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Chapter 2

The document discusses damped and undamped harmonic motion, highlighting the differences in their characteristics such as amplitude and energy dissipation. It explains damping as the process of energy loss in oscillators, detailing types of damping: overdamped, critically damped, and lightly damped oscillations. The mathematical representation of these concepts is also explored, including differential equations related to damped oscillations.

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13 views18 pages

Chapter 2

The document discusses damped and undamped harmonic motion, highlighting the differences in their characteristics such as amplitude and energy dissipation. It explains damping as the process of energy loss in oscillators, detailing types of damping: overdamped, critically damped, and lightly damped oscillations. The mathematical representation of these concepts is also explored, including differential equations related to damped oscillations.

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speedshuttle413
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© All Rights Reserved
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¢ i ; Damped Harmonic Motion 2 2.1. UNDAMPED AND DAMPED OSCILLATIONS tn olen sas a 0 dso of ie cy ke pace uch an xa ait on be wap ofa exons boo pain cosa Tre wile continous See eee ene cnr cleans curg) io meget ery ise Se a oe ec erty ae ren yl oncom al Mee Sa caine Weal Oe wnt as Undated tees cxlster Fe a comes meat aay Nomar hroes inc epace obs tedumped til ola tence cpactor a wel es the Oe pa eee rege eee permeate otal ls Bie pealemmccm cack. Caceecimiaesieeresien tary Fe Cees acts aie ockos wut ocliions tc eae wel MeO ea ee ees ae ee ee tom es Semana pecking Leer pets rape meen ee are et ier ae var (eaten ony scents fame cat Suan ella ed be dee Te (re pal alana ohh ag Undamped Oscillations They oceur inthe absence of any resitance | 1. They occur inthe presence of resistance © {0 te variton of physical. quant the Varstion of the physical guantty. }2 The amplitede of the oscillations remsins | 2 The amplitude of te oscillations oes on Damped Oscillations constant. decreasing 3. The tral energy of the osilator is always | 3. The tral energy ofthe oscillator goes on same. decreasing }4. Theenergy ofthe osciliatoris not dissipated. | 4. The encrgy ofthe oscillator is continuously dicsipated 5, Once the oscillator is set into oscilations it | 5, ontinnes to osilate of its own and forever. ‘The graphical representation of undaped and damped oscillations ae shown ia Fig 2.1.1 (2), ()- ‘The oscillations ukimately come to an end. xg CONSTANT AMPLITUDE s ° Sate = LNoAMPED osciLLTons Fig. 21.1 (4) ho Phot! woh QAPED HAFMONO WOT ma 2, DAMPING ‘The’ iis ts in dissipation ofthe energy of an excillator is called damping. The es ny a le ds of complexities. For exampe, in mechanical oscitatrs, the damping may be due to Bis Gen in can ear at santo tn pete a fel pti went pvt cecil arse sae ities nny Noes iene Sarees ae eae eae ele eercaen ements eectasial oscillator, When the oscillator vibrates i a viscous medium, nares ate poaced inthe mince nan eee a encase ere ee rn ee eee re ate mee ae eee Seo open Te ds Reo Es o Fy 21 a Here ris constant called damping constan Mechanical Oscillator Fer the mechanical oscillator F represent sitive force and dfs the velocity. Therefore r rasthe dimensions of force + velaity hs, te damping constant maybe defined as the resistive ‘Src per ini velocity ofthe olan par of he rysem, So for tbe mechaticalosilior the uni ‘ofdamping conan is Nins”? = kg ms / ms "= kes! Hectrical Oscillator Inte eleciical oscil, F, represents voliage und duit = das the cuent. Therefore, he Sines of damping smn ne vag = ule I rae asa. THE he ‘danping constant may be defmed asthe rexstve vole per wit curent I he system. eis qual othe