since May 18, 1974, the day India
conducted its first nuclear test and termed it a “peaceful nuclear explosion.”
A. RPQS [Link] [Link] [Link]
14. Arrange the following sentences to form a coherent paragraph.
P. The social fabric of Tamil Nadu, widely acknowledged as a progressive State, is put to
severe strain every now and then by appalling acts of atrocities against Dalits
Q. A one-man commission, appointed by the Madras High Court, has also begun a parallel
inquiry
R. Even nearly four months after the State’s premier investigation agency, the Crime Branch-
Criminal Investigation Department (CB-CID), began its investigation
S. The most recent of such cases — the dumping of human faeces in an overhead tank that
supplied drinking water to Dalit families at Vengaivayal in Pudukottai district — remains
unresolved
A. QSPR [Link] [Link] [Link]
15. Arrange the following sentences to form a coherent paragraph.
P. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has almost doubled its borders with Russia
with the addition of Finland as its 31st member in April 2023
Q. Sweden will become a member eventually, once the ratification process gets over, which
will swell
R. The accession of Finland was the fastest on record
S. NATO’s territorial expanse like never before, and also make the Baltic Sea a NATO lake
A. QSPR [Link] [Link] [Link]
16. Arrange the following sentences to form a coherent paragraph.
P. Countries have stepped up efforts to achieve health and well-being
Q. As the world enters the fourth year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the situation is gradually
improving
R. Most border restrictions have been lifted and global health governance is now focused on
a post-pandemic recovery
S. For all and further the realisation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs), whose progress was impacted by the pandemic
A. SPQR [Link] [Link] [Link]
Comprehension

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In the following passage, some words have been deleted. Read the passage carefully and
select the most appropriate option to fill in each blank.
Any ______1______that revolves around a planet is a satellite. Mother Earth has a natural
satellite in the moon. The earth is circled by a lot of man-made or artificial satellites. In 1957,
the Soviet Sputnik was the first to be _______2_____into space. There are currently a number
of artificial satellites launched into space by various nations.
These satellites make it possible for us to talk on the phone, watch television, predict the
weather, map the various surfaces of the earth and learn more about the world in which we
[Link] does a satellite get started? It is typically launched into space by means of a rocket.
After ascending into the thinner air layers above the earth, the satellite is released from the
rocket. For a successful satellite launch, a rocket's speed is carefully calculated and controlled.
Every object in space is pushed toward the earth's centre by gravity. The inertia of motion will
propel the object into space if it has its own velocity of motion. When the orbital velocity is
exactly right, these two opposing forces are balanced, causing the satellite to _____3_____
toward the earth while still hovering over its surface.
A satellite is said to be in gee-stationary orbit when it completes one revolution around the
earth in a 24-hour period; It doesn't change when compared to a point on the surface of the
earth. These orbits are typically used by satellites for communication and weather. The camera
on the weather satellites takes pictures and sends them back to Earth. These are helping aid in
weather forecasting. Radio receivers and amplifiers on communication satellites can
______4________ waves back at a frequency that is different from the one the satellite
received.
17. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 1.
A. piece
B. being
C. body
D. Object
18. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 2.
A. lobbed
B. launched
C. floated
D. Tossed
19. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 3.
A. migrate
B. move
C. stir
D. jump
20. Select the most appropriate option to fill in blank no. 4.
A. locate
B. send

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C. deliver
D. Discharge
21. Select the most appropriate meaning of the given idiom.
You snooze, you lose
A. If you oversleep, you are likely to lose a job
B. Laziness is not good
C. You may lose your money if snoozing is not stopped
D. If you are not alert, you are likely to miss opportunities
22. Select the most appropriate option to fill in the blank.
Stories of dolphins’ saving human lives ________ throughout history.
A. have been said
B. told
C. have been told
D. had been said
23. Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word.
Extinct
A. Vibrant
B. Vanished
C. Active
D. Living
24. Select the most appropriate synonym of the given word.
Glorify
A. Simplify
B. Stupefy
C. Praise
D. Strengthen
25. Select the grammatically correct sentence.
A. It was a hectic day for Susan with a lot of purchases and a couple of meetings.
B. It was a hectic day for Susan with the lot of purchase and a couple of meetings.
C. It was a hectic day for Susan with the lot of purchase and an couple of meetings.
D. It was the hectic day for Susan with a lot of purchase and the couple of meetings.

