Name__________________ Id_______________________________

1.​ What is SQL primarily designed for?

○​ A) Writing procedural programs
○​ B) Accessing and modifying relational databases
○​ C) Designing web pages
○​ D) Creating network protocols
2.​ Which SQL clause is used to filter results?
○​ A) SELECT
○​ B) WHERE
○​ C) ORDER BY
○​ D) GROUP BY
3.​ What does ODBC stand for?
○​ A) Open Database Computing
○​ B) Object DataBase Connection
○​ C) Open Database Connectivity
○​ D) Online Database Connection
4.​ Which API is specifically designed for Java to interact with databases?
○​ A) JDBC
○​ B) ODBC
○​ C) SQLJ
○​ D) OLE DB
5.​ What does the 'A' in ACID properties of transactions stand for?
○​ A) Accuracy
○​ B) Atomicity
○​ C) Access
○​ D) Availability
6.​ Which type of lock allows multiple users to read a resource but prevents modification?
○​ A) Exclusive Lock
○​ B) Shared Lock
○​ C) Deadlock
○​ D) Update Lock
7.​ Which isolation level allows dirty reads?
○​ A) Read Committed
○​ B) Read Uncommitted
○​ C) Serializable
○​ D) Repeatable Read
8.​ What is a deadlock in database systems?
○​ A) When two processes wait indefinitely for each other to release locks
○​ B) When a transaction is rolled back
○​ C) When multiple users update the same row simultaneously
○​ D) When the database crashes due to high load
9.​ What is the purpose of database partitioning?
 ○​ A) To encrypt sensitive data
○​ B) To improve performance by splitting tables across storage locations
○​ C) To back up data
○​ D) To create a new database instance
10.​Which of the following is not a technique for improving database performance?
●​ A) Denormalization
●​ B) Indexing
●​ C) Using more primary keys
●​ D) Query Optimization
11.​What does an index do in a database?
●​ A) Speeds up query performance
●​ B) Increases data redundancy
●​ C) Deletes unnecessary data
●​ D) Removes duplicate records
12.​What is the main disadvantage of using too many indexes?
●​ A) Decreased update and insert performance
●​ B) Data inconsistency
●​ C) Increased normalization
●​ D) Lack of security
13.​What is the first step in database design?
●​ A) Physical Database Design
●​ B) Logical Data Modeling
●​ C) Writing SQL Queries
●​ D) Choosing a DBMS
14.​What is the highest normal form where every determinant is a candidate key?
●​ A) 1NF
●​ B) 2NF
●​ C) 3NF
●​ D) BCNF
15.​What is the primary advantage of database normalization?
●​ A) Increased redundancy
●​ B) Improved query performance
●​ C) Elimination of data anomalies
●​ D) Reduced indexing
16.​What is denormalization?
●​ A) Breaking down tables into smaller ones
●​ B) Reducing redundancy by removing indexes
●​ C) Combining tables to improve performance
●​ D) Encrypting sensitive data
17.​Which constraint ensures that all rows in a table have a unique identifier?
●​ A) Foreign Key
●​ B) Primary Key
●​ C) Check Constraint
●​ D) Default Constraint
18.​What does referential integrity ensure?
●​ A) Unique values in a table
●​ B) That foreign keys reference valid primary keys
●​ C) That data is encrypted
●​ D) That transactions are atomic
19.​What is the main risk of using dynamic SQL?
●​ A) Poor performance
●​ B) SQL Injection attacks
●​ C) Data corruption
●​ D) Lock contention
20.​Which type of backup captures only the changes made since the last full backup?
●​ A) Full Backup
●​ B) Incremental Backup
●​ C) Differential Backup
●​ D) Transaction Log Backup
21.​What is the primary role of middleware like ODBC and JDBC?
●​ A) To store data
●​ B) To optimize queries
●​ C) To connect applications with databases
●​ D) To execute stored procedures
22.​Which programming language is not commonly used for database applications?
●​ A) Java
●​ B) C++
●​ C) Python
●​ D) Photoshop
23.​What is Object-Relational Mapping (ORM)?
●​ A) A technique for encrypting database queries
●​ B) A method to map objects in an application to database tables
●​ C) A method for backing up relational databases
●​ D) A performance tuning technique
24.​Which of the following is not a characteristic of a well-designed database application?
●​ A) Efficient indexing
●​ B) SQL Injection vulnerabilities
●​ C) Optimized queries
●​ D) Transaction safety
25.​What is batch processing?
●​ A) Running multiple transactions manually
●​ B) Automating transactions at scheduled times
●​ C) Running SQL queries in an IDE
●​ D) A type of data encryption
26.​What is the purpose of an execution plan in SQL?
●​ A) To encrypt queries
●​ B) To optimize query performance
●​ C) To define user roles
 ●​ D) To back up the database
27.​What is a stored procedure?
●​ A) A predefined SQL query stored in the database
●​ B) A backup process
●​ C) A type of foreign key constraint
●​ D) A type of user-defined function
28.​What is the purpose of the EXPLAIN statement in SQL?
●​ A) To document database tables
●​ B) To analyze and optimize query performance
●​ C) To create new indexes
●​ D) To modify table schemas
29.​Which of the following helps in reducing database query response time?
●​ A) Using complex joins
●​ B) Creating proper indexes
●​ C) Increasing the number of foreign keys
●​ D) Using only primary keys
30.​What does OLTP stand for?
●​ A) Online Transaction Processing
●​ B) Object-Level Table Partitioning
●​ C) Open Loop Transaction Protocol
●​ D) Optimized Log Table Processing