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Ns Unit 2

Kerberos is a widely used network authentication protocol that employs a ticket-based system to verify user identities and authorize access to networks. It consists of key components including an Authentication Server, a Ticket Granting Server, and clients that request access to network resources. The protocol utilizes cryptography for secure authentication and has various versions, with advantages and disadvantages related to complexity and vulnerability to attacks.

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38 views18 pages

Ns Unit 2

Kerberos is a widely used network authentication protocol that employs a ticket-based system to verify user identities and authorize access to networks. It consists of key components including an Authentication Server, a Ticket Granting Server, and clients that request access to network resources. The protocol utilizes cryptography for secure authentication and has various versions, with advantages and disadvantages related to complexity and vulnerability to attacks.

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sandy243154
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QD Kerberos - e Kerbors Fs a widely used network authentication tocol that pooricles meu communication pura Meceave nitioon, e Tt ig a ticket -basel authenticator ' aystens that veifes user's Polentihes and authoixes acces fo nethooiks. : ° Zt uses mothe roquaphyand a tousted ‘hicepgy autindeawth Sinan fo authentcati clients. key Conponints: 1) Authentication Server (AS) : —~the authentication Sorur pur fones fhe Prikial auttienttcat'on ancl Ticket for Ficket gant SenvFee. 7D Client (cd: Requests acess to netonk Msovrces. PS) KDC CRKey Detribuhien Cnt): — Authentitcla Clients ancl ses dickels hd Tike Granting Seuur (TS) - fAsus fick fot Alper Bouters , \ ) Souries Somes’ CY) + Kerberos Versions: ° Kucberes Versio — Provides access db nofeomk susowres. 1) Tnitiod Authentiaation Hoqued 25 Puthuntication Sour Response Hou Kerberos [erks: ae) Client Requickte Sorter Tits Hd Theket Granting Sonu Repose (ea) 5) Chant Acux to Sowviv | Soe [Datei 6.) Seria Sour Raponse es 3 Tee] [7e3) Se (D Kerberos Version & BRokeaveel : i996 Chonactirictes ~ We des — Limited Seata bili ty ~ Ne Sepp Bx public Ruy sup Phe quaphy ~ Sinapke, ieee grey Pe rentication Diatogus + Sexion Step anes 1 Authentication Request: Client suquest® a autturtication wilh koe @ ib C5 As a ASP 29 Ticket Granting Senses Ticket CT GT) 2 KDC ee . soe ii Tiulk ToiT to Client. Ae Tas e 3D Soruice Request 2 Client suquats cece to s 7 Gate wie 6 vos ee Dp es Tes! Gauen euatiee Whee fi) Kebews Verzion 5 Client 52 Berfa Accu + ctient qawunts the cewsuiee a ectiitettes : ticker to ptevie Sewn chonactifattce ~ Une RES 6) Client Rew: Th, Sowin Sour vasufees fie ticket and authenttak aes — Trapwovect ScatecbibiTy t te the Client fo arcees ~ Suppo public bey ouptography - Meu deae and fixible. ho the fou Vewion 5 authentication Dia loge’ Session Step Function (i) Apptveation Sewiu = CF AS Too bain ticket Exchange Aor e grontng Hob. CT6S To obtain (ii) Picket Geranting Servia Erchang, T&S re Ain pentng Gi) Client I Sener Cov To obtain Aucthunticaction vo Alok Exchange Dizedvantag? + 1D Comptexiy Advantagis 2.9 Requiw Syrodwerusd 3) Vulrsabte fo, panied gated attacks 'D Sou authentication 29 Mutiat auithentication 3) Sigg Sign-on co perbilily 42 Seatabue Reot- boo Licotions : eee 02 Linux q Unix Os 29 Apps macOS ant FOS. @ quotocot The ont-roasy authentication technique baud on aaymmibic enouprion dusoPbed hu aesms to Pnvolue the use public and prtvake dys 1 detS bsuok down the protoct darribed ard Puntilyh puctocel Brunk Daven 1)AB! ID © A Bendém thin Pant heaton (ID) to B 2) BAR © B edends a wanclom challimy (R) to # 3) ATB ECPRR) © A susponds by enowspting the sandem challarge (R) with Als pottran ky (PRqD ancl aends it book fo B. “Thhs protocol can be