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Answers
1. A 2.B 3.B 4. B 5.D 6. C 7. B 8.C 9.D 10.B 11.C
12. D 13.A 14.B 15.D 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.B 20.B 21.D 22.C
23. B 24. C 25.A [Practice Exercise]
Explanations
1. A) Critics argue that the use of EVMs and VVPATs has made the voting process less
transparent and more susceptible to manipulation due to the lack of a machine audit trail
for all commands executed during the voting process.
The passage mentions that some critics suggest that the process could be more transparent if
a machine audit trail of all the commands executed is maintained in the system, beyond just
the votes recorded in the EVM's ballot unit and the printed slips in the VVPATs. This indicates
that the primary concern is the lack of a comprehensive audit trail that could rule out any
malicious code.
2. B) The critique is that the verification of VVPAT tallies from only five random polling booths
in every Assembly constituency is inadequate and that a 100% recount of all VVPATs is
necessary for full transparency.
The passage states that the critique from many, including political parties such as the
Congress, is that only a 100% recount of all VVPATs would suffice, instead of the current
method of sampling the number of recounts, in order to have full transparency. This indicates
that the critique is focused on the inadequacy of the current verification method and the need
for a complete recount for greater transparency.
3. B) Suggestive
The tone of the line is suggestive because it presents ideas for increasing the statistical
significance of the recount sample in a positive and constructive manner, without criticizing
the existing process. The line proposes potential solutions to improve the statistical
significance of the recount sample in a constructive manner.
4. B) The passage focuses on the criticism surrounding the use of VVPATs in Indian elections
and the debate over the necessity of a 100% recount for transparency.
The main theme of the passage is the critique and debate surrounding the use of VVPATs in
Indian elections, particularly the argument that only a 100% recount of all VVPATs would
ensure full transparency, as opposed to the current method of sampling recounts.
5. D) Both i and iii are correct
The passage indicates that some critics suggest enhancing the system's transparency and
security by maintaining a machine audit trail of all commands executed, beyond just the votes
recorded and printed slips (i). Additionally, it mentions that many critics, including political
parties like the Congress, believe that only a 100% recount of all VVPATs would suffice for full
transparency (iii). There is no indication that critics unanimously agree that the current
method is sufficient (ii).

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6. C) ‘Play' के फदरे 'played' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक वाक्म भें 'in my childhood' का उल्रेख है , जो
past tense को सचू ित कयता है ; जैस—
े I played cricket in my childhood with my sister.
 ‘played' will be used instead of 'play' because the sentence mentions 'in my childhood',
which indicates the Past Tense; Like— I played cricket in my childhood with my sister.
7. B) Announced (verb) – To make a public and formal declaration; to make known, proclaim.
प्रकाशित
Synonym: Declared (verb) – To announce officially or formally; to state openly or publicly.
घोषित
 Estrange (verb) – To cause someone to be no longer close or affectionate to someone;
alienate. अरग/ ववचित्र।
 Secret (adjective) – Not known or seen or not meant to be known or seen by others.
गुप्त
 Hid (past of "hide") (verb) – To put or keep out of sight; to conceal. छिऩाना
8. C) Crooked (adjective) – Bent, curved, not straight, devious. कऩटी
Synonym: Twisted (adjective) – Warped, contorted, bent. मुड़ा हुआ
 Admirable (adjective) – Deserving praise, commendable, praiseworthy. प्रिॊसनीम
 Taken (verb) – Past participle of 'take'. In context as an adjective, it can mean
captivated or charmed. लिय़ा हुआ
 Toasted (verb) – To make something, especially bread, warm and brown by placing it
close to a high heat. सेंकऩा
9. D) The Elephant Whisperers, a documentary about the raising of an orphaned elephant calf by
a tribal couple, won the best documentary (short) award at the 95th Academy Awards on
March 13.
10. B) Take all on board (phrase) – To understand completely: सभझना ऩयू ी तयह से
11. C) ACBD
Sentence 1 talks about a question asked to Sima Taparia.
A: The pronoun "Her" in sentence A refers to "Sima Taparia" from sentence 1. Thus, A logically
follows 1.
C: The pronoun it in sentence C refers to "matching for queer couples" from sentence 1 and
the continuation of the reason mentioned in sentence A. Thus, C logically follows A.
B: Sentence B provides a context about the timing of the events discussed, which is around the
release of season three of her show. This offers a further backdrop to why Sima Taparia gave
the answer she did. Thus, B logically follows C