resistance ofthe ct and hs the units voVarpere or chm. Damping factor varies with time he damping factor depends vpoe deft which for tbe simple harmonic esilatios varies Tye cto ee amping factor also yc snsaally, that, vais peroealy eth tie, et 2. ‘how that se laping force isnither constant nor depends upon displacement or acceleration "the other hand it depends upon veloc lone, Solution, eee ae Sees ae eee re oat _— wODERNS WAVES AND OFTICS Se. 1h HP. ‘over a time period is non-zero. We make use ofthis factor o sul the nature of dependence ofthe samping force “The werk done against the resistive force is given by * aW = Fy ax “The resistive force will always uct opposite wo the displacement, therfore the dot product of force and displacement will be Fd. | “The expression forthe work done can be rewriten ie -n(# Ja er ae es an omy Fa(Z)e “ ‘Wa SH, the displacement is given by = Aces (o! +9) dW = Fd — aaah Hence W= fF Avsin(or + pdr i Cong a0 Fy a conta In sich a case free equation (i), we Find = t We @yAa) friars oye z 3 ile + “ = -F,Alcos (oT + #) —cox (0+ 9)) = F,Alcos Qe +9)- cot pl = FA lees 9 — cos 91=0 w=0 ‘Thais the work doe aguinst the resistive force 1 zero, This isnot true. Hence F, cannot be 2 Cah I damping rss rope! plcenct Tn such a case, ne can wit: Eyez Ee Kyr= KA cos (wt +9) Therefore rom eqeton (9, we baves w= fi 1K, Acos(wt +9)] Awsin(or + @)dt ° lee leostaar +-26)- coni0+ 299] = SLA feosiax +29 ~cox29] Kya? (cos29 = ox29 oo W=0 Again, it contradicts the observations requiring W to be non-zero, Hence Fy cannet be proportional to the displacement ‘Case 3eHT damping force s proportional tothe acceleration In this cise, we have > F, = Ky SS =— Kaw cos ort 9) ae ‘Therefore, from equation (i), we have W= f[ek Aven ior + p]Aasiier+ oar 1 = -K; A703 foontar + 9)sin(or + dt f stmze to) nak ei ED ih icin ee Heoce it contradict the experimental observations So, Peatinotbe proportional to acceleration wove ‘Case 41 damping is proportional te velocity Tn such acase, we have: a Beg ‘ i y= Ky = Ry Fldcostor +9] 2KF Awan rey] a a — rece NRE ATION HHP, ‘Hence from equation (i), we have 1 we fRif-Aesn(ar #9) Aosn(or er 2 kha fist at con2(at + 0) y afl KyA7o? J o w a ae [fe Th cos2iar + pat eed r eae sonar [om2(ot +9)et =0 ATO Therefore ‘ chs 08 0 sono Te ample te dpa re al pron ei of Soa pu of oem 45, EQUATION OF DAMPED SHM AND ITS SOLUTION (MECHANICAL OSCILLATOR Conse mechan oncoming «cng of ses cons Sas shown nF ee or at nrg Ronse aa wit serine Rin Cea Fig 231 Sr and he damping force wil be given by Fy = =r. The negative sgn iniates that both! reson (ace aswel athe damping fre 4 face laste dace he shrine as Appling News by “eo (230) sri puting ria =2 and S/n= wo}. we find 033) ‘The above substitution is made for convenience in mathematical analysis ofthe differential uation. The equation (2.33) js cilled the diferentia! equation of damped SHIM. ion of the differential equation Let the solution ofthe equation (2.3.3) be asad Then “= Aad ni a Substituting these valucs in the equation (1,062), we find Act(a? + 2ha + 03] =0 Wich gives 2 4 The of = 0 (Gecause bomn A and € cannot be 2x0) "The equation () is quadratic in , and s0 is roe ae given by Fe city o ras fPoet ‘And the complete solution of the equation (1.06.3) may be written ae Aye + Ane [aon P= Whore A, an Ay are const ving the same cimensons a» and whose values depend pon te litdcondigons ofthe oscillator Equation (2.3.4) represeats dh displacement of damped cillatr. 