Sountifed as a farm ay Publre kay Oyptogeeply fox authentication pocorees proper y len Hosu SpetFally, Ft susembls a afuplified wu sae Adbman) pro! gy te RSAC RPiast - Shamir Fe whch & used fin jitad Signation Tt Rsa_protocet* © prast-shandin Adleman, paotocel b a widsly Used astymmsbe onoypplion aalgphtion thet onablis dows dake TransnPesion anol autfuntication. Hove it voerks? Rep annalien 1D choose ico lange putime numbers pard 4 2D compute “Hidde prueduct Re pr: The modulus ts ud as port qf both Ha public and porate Pegs 3) Conmpul: the totient Aunchen (nd= Cp-4) ¥¢q-1) WD Chore an Pntigr €, Such that Le ezglr). © iS copsine with gin) -e@ Fiat 5 Conipule the podvat exponent d. Such thot @ xd =! (mod fn)” The fntagn d is the putrak exporiint public and Pevatr uys: ~ publte Raycom) ~ petit by (dn) exeuption Envwypt rhe mosage vatog: the pubite Rey C= ME Credn? coho Cis the ephilaT Deeyprion Devypr the Aphuilct ysing thu puPval Ruy A . m= C Cred) who m ls erigina mo Stumrvioxy* © RAP wes a path of Rey Ba encryption ‘anol deouyption « . & The protect uses gaymebue encyspHon algerithm. fx authentication. MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Unit-2 > Selig, I WP 19| kexberas Cortificartion _Mechaniimm: o Kexbesto$ cloes not Use digital conti ficalis Like X.507 o Tnstiod PL selies on ficket-brxcl autbentization fesurd by tho KDC. The poveuess Pllouw hese allaps, 1D Usex Authentication ioe Me ee - The Client suque' Authentication Sener cas? ~ Tu As verifies the Heques and Ysuba TOT enowppad usfng He wer's cout bey ts authentication pom tHe 1 pe) Ticket - Based Auttuntreaton: nea wn ~The dfent prresertts fhe Text to tu TAF fo suquost QLUus foa Obit - ~ the TES less a Servite Ticket, which is encsuyplad ard utd to authenticate the client fo He atwPte alouen. MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING » (ee09_ Cat thate (a GousPee Access * een ~ The Client yi fie Soha Ticket % He 3 ps : 2 An bog wtiftedle B a cttandard Somat be Brave Sonne (55) rd goes Accu. public Rey cantifiaie used in Puble buy Trrasbucl = - me 5 The ss vues tne Heke are fet). 7B Hssued by a cesta auth i wheut and Aue as Aofted poog F ge an entity's Jauntiy n 2ithrOe xerberes enswus eats authanlearrn No «ghee coficales cote usedl AX autientteaton, exposing passoonds by using temporary eneyptia ‘sfckets. d nol entabtishing cctocuee communfeation 4 pehoorks Like the Putt. 7 ce — 1 x601 Standards uses FEA algorithm and hesh [ seg Deorituton yunction fr elfyPral a%nalive . L cent (KDO : d asrtanticarcn uf Fekttnaig) , Hash cwcle cae 3 nr ie L Guenvcation ME | [4 JI--TZ ve | Veo - lesa Veer a aft phon Ail, >[senes | i =a a public fay Cntttal oe ee MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING —[—o x.501 Femat o) Gali freate __ Field. __ Reselption x.509 KWwUslor tnapeatis He (vr V2, V3) Version Gntificale aoval untgue Pdentifrex cxsigned by Number Oe Lignalion pgeuthny Pagel used for signing. . eq; Sun-2se volth REP) Fetsur & Details of the CA Vssuing te Tsuen Oniquato| Cotrefeate ee | vautaitty Pouteol | Staxt and Expiration dette ltoentify 9 the cnt? Pratt ovoner Cour , website , auganixatory publfe key Owner's publte Ruy bo enuyprion | cbe-cryphian. wari Nica Exbensi Hi a le nefons | Aaditfonad details Gayusage , sa) Sign alin | tigite Signalive by the cn SE eee eee MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Gtandaud notation fer alefining a lertt fecate cA ecary = CA Evi SN, AT CAI TAA ApS vohece CA LLA>> > unt fie conti fation authority CA. ale ap user A ‘sued by (a fv... APY D Signing & Vo Ap by CA, tile Format, 1 PEM Cepem, ett, .) ~~ Basoby- encoded with headits - 2) DER (.dun, ce) > Brany Formal g PKeSHI2 Cpt, pla) 2 Enousplid Formet containtng bette the publ ard pedal: Rus. In) PRCSHE (.ptb, pte) @ cutifieate chain used for Afgn hn fomat , mainly ' J MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING a Cost colt Mucharbems CHowo it Werks) 15 cwneeage utncity Cea) Testun the eatetie® — A CA The Use gerdls a ky pat ce ea fey and user clutail, ae tet cerAcate Futherily Via antteate ca alles tra seequest and Tasucs x.509 Afgiterl cert feats y stigrud with the cats pofvale Rey- an ~ volun a client psuserits an x.507 Cont Realy he succiuen vusifies Pt using the cA's pub Roy - ap the contittcat te valld ard (tute , aulpuntation & lucssfull 2, Conti ficcrte Revocation b state & . lL Pa 7 a cuttificate t compsiomivd o& expied | swvoked and added to the Cntiffeate MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Revecation Uist Cee) Con tficatr Salus Protect. f0cs 2) X- 5049 Onsutes catceue DUP en Heation using 01 checked via Online publtc- Fey ouyprography _ olfminating the nad fon shad aleout Reyes. AuihantFeation Proved = NubO4 Supports auttuntfeatton cee 1) One-way Autrentication 25 Two-twey 3) Tue -way 4) One tOcuy Authen Heaton + Tt Invones -dingle transfx Of Tninratten duom One ute to other. 0 A (es Ae, feue typer gt auttanticating using public key SFynattine The types q So- i) G MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ration 2) Teor wony Aeleeteeees allows both PIHttes ty Troo- way autthantication b commurte sand. veuntty tHe POuNTS E The tesey nn tse) / user) Gk B+) Thstee - vox an cl ay Authen tication : AI 6 used urhou Thseee -woay autfientication % atynomentatd clocks axtt not available 1 a a : So (User a Che (@-—— @) Se 39 | Compasuzon : Hurbenos vs. X-504 Pealivus Kenbows Xe50F } (Ticket - Based ) C Conte treats -Baxld)} Type Symmelite | —] | ke p J | Ou thurticoibn | es Quttun Peat MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING BSA , Ecc C pubte Rey ) ear = 4 ey Menagemll Uses KDC to distoient, Use digits Seout keys | centvbeates: | ——— : | : | Uses Cont ficatr DES , AES Csocup Hey) Fresey pion Authentication Uses tickets fo pars | authunticah'en and public kay oupregea phy fommon Seeuse notowork | ue b Security Usage authonifea Hon aAgitad Starelbe d J Puplic Rey Trpscas oo UCL: Managements laragnant and handling 6) tue pleas g cteout romain % gormally vafeorecl to as Baty Manager jes 0} Koy managemant Frelucles -leleetton , oo nage , CenttPiPeen on, seuvocetton, changing , of tha Key « ~ tay trey on and Diansmis * key Managanunt deals with entice dupfeted » meee eee ees F ENGINEERING HI COLLEGE o Cg common D3 fay €stablithmya Ca" mart) Jie ye UL ey stoage) 4 ) MEENAKS! ¥, 2s yt ase + Soo major tues Pr Hey maregene 1D Rey Nit Hire 2) Key Sepopuse 49 Fable Ks | inpradtiuclave + public key, Jt provides Roys ancl theo Abststi buh follow PRI paovides axswmanct of the PdantPhication ef public Ar anatomy GY PP compstleed g the components : wy public key GxtiPeat., tommonty safer toa (clipivas Conbé Precis '. Le CY MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING | ag aaa > PeBvatn Ruy tokens <> cortifreation Authority > Reg@sturation . <> Conttffecite Wranagement Sistine PEI also uses unfoue Digital Contifteals (De d/o aes Comm, email, data excha! ge ancl VPI fo ustty Hee Polentity op each wire donutimes eso pepvoda ital Cotidfcalts ase ates. D to as x.509 Lent CA clighially Signs thes entiee Snfomaton and Preludes aigital native Gr the GnlhlPcdlt - oti 067] eed oa) Foden) J —, protects | 24) uated | macuans (to Client SS =) 504, fo tibrate F ENGINEERING Livaitation oF pp [Pea PKI naw : ie fate gut « back of Stereos + Da = Autientcaten 2, 2 PET is most abo, seapudtalte « PEI is most abou * Non- policies, Coniticata — Ceuntificate Mine ity): stat ae UAE fe ff digital documents “te Poe do q communal peotties. locus auttunteahen A Cont ficccts digitally aligned by a Leuited 2 ee Thind Panty (TP) wohe hae wanted That He Bey ta ently . padr actually belongs fe Dsutheritios: The qusted portly woho suas contrat & calli a to the Parnttfted end onto be Centitication Autinity Cen). > CAs can alo tusue antfrcits to other CP s_ leads to 0 tu th uplftfeal@n hiemrichy- The inighlet Iiuiled 69 fn tha Bes ts coulda a his a soot 1 Shortage? Caine. MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING [seer J ) he [ Aer ca “ewnepe CA] [UR oY eworainele Cen sce) cn CS) | can enenes SE —_ feaws ca | [rantatingcn | (_ (Bea) [ery — Centos Tait? ay Epginenrig A cuntificate Yourtca fron: cotta precdlecl Mor wnt tieatfon Us $ Lica on path. valtl and the auceiviD coil! ignatius = ase smeot CA, ths ceeppeelle, > The cA with peredica tly publish ocation pis Cert). ethould chee veesify ing onlily be au nent ciled a Li GF tus og F ENGINEERING MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 59[ Distribution ef Public Reys: dbsbubution Frvolues cucusely Shorting gt though Abacos, OLLEGE MEENAKSHI C Clarses 9 corkfreats © ee ee 4 eae fy Prey contiticale public Rey he public bey voit otfux, iffcats, 01 bty exchange prototls, sso thet they © Clast — an email ccldlstts- © Oak 2 The ani oie can na0dt to encnyph menage e Ply eAeyrives, caus ee i porch afte cee Conamen pastheds Ax public hug bisteibution Pricluds pause been mods alout the Sg testa, 19 public tay Annee pe “Oe ect Tasough epen public Reys ase anni Paentily - b of by gouw ‘ may be wel by ¥ es channels (kee cekbsins 61 envils, but fan vulrvalle 0 Clay — Thay may Pocidal cegnicetne taminy tahy oe : i fo Pntaceplion high (eusls g Ua. 7 ~ pu, ky length ard encuuyption Sangh: ee sot «js the puowss Of uoutying a sets FountiTy before granting aces to 0 alysuim, é 1. cipplication ot rebonk. read Frdividuals con / > Th enews that only author _\ acces aensitiva Prformatien | PIEMOD tunowetiontdd| /emtiato Luponden) aces and alecurity bswachus, (Initia 4 QC ALK @ _ B AK Q _— 3 \ Zi Remotu User futfinticakon PePneiples: a. ; Public Rey cantificat Ligital corvfcate , tes wsdl by a Cun tfc Autrenity » binds a public Rey [Link] Faden ly Remote (leo u Pe Hue pstocess of ue Fdentity own & Network. — C : “Tr Gnvouns Aewwrat crourity poPreipless Oo fe ‘ 4 onsweing fut fn the Key's conor. te) Con Picentfalfty —> futhenticaton date Should be d fica Elid duern earesdsepping. AUABIOY RE? gy 2) Tntiquity -y futhanteatton messages must not be oy altined duteg teansmission. See, \ J 4 \y JS) 3 > The auth a - ? An a ~~ @ ey ae athould alscays be opt eae eee mee gee ee eee EGE OF ENGINEERING capnot CUNY Ahiay.\ pay pur Pomud , puftwrtiCator , &P pti 5) and nultifector tm Used » Teachour arewee sensi louver potocets ( gst/TL authentication co 4! Four plays eh fruthan i calton: ; Uses can be Autfenticalid Use Power pe ran tuathodls + now — Uses Knowle ge - based cevrts Wee porsw0ods 1 FAN, Cieaknes: Can be guuseel Stok) 1) Sonutning gou K! d 2) Something You haue ~ Requbus a plyysteal doer like OTP tokens 6 Smart, Cbleckeners : Can be fet & Stolen) 2) Something You asa — User bfomeliuies Wher Pr gorpuirils 1 facial sxeoogn'tion . Cobtaleners: tan ba expansiur a Spooted ) fe Something ea Do — pretyxu behavioral ty (Pee ty pin v0 Tae gery potters om vole Pecegniia i Mey Heya advanced AD fn Aonnnact | MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING a a Ch tecture Authanteation + y Erswis both posttios conto each owls Fatent y Rey Consors: Contiamntiality ard TPmelinets. : powers prasquerads attadky Ord -dusion Ruy compuomize. > Roguitus Steouk a pubtte Res ord enemyplid Commu cation. y Timelines pencils guplay attacks - Examptis Of Replay Attacks? 1) Simple + lay Copying and siwendi @ mursage 20) RepetPtion Lolth lead timestamps — Valid bul 3) Undeti ctabls sept fton - Only suplayed rruessage pluen. y — Unmedi fed but susent fn he) Bbekecond sup! Prey SUUUO ordi. Replay Attack Courttu measur « * Sequence Numbers — Tuacks presse Smupsacica fer (wae MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING © TAmcStamps — Requives atypchsecn eed clocks ; tonich Can bo uicky -susponse — Lies saunctom nonce partaddi pondshetke ousrhsod « * Challange @ On hoay futhenbeection! y Tt Tnvolwes singu -tanshor Of Pn fomation from one User to Offer % Client authenHeadty PHself