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D: the court" in sentence D refers to the "Supreme Court" mentioned in sentence B. This
sentence further explains the implications of the court's possible ruling and its connection to
Ms. Taparia's stance. Thus, D logically follows B.
12. D) PRSQ
P: Sentence P introduces the 'Indian Space Policy 2023' released by ISRO on April 20, 2023.
R: Sentence R starts with "The document..." which refers to the 'Indian Space Policy 2023'
mentioned in Sentence P.
S: Sentence S starts with "However..." which is a contrast connector. It introduces a different
perspective or limitation related to the positive reception. Here, it indicates that despite the
positive reception, there are still further steps that need to be taken. The use of "However"
indicates a continuation from the previous idea, making S follow R.
Q: Sentence Q starts with "Just preceding this...". "This" refers to the event or happening
mentioned in the previous sentence. Given that S talks about the need for follow-up steps
after releasing the policy, Q refers to the time "just preceding" the release of this policy.
Hence, Q comes after S.
13. A) RPQS
R: This sentence introduces a specific time frame and hints towards a significant event that
took place. This is a starting point as it sets the stage for what follows.
P: This sentence naturally follows sentence R because it elaborates on the "new future" and
the significance of the event mentioned in sentence R. The term "event" here refers to the
previously mentioned carving out of a new future.
Q: Sentence Q expands on the "policy decision" from sentence P. The "policy decision" in P
hints towards the "nuclear policy and programme" in Q, making Q the logical successor to P.
The mention of "previous two decades" means we're now going backward in time, discussing
the time leading up to the event in R.
S: Sentence S provides further context to the "ambiguity and opaqueness" mentioned in
sentence Q by specifying the previous significant event related to the nuclear policy - the 1974
test. The timeline provided here (1974) falls within the "previous two decades" mentioned in
Q.
14. B) PSRQ
Option Elimination Method:
A. QSPR - This option begins by mentioning the one-man commission even before the main
event has been discussed, which doesn't make sense. So, this can be eliminated.
C. QSRP - This option places the one-man commission before the main event and its
investigation, which isn't as coherent. So, this can be eliminated.
D. PQSR - This option first sets the context (P), then directly introduces the one-man
commission (Q) before even addressing the main event. So, this can also be eliminated.
B. PSRQ - This order seems logical. It first sets the context (P), then speaks about a recent case

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that serves as an example of the broader issue (S), follows it up with the time since the
investigation began (R), and then introduces the parallel investigation (Q).
15. D) PQSR
P: P introduces NATO and the addition of Finland. The mention of "April 2023" provides a time
sequence hint, suggesting it is a recent event.
Q: The word "eventually" in Q is a time-sequence word. It refers to something that will happen
after the event in P.
S: S completes the thought introduced in Q with "which will swell". The sentence in S ("NATO’s
territorial expanse like never before, and also make the Baltic Sea a NATO lake") describes the
consequence of Sweden joining, as suggested by the phrase "which will swell" in Q
R: The reason is that R focuses specifically on Finland and its record accession, which seems to
be an additional piece of information after the general discussion of NATO's expansion in P, Q,
and S. It serves as a detail that adds emphasis to the significant changes happening in NATO,
reinforcing the idea introduced in P.
16. C) QRPS
Q: Q introduces the context of the fourth year of the pandemic and its improving situation.
R: The sentence in Q tells us the situation is improving. In R, it gets specific about how it is
improving by stating that "Most border… ". The term "post-pandemic recovery" further builds
on the idea of the situation improving. There's a progression from the general situation to
specific measures taken.
P: The end of R mentions "global health governance is now focused on a post-pandemic
recovery". P directly talks about one such recovery effort: "Countries have stepped up efforts
to achieve health and well-being".
S: P ends with the term "health and well-being". S starts with "For all …". The mention of
health and well-being in P directly connects to SDGs in S because health and well-being is one
of the goals.
17. D) 'Object' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक इस सॊदबभ भें हभ ककसी बी प्रकाय की वस्तु मा िीज की
फात कय यहे हैं जो एक ग्रह के िायों ओय घभ
ू सकती है , िाहे वह प्राकृछतक हो मा भानव-
छनशभभत। 'Piece' का अथभ होता है टुकडा, 'Being' का अथभ होता है प्राणी, औय 'Body' अक्सय जीववत
प्राणणमों के िायीरयक अॊग के शरए प्रमुक्त होता है , जो इस context भें सही नहीॊ है ।
 'Object' should be used because in this context, we're discussing any entity or thing
that revolves around a planet, whether natural or man-made. Whereas, 'Piece' means a
fragment, 'Being' refers to a creature, and 'Body' often refers to the physical parts of
living organisms, which don't fit in this context.
18. B) 'Launched' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक "launched" का अथभ होता है अॊतरयऺ भें प्रेवित कयना।
जफकक 'Lobbed' का अथभ होता है धीये से पेंकना, 'Floated' का अथभ होता है तैयना मा हवा भें
उडना, औय 'Tossed' का अथभ है तेजी से पेंकना, जो इस context भें सही नहीॊ है ।

