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Fluid Mechanics: Hydrostatics & Flow Dynamics

The document covers fundamental concepts in hydrotechnics, including fluid statics, Bernoulli's equation, and flow types in open channels. It discusses hydrostatic forces on surfaces, flow regimes characterized by Reynolds numbers, and the implications of Froude numbers on flow behavior. Additionally, it introduces specific energy, the Manning equation, and the hydraulic jump, providing key equations and relationships for each topic.

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Darío Acerete Reyes
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4 views2 pