Science CBA1 Notes
May cause damage to body parts
Wear gloves or eye protection
Releases oxygen easily and aids to burning
Keep chemical away from open ames
May cause cancer or damage to organs over time
Wear protective clothings
Catches re easily
Keep away from open ame/ ammable sources
Causes toxic/harmful effects to body when breathed in/swallowed/contact with
skin
Wear gloves and eye protection
Explodes easily when heated
Avoid tampering with or damaging the container with chemical
Causes irritation to the body
Wear appropriate protective clothing
May explode when heated, or cause breathing dif culties when leaked in
enclosed space
Avoid tampering with or damaging cylinder that contains chemical
Causes harm to aquatic life
Replace chemical that does not harm aquatic life and dispose chemical
responsibly
1. Time (s) Read from the
bottom curve
2. Temperature (K)
Note
3. Mass (Kg)
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4. Length (m) fi
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The steps in the scienti c method: p
1. Observe and ask a question
2. Suggest a hypothesis
3. Plan an experiment to test the hypothesis
4. Record the experiment’s results and observations
5. Review and draw a conclusion
6. Report the results and whether the suggested hypothesis
was correct
• Data
• Dependent variable
-Measured variable
• Independent variable
-Changed variable/usually measurable
• Scienti c Method
-Inquiry process
• Controlled variable
-Variables kept the same
• Control group
-Group that has the exact same variables as the rest of the group
except does not receive change in the IV.
• Hypothesis
-one DP and one IV
-Written as statement not question
-Testable
-Can be false
• Inference
• Qualitative data
-Data that uses characteristics or qualities
• Quantitative data
-Data in numerical form
• Repeats
• Sample size
-No. of set-ups with same conditions except IV
ZERO ERROR
difference
similarities only differences keyftp.mfffgntfffrte9iaresa
COMPARE and CONTRAST 4
IS denPfess'tare'tores
Systematic Error Random Error
1 Differs from truevalue 1 Unpredictableandcan
by a fixedamount differ fromtruevalue
ineitherway
2 causedby flaw in
experimentalapparatus 2 causedbyunpredictable
variationsinreading ofthe
measuringdevice
1 Both aredifferencesbetweenmeasuredvalueand the
thetruevalue
2 Botherrorscanbereduced bycontrollingthe environment in
whichthemeasurementsaretaken orbyregularmaintainance
ofthe instrument
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Repeatthe WHOLEexperimentandfind the
• How easily the results are reproduced [Link] ggyzggkygygnamf
• How close the results are to each other
E.g.
Accepted value: 60.1
Readings: 72.1, 72.2, 70.0
• To increase accuracy, repeat the experiment for each IV and nd the average
• Helps reduce random error
• How correct or close the results are to the accepted value
E.g.
To increaseprecision use appartuswithahigherdegreeof
Accepted value: 60.1 precision
Readings: 60.1, 60.2, 59.0
L
usedto
he showthatBunsen
burnerison
Luminous Non luminous
flame flame Partsof a Bunsenburner
Lower Temperature Higher
Orange colour Blue
unstable stability stable
Incomplete combustion complete
air hole airhole
closed open
fue to co
fuel 90 cotsoot
leftoverfuelthat
is notburnedyet
dueto shortage
of 02
Steps to light a Bunsen burner using a spark lighter:
1. Attach the gas tubing to the gas tap
2. Close the air hole
3. Hold the lighter near the top of the barrel
4. Turn the gas tap on
5. Ignite the Bunsen burner with a ame lighter
6. Open the air hole (if in question non-luminous ame is speci ed, then this step not needed)
Strike Back:
• Air hole is left fully open during ignition
• So, too much air enters and gas burns near the air hole instead at the top of the barrel
• When occurs, gas supply should be turned off immediately
Eitherone will come
butusually it is t
Dmm te are
Things to note:
• Write the TITLE and UNDERLINE it
• Write ‘/unit’ next to each variable
• DO NOT write units in reading below the variable
Elements are the basic building blocks of living and non-living matter.
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reaction
3 Types of Elements:
• Metals
• Metalloids (have properties of both metals and non-metal)
• Non-metals
Physical properties:
Brittle
• Breaks easily when force applied
Malleable
• Able to be shaped by hammering or bending without bending
Ductile
• Can be drawn into wires
P
[Link] non [Link]
Appearance shiny
and
malleable Brittle
point
melting boiling [Link]
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Periodic Table:
Period
Periods
periods
Perioda
Periods
Periodo
Periods
Periodic Table:
Period
perioda
Period3
Period4
period5
Period6
period7
• There is a change from metallic to non-metallic character as we move from the left to the right of
the periodic table.
groups periods
• Elements are also arranged into vertical and horizontal groups
• By the numbers in ea h box, I can conclude that yet he elements are arranged according to their
proton number too.
Solution is a type of mixture in which one substance
dissolves completely in another substance.
Properties:
• Allows light to pass through, clear
• The dissolved solid will not settle/ separate out of the solution when
left to stand or when ltered.
madeof
solute solvent
substance that dissolves substance in whichsolutedissolves
A suspension is a mixture containing insoluble substances
in a solvent.
Properties:
• Light cannot pass through the mixture (due to suspended solid particles)
• When left to stand, solid particles will settle to the bottom
• When ltered there is left behind residue