1 follows: 034) or iz ; aR = = = — NOs WAvES AND OFTIES (BEE, Three types of dampi “The behaviour ofthe oscillator is mainly determined by the term yb? — 07 » Depending upo, the retative valves of b and wp, thre cases urbe as discussed below Case. Overdamped or Heavily damped oscillations ‘The oscillator i said to be overdamped if Pred or reer In this case the damping term dominates the sifess term ofthe oeilaior. As we know thy ‘eqn. (234) becomes sin (Feb) [a om 4 talon ead en (2=a ‘op 1 +(Ay — An) sinh 0? — 05 ‘] Hire A, +A, and A, ~A, ae also constants. Since x, now is & non peciodic function of tine (because cox and sinh functions are non periodic), therefore, the above equation shows that tc displacement x decays exponentially zero and the motion is non-oscllatory. The variation of with tine is shown in Fig. 23.2. It shows that the displacement decays asymptotically with time ra (235 casect nom Sangirg wn ee ae Diopacerert() —> Tine) —> Fig. 222 tis clear from the Fig. 23.2 tat, when the system i disturbed, then it takes longtime to ret! to the state of equiibriam, without oscillating about its equilibrium position, a CsI. Critically damped oseilations She oscillator s Sud 0 be erally damped if ape Baok an = mn fn this case, the damping term and the int png term and the stiffuss term ty Wy Bilance ach other's effect. Pusting Piao} ine values of, ancy te equation 06 obieerre INO + Age) io thy $A het Ge (23.6) Where A +A; isaconsiant This shows that he dis to zero exponential 2 ‘that he displacement decays to zero ex iy fe system returns tothe initial state inthe maximum possible tine. (See Fig. 23.2.) Howe, andthe 57 t 7 time. Gee Fig.233) Howeve the solution ofthe differential equation contains only one constant, whereas there should be $60 onstants inthe Solution Of the second degre differential equate. This shows thatthe equation {236) is only a partial solution ofthe cfeential equation. To find the complete solution, we as follows Suppose His sighly more than of, sch that (b* ~ 0) =4. Therefore the equation (2.34) reduces 0 seen ome] forties ivi oo ee re tt 8 we =H IA, t5r4 4 Ay ddr) fe UA, + Ag) + (A, — ADDS) ang! wit Tre) Fe 233 (ay +Ap = Aand (Ay ~A)O=B. we get: HOA Bi Pasig 230) aaa 4 = Gt . a ree seer tees cme em et cee eee acme toe a = = — nove WAVES AND OPTICS [E86 Hi, locity. The tie taken ura depends upon wy Here A has the dimensions of length and B has the dimensions of ve the system to retum othe inital state depeads upon the value of b, which ‘damping constant, The behaviour ofthe oscillator i sid to Be dead bea. Case Hf. Lightly damped oscillations: siltons are sai tobe liga damped if deed eee an? ene Tn this case, the stifiness term dominates the damping term. Since 6° — a ae Where i= J=1. The equation (1.054), therefore reduces to if ageO ane] EM TAs (conagy + isin 1) +A, Cota —isin 05 9] is negative, therefore a =) EM [a1 +Az) om 0h 4104) —Ap)sin oh] Patiog ‘Ay +Az = Ay os and (A, ~Az)= Ap sing, we get: eH [Ap cog cos + Ag sin #8306] a Ag cosa 19] cao ott 1 Sif nea + se ck Ea ine + Pig 234 “The values of Ay and pare given by y= VA FAS HPA Aly =Va Fag AA ia Mos NAA | and tan g = WALA) i AFA ped 7 Me™ coslog 1-9) ! 338) ls sis the equation of a SHIN o } de secs Wah toe (Pu Sar ay line A = hy nly he ay to eto: Th i. (Fig. 23.4), That is, ce amplitude ofthe damped oscillations reduce exponent 3 ofltons ceate almost dig the same time in which the cxcally ‘amped esellaIO Tetum to the iil sate. The variations ighily damped ‘ssllations is Jointly shown in Fig. 235, eae “The flequency of damped csclations is given by fe 123.9) st | | Fig. 235 elation of f@ with the frequency of undamped oscillations Lp Pe Petey cts eo ction ray = CConiparng i with ection (2.39) shows dat i ess than The cfference depends upon the damping factor r Large th value of greater wil be the difference erween and f Damped oscillations are not simple harmonic or periodic in th strictest sense of (terms. ‘The damped osilaios ae not simple harmonic i the seme that the masimur dblacement on either sid of the mean postion goes on decreasing with ime, The motion canaot be ermed as petiodic because it does act repeat seifexacy, each swing being smaller than hat of he preceding a = — woverevs Waves AND OPTICS (AS ip ‘oscillation, However, when the damping is smal the rmtion wend tobe