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 'Launched' should be used because it means to send or propel something, especially a

vehicle or projectile, into the air or water. Whereas, 'Lobbed' implies throwing
something slowly in an arc, 'Floated' means to rest on the surface of a liquid without
sinking, and 'Tossed' implies throwing something lightly or casually, which don't fit in
this context.
19. B) 'Move' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक "move" का अथभ होता है एक स्थान से दस
ू ये स्थान ऩय
जाना। जफकक 'Migrate' का अथभ है प्रवास कयना मा स्थामी रूऩ से एक स्थान से दस
ू ये स्थान
ऩय जाना, 'Stir' का अथभ है हहराना मा शभश्रण कयना, औय 'Jump' का अथभ है उिरना, जो इस
context भें सही नहीॊ है ।
 'Move' should be used because it means to go from one place to another. Whereas,
'Migrate' implies to travel or permanently shift from one place to another, 'Stir' means
to shake or mix, and 'Jump' means to leap, which don't fit in this context.
20. B) Send' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक "send" का अथभ होता है ककसी वविम को एक स्थान से दस
ू ये
स्थान ऩय ऩहुॊिाना। जफकक 'Locate' का अथभ है ककसी स्थान का ऩता रगाना, 'Deliver' का अथभ
है सॊदेि मा वस्त्र ऩहुॊिाना, औय 'Discharge' का अथभ है भुक्त कयना मा िोड दे ना, जो इस
context भें सही नहीॊ है ।
 Send' should be used because it means to transmit something from one place to
another. Whereas, 'Locate' means to find a place, 'Deliver' means to hand over a
message or item, and 'Discharge' implies releasing or letting go, which don't fit in this
context.
21. D) You snooze, you lose (idiom) – If you are not alert, you are likely to miss opportunities अगय
आऩ सतकभ नहीॊ हैं, तो आऩ अवसय को खो सकते हैं
22. C) 'have been told' का प्रमोग होगा क्मोंकक ऩूये सॊदबभ भें , sentence इछतहास भें भनुष्मों की
जीवन फिाने वारी डॉल्ल्पन्स की कथाओॊ की ििाभ कय यहा है । महाॉ "have been told" का प्रमोग
सभम के साथ िचिभत होने वारी कथाओॊ को दिाभता है , ल्जसभें प्रत्मऺ वाताभकाय नहीॊ होते हैं।
इसशरए, "have been told" सफसे उऩमक्
ु त option होगा।
23. B) Extinct (adjective) – No longer in existence, gone, disappeared, wiped out. ववरुप्त
Synonym: Vanished (adjective) – Disappeared, gone, evaporated, faded away. गामफ
 Vibrant (adjective) – Full of energy and life, lively, energetic, animated. जीवॊत
 Active (adjective) – Engaged, busy, lively, energetic. सकिम
 Living (adjective) – Alive, breathing, existing, functioning. जीववत
24. C) Glorify (verb) – To honor with praise, admiration, or worship; to extol, exalt, elevate. भहहभा
गाना

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Synonym: Praise (verb) – Expressing approval, commendation, admiration, lauding. प्रिॊसा

कयना
 Simplify (verb) – Make something simpler or easier to do or understand. सयर कयना
 Stupefy (verb) – To astonish, shock, or make numb or stunned. िौंका दे ना
 Strengthen (verb) – Make or become stronger, reinforce, fortify. भजफत
ू फनाना
25. A) 'the lot of purchase' के फदरे 'a lot of purchases' का प्रमोग होगा, क्मोंकक 'a lot of' एक
common phrase है ल्जसका अथभ होता है 'फहुत साया' औय 'purchases' महाॉ ऩय plural form भें है ,
जो की सही है । इसशरए, सही sentence है :
A. It was a hectic day for Susan with a lot of purchases and a couple of meetings.
 'a lot of purchases' will be used instead of 'the lot of purchase' because 'a lot of' is a
common phrase meaning 'many', and 'purchases' is correctly used in the plural form.

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