fo the donuer, the lun may or may not be outhanticad foths J Client. This cufyuud to as Gre voay custhe ical pusvod bared Auttian Heat ou. O passood Valle (2 Srouptid passvorrd- ¢ : 6) Enitinee ae e vent ticet Aathentteatfon Is pa yrs Cliont and te annus vwtiy qountity befou esbablis! chen ret othe Next Schr oodles PHotorel tule to too mutheds @ Communicator pyotecels trxoygh an a Praccwe network, oes btu bot Cach othurc 4.) Necdham Sehcedve cymmitete Ruy peotorel iY e , we bewed on the -pubbic-key dymmelei ¢ fom algerittin to eatabtin a ctscion by ble 4roo panties In a nokonk, 2.) Neocdham prroedin public-key pruotoret , which (8 based on the public iy vuptogaply 70 poovrele mutal authentication b[to veo Conmmusteait postin over a nehoxk, - Neca ~ Schwcedin Publ ery Authentication Pct (ty = BDe y 5) posseoerd Bbection Sa tages YT puotorel uses a busted “Third porty cored, Known as o by Dest bution conte ceaec), g Symnnity, OmMibtie Eroyptin M9 OF gtecuste Consmunicerton| ERING MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINE! help @n the autruntfea ten en oie Botn the client ard the Be oy al dr Hs publle- poivede bay pate The baste Fn each of Client and alouar 4p establish pus these Pays. Steps in the Needham - Siveedue Feroroeel: te) Clrent Tri allxation? ical “1 “The Client (say AD voards fo authenticals 10 the th liu Coay 8). he cliont andl guagquat tothe KDC asking fora aussion boy + communicate coir Aout B» [Re [Requat A—y KDE: MB 25 Kept Ruponse “The RDC pubvieuss fu Stouel public kay Fy berm client A and sonunB. Dt tan guruialts o C KCAB) arel aterds Pt back to the along coith a -fickot to the Seren B, tonich Prides the easton Ruy encsuptid worth \ alonun B's public Koy Arsion ke Client MEENAKSHI COLLEGE oF ENGINEERING [gusponse + koe rent Sends tickut to Sones KAB and a tickt fn Senco B. > We Client teen ainds Hu ticket Hee fone ts isin key RAB. Riqust to Senun’ yse: $ $xeAB,AZ Serust decuypts Tekst and Validetis > the Heket using PES 7 The cbrent decuye the sucponse dom Hy KD wing FF& private Key. TF now has He atusienltay q HA a pente Ca scunclem number) enseyplid d (Bi pu ce Ray), nonce p— Cera Serdi.a susponse back to Ms new hone encsyped ath KAS PAS FKAB, A FtAB,AD_ | (Bis public uy) F_(ta's pif MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SD Client Veet fies Senne’ i ard +The cient cecsuppis Me ausceye USI KAB we fi ey Lustidies Uf Me nonce seceitil matches thu one oui by the msde VTL Successful mutual au thon Hee rg he on FETE ~I fe a Os 2+) Basel on Shevudd_aeout ye corm plots °Tn this protocol, a cheoret key Be Cheoek with bom party. One poty ‘aiunds stanclon jpuumber to Hee Offer , Other stole “DranaPerms Fb ina Apeciel ae canal thon Hitiont o cecal. 4 pe of pscotorels ae called Challenge swepores f ¢ Deo Lostking 1D Sent dends a sandom Chottenge — Cra3ys) to thedlient 20) Client Connbines ths cheitlerge tolfia Secsut ray, enctyph it and Sends th ounponee: (Enouprt 220s “+ clientes cay the ctuuponse — dite Py and — — a2 Remote User Authanteah 9 1D euutual Autrenticaten : MEENAKSHI COLLEGE oF ENGINEERING On using Hezy mmabiic Enon ion f) Sonex g Client cach have pubtic~prvalla Key polin anc Certified . (i) the Client atencls 9ts Contiticale to ths alruel- (0) The Somer yurifies the cuxtifrert using CA. tiv) The Sermon eatinds a Challenge ened Lor i He Client pubtre Rey V) The Chienh gtecuypts Hee challergt i " a aligned podvah Poy | alends 4 alignes 7 Hur susporse wsirg He Vid The Gon wer PPPas Client's pubue key. verify each othuts Both the Sonuor eq Client 48 ccHONs Faintity, Enswring mutual authin HfRate based Authention “Conbidieate $0 Pies + pocserits Pos donuer duuding login Commpouus He fo the © KPOCLA Value. MEENAKSHI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (CO The Sertveen validals tre cesttffPcalr Thsvough a Fustd cA. ct) The denuer Challenges the Client, anol tu Client

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