imple Rarmonic as w 8s periodic Problem 2.2 Ox nds ‘Show thats (A-+ BOE 2! isthe sohuion ofthe diferentialegation 73m dy * ae mdm Jor the erica! damped oscillations Sol. Pu tint Sno}, teva iferntia} equation and x becomes Or, pM sod eta and xa (AsRpe™ s —WA+ By oh Bett POAT By OBB DB a Sobntating he ves of SE and > in he dferena equation (), we fe [#7 (A+ By) —26+ 2b [- (A+ B1)+B) +05 (A +Bo]e" [Pov ny 200-25? (Amy 4280-405 sBo]e™ [-0? (A+ BH +05 (A +Bo] em” (-# +08)(A+ Be Cone pipe ge (ae =o o Which is the condition for critical damping of the osc er, Pre srelapminnps tet rs sa Con) A ae eroblem 2:3 (Given thot a ass of Ty i pequencs of natural exci Tine constant mupended fro a sing of tess cont 25 Neck ifthe / damped ouctions, fired the Sal ond Given that ‘Therefore 5 Nav! ym = Th 25x 1 Nav! ky = [Link]? (kgs?) = This gives 2.4, ELECTRICAL OSCILLATOR A cincnit consisting ot Inductance CL) ad cbpacitaace (C) serves as an elec enilaton: t aan ase” ocllator except tht the ol of displacement of mas is played bythe eee charge onthe capac. Fig 2 | sw the various tages of the ociations of charts 4 on the capacitor rope. charge grace on he pic ofthe caper at hewn in Fig: 2.4 1) se ee endgame sconce arose ogc), he capecitabine eee aa Rc. Te tow of churpetowgh the induce consis acute! aml mas Falke cop inte indcae cal L Fi. 241, shows he sate o te ois, hot Capac Tompecly cared an maximum magni edi bit up i he muse Cae tec fo inked With the cll ei wp an induced emf: sero nae Haan ce ah the Lens nw is oposite the pvenia diferece sro the captor rn att ‘Tis en nm shes be pact in ape sense own in ig 241.6. Api ee eitcndon te pase he api, bute sn ix charg is oppo t bt ee to at] Now bx pve: of Gacaging of te pai eps i i See RIT Geto we kar cun Aa a magrte eds Sup AO te Se eda toe mgnec fd ogote tt ne pin Mig 2.41, Te SESS Fates cum sce penned ems stich charges he actor, otaing | Wlgnalcat s stoen nr 241 (One coli is compel at esse fad proceed wi te nex oo Macha osior vers leccalllatr. (Comprar whe mechani ocr ckeused a secon 2. stows da he sof cece bey Pig 244 () crtspnts ote postion By of he ma nace Yo flog ae en icc carpe the psin O of hm, Ad ie) ctrepsods ti co in othe ms. Tete (6) crexpnds othe poon Dot nn je tl lao dt had aoe Sa aac The te erg i be cops omepede ote pte nee Ot le asc gy oe nc corona Lec ntgyo rr Ths thea of spine pled apc sod at of mat spy by the eto, ss Tite canned elects. tedisipatio of ees ceca in the resistance of ie et wich may be dice the connecting wires and he nd. Alo, nod enn may be there nthe int Ferthe pups ayes Wtoieor | =TE-° the resistance may be treated to be chimped ata post So ike | tera Len teat cred aS charge oa conve (ayaa en doned ache ; hough the resistor and ind. pasreD HAAN MOTION — {Let insastancous charge onthe capacitor at any time ees en aoe Hence potential difference scrous the inductor ate age Petal difference srs the este = n= Potential difference across th capacitor Applying Kirchbot'staw, we get a, retarted gate oy ‘which may be wren 2s €4 Rag, 1 #4,84,4, aan we La ict =? ‘This is the equation for he sample tammonic osclaions ofthe cletical oscillator, Here the stn iid edn eve xpreronto AOR He ners apd represents the resistance ofthe crcl R as Pung =2band 75 = a. Wea ae ee the same way a8 we have solved the equation (2 Als da tion (23.3) except that xs replaced by q. Tecan be solved in 33) Tes leas an exetese, The solution of the ‘equation will come outto be = ee camel “Where A, and A; will have te dimensions of charge and thir yales_ wil depend vpon the {nial conditions of the set aay Three types of damping Case Je Heavy damping wt When Praha Be ae ‘The churge nthe cpaiter eso 20 enim pom Fo tle se RES ont 23 sows he decay of charge on the capcr sonics == — ocr HAVES AND OPTICS (BSE. Hy, Fig 243. 4 Case 1, Creat damping ee ee ‘oe Sahn ion oar. (Seca fst 23 for deta description heey at any inet ic en by gach A+ BA ‘Wher Aste drensins of cage and is he dimensions of arent The ate of scr of change ead ie daping coasiant ie esac, Thc bebaviur of the oso abe doe text 243) Case UE Lit arp Weal = _U o Qe eK ee ofenergy during one time period [=U] bre 3s of 87) Seer ocllstor is poperiona the square of is amplide- Thats eat venient ‘SMUPEDHARIMONIC MOTION ‘So we can write ‘Where Up is the initial energy ofthe oscillator. ‘The rate Of vanation of energy is ziven by = =a = 2 ge Mat ie Therefore, loss of energy in onetime period is obained by Pung aT , where T’ isthe ime perid of damped oseDations. Thal is | e [Fate = ate This the relation btweon rlanatio te ant rt of decay of eer, Also Sane is tru forthe electrical orca 10, MEASUREMENT OF THE D/ ‘The damping of a simple karmonic osellatar ean be measured in terms ofthe relaxation time, logarithmic decrement or Q-factor. We have found that the values of these constans for the given oscillator depend upon the damping constant (r oe R) aad the inertia (m or L) for fof the damped oscillator, therefore : mechanical and electric oscillator respectively. However, thir is trae only when we assume Ny rernen = le geretalerdianas Tee toee; or Q) ate connected with the rate of decay of amplitude of the cillations or the rate of loss nergy by the oscillator. Problem 2.4 ‘A mass of 1 is ateched wa spring of sifes constant 16 Nm" oscilaes ine viscous L ‘medium offering resistance proportional to velocity. If he eneray ofthe sytem decays to of ts Initial value nS seconds, calculete the damping constant and the Q-factor. Solution. The energy ofthe damped escilisorissven Dy om rey 0 = went 85 teas Yo sypwe i 10% Quality factor, eae eee eet : ete Beier eer cang (Med toe wit dex 1 dx * esa ag ace ze 3 (m4 55] ee a -| eo ie a0 cnc at eas cnr BI Oe wr eng Si andere aa to Problem 2:5, ‘Show that Q-factor represents the change in phase du 1: ng which the emery of the damped citar reduces 0 © of es intel se Selution. The energy of the damped otis ives by Uae ‘This gives ret ‘Now change in phaso during the time # is given by dp = wf eretore ag Cwed A Sh thatthe ratio of the eneray los per cycle 1 the energy stored in the damped oscar is ax 1D Where O isthe quality factor Solution. Energy of the damped oscillator is given by = te Uate™ —— —— onernrs WAVES AND OFTICS (56.1, 4p, ae Bye a” oo Loss of enrzy in ne time pio i ohatne by ating r= 1. Therefore, [ip = 200g¢ fee te i eas asaw } L Now Now Problem 2.7 ‘Show thatthe fractional change in resonant frequency of a damped harmonic oscillator Acted ren star's 10, he 01 ets sr Solon. ‘Te tra fraeney ofthe numped monic exile x _E 07 Vn ‘The natural frequency of the damped harmionie oscillate is eft as 2 Bur paveeD HARMONIC NOTION — Bt (Problem 2:0 Ririrtiten exec ocd soci Shepthat the circa soto aed hecirtt Gren values 0.2 HIF and 800 @ are connected in series alae the frequency of oscillations ant quality factor of And Heno> the citi s oseillary. Frequency of oscillations Problem 2.9 ‘ae frequency of a damped simple harmonic oncitator is given by (Df 0 042 = 10°, show tat Q = $00 and logarithmic decrement 9 m 2500. (yf = 108 adm = 10h, show thatthe ifs of he systems 100 Ni, and tat of coefficient is 2 « 10°7 Now" Solution. (© Given that: Tn an Gellar) circ inductance (L) = 300 ml end capacitance (c) = 1.8 x 10% UE. Whey ir the maximam value of resistance forthe circuit ascillate ? Solution. Given that; = 300% 10H, C= 1.8 109F me aa We knw ae creat west: Bo < te op wt = nee eee eeawe nee | ee: “OV 18x10 samen A or n => 0°] = 2x(22) x10? = 25020 2 The mati abe of = 25120 ob Problem 2.11 ‘A mass of 10 kg is upended froma spring of force constant 90 Nnt!. If the natural frequen) 3 of oscillation is 5 times the frequency of damped oxittaion. find the damping constant, Solution. Given that =10kx, S=90 Nort ‘We know that for damped escilitons ire HARMONIC MOTION — Given that Problem 2.12 ‘Addamped vibrating system staring jram ret reaches first cmplieade of 300 rr which reduces 1030 mm in that direction after 100 vibrations cach of pericd 23 x Find the damping coefcient Solution, We know that the amplitude at ime tis give where Abo, Now Ajzape™ t= scat damn ot nd y= nal amp = moDeRWS WAVES AND OPTICS (8.96 Hy, Zanxi =! ig, 10 oz Multiple Choice Questions 1. In SHM. the variation of which of the following is not sine curve (a) Displacement (8), Velocity (eo) Acceleration WI Amplitude 2. The minimum phase angle heracen the projections of uniform eireular motion on ty. perpendicular diameters is @ 20 m = wt @ be scl exe hs pee atctng Ec caren ort dl ae GY ten (Ample (© Ampinte2 (@Ampitus 4. A puticle executes SHM with a ume period of 2 and amplitude 3 em, Maximum @ 2c! OY sony! @ (0 lrems? @ Mens The frequency of SHM is 100 He. ks time prio is (a) 100s @ Is © 01s Wr vais 6 Which oft following is NOT esse for simple harmonic motion? () teria (0) Resoring force (0 Ehstety WF Gravity 4 In an leetrcal oscillator what plays the role of sitfness constant of a mechanics oveliaor ? @¢ wrk oo. @ + i 8 Relaxation time is defined as the time lsaion dime Is defined asthe me diag which the ample of the dampe! (@) gomioe WF decays io + ‘ 1 © sowwe decays o> times the inital value Sp HARMONIC MOTION — — came 1, Which ofthe following is not she to Fare rea ess jer Fake 'o casio er ld) B= Freon, fo. The amplitude varies with ime in (a) Forced oscilacr 4 (amped oscator (e) Undamped ossitator (© None of above 13. The relaxation tie (7 Inversely proportional w dumping coetficint (6) Inversely propertonal to (©) Inversely proporiceal to velxiy (@)_Invenely pro cuare ofthe damping coeficen. 12, Fora damped oscitatoy,provtu of logarithmic decrement and quality fate i equal 1 oF Ora © % oe fi son eqn of mca cic ven by f par ise & @ fie @ Z i» sic (@ 2aViC Ld 2e Mb bk 90 aS Short Answer Type Questions Qi. The equaton of SHO iox= Ses oF What the numberof deere freedom Fe an i he i ed Bre error 0m Q.2. Explain how the interaction of inert and elasticity produces SHM- ‘An. When the oscillate is disturbed from its equilirium position by doing werk on it the resting force comes into play. Which is determined by the elastic properties of the syutern As the restoring free tens to bring tbe system bac tothe sate of ealibriun, inerda opposes the change in its yelocity. On reaching the equilibrium state the syste, ‘versboots the mean position because ofthe dnerti of motion. The motion continues the restoring force brings it to rest and then again sets the oscillator in motion toward, the equilibrium position, Q.3. What are free oF natural oscillations ? ‘Ana. Th oscillations of the undamped oscillator are called free or natural Q.4. What determines the natural frequency of an oscillator ? ‘Ans, ‘The natural frequency is determined by inertial (mor L) and clastic (So C) properties o¢ the system, Q.5& What are the varions modes in which the energy of fre oscillations of a system is dissipated ? ‘Ans, ‘There are two modes for dissipation of cocrgy of fre oscillation of a system = 1. Dissipstion against resistance to oscillations. The energy of the system is converted ino heat 2. Dissipation by pr devonpek voc neal oat) ‘NES ne pic We enn hon 5 % roducing waves (sound waves in mechanical oscillator and Damping constant isthe resistive force per unit velocity of the oscillating part of the system. a Therefor, ry lie So unit of riske sor Nov! s Inthe electrical oscillator, the damping factor is emf, Therefore, Forder volt = ampere] “Therefore R = volvampere Hence the unit of R is ohm. Q.7. Show graphically the distance-time graph ofa el ee eee Een a ate csv Wi fie [ot mechan ae pes Ff whea itis disturbed. (say given a sudden jerk) at 1= 0, When the jerk is given and _the system surs moving, the term eis very near o unity (= 1), therefore, displacement ‘increases with time, The turning point occurs at 1 = fy when the system has maxi ‘displacement, fier tat the facter * dominates and the displacement decays exponential | y Note:The displacement ie shin Fg is f= 0.8. Show graphically the distance-time vi Shay repay te ttn raph ety dang mechan We Tae thoes roti tc vcasa ef aurea tyre crown cued yy aun on = Th on tm ‘equilibrium stale wking more time than in the case of over ‘amgeh ‘ascifiator decay of displacement is exponential. aan ciricauy BEvbeD Heavy AVPED Fo. sSamping. Andin lene op duet emission ofthe electronagetic waves. frequency of an osllator ? = == ones wes OPES 05 ny QL. Show that the unit of the damping term b is And ‘That is the unit of bis Q.12, What is the theoretical limit of time in which the amplitnde of the lightly dampeq ‘oscillator decays to 2er0 ? ‘Ans, The decay is exponential. And bence theoretically, the amplitude reduces 10 2210 aft. infinite time Q.13, Discuss the changes inthe net valu of stiffness constant, when two springs ofstiffnes ‘constant S, and S, are connected in () series (i) parallel. i ‘Ans, i) In sens, the displacement ofthe springs is the same, but the restoring forces tieen. Thats: Fy =-5. = Sor Teal fore Ftfse Ge tsn=-(+8)2 « =s=-Gi4S)4 : 5+5 (i) In parallel combination, force is the same but displacement of the springs are different Fess qioosa t=f=—5- Bux Q.14. In the case of ballistic galvanometer, the coil is wound on a non-metallic frame ‘Ans, Forballstic zlvanometer, we need low i frame, the aoe damping, so by using & non-metallic frame, th QS. The coils of moving coil galv ona n vi cl xtanomter, ee i rath etd Ans The galvinometer,ammetr and volimeter shouldbe dead best, This requires high | 16 RRPNE whic s Obained by using metalic frame for te coi. a reuse ier spring without changing the mass, how will the period of oscillations a xf ‘When the spring is stiffer, S is more so T decreases, 17, Does the viscous damping remain proportional to vloi ‘ Bal Ns te wean mee eeae by —oo ‘Ans. ing related to its potential energy? ofthe spring by de when the resioring force is Fis ential energy dU, Therefore, Fay a aero al on F 9. How does the quality factor Qota Lt Gre eethe reat?” A QOALCR creat changes withincrease inthe resistance ‘Ams. We know thatthe quality fcter of « LCR ‘So we can say thatthe quality fater 0, im malar ernet ie ete ‘Ans. The stiffness (S) of « mechanical oscillator ig equivalent tothe term, * of an eleciical z c ‘eeillator and mass is equates wo the tenn L Gia, Comment onthe sacets the wea he nap, reanation time and greater will be the qually Taco nme bet ‘Ans. We know that both elasation time quality factor are proportional to damping coefficient, ene, smaller iste dsmprg, lg willbe the elation Sime and grea he uly G10. Q,22. When does the critical damping take place in case ofan electrical oscillator ? ‘Ans. In an electrical oscillstor the condition for critical damping is given" the relation Nemerical Pres : 1, The energy of a note of frequency 100 Hz decreases to one half of its original value in one second, Calculate the Qvale. TAs, 200 x/ tog, 2) 2, A ass of 1 is aached to sping of wifes constant 9 Nae executes damped oslltions such tat the energy decays wo * of is inal yu in 4 seconds, Cau the damping constant and te Q-facto. (Ans. 025 kg #12] 3. Examine whether the discharge of a capacitor of \F through a resistor of 400 © and inductor (6F 01 His oscillatory or not ‘ Ans Oscillatory] 4. Cateulate the maximum current in a hartponic oscillator Consisting of inductance and ‘Capacitance when maximum voltage sexoss the capacitor 0.1 V. The value of inductance is 02 mit and capacitance is 5 AF {Ans 0016 A Hin, $135 =} cup. 5. The Qralve of RCL cit withC= 2 Rand L.=0.2 Hand fequeney $kizis 100, What is ) What will be the frequency of oscillatory discharge if the resistance is ewe tam on3 9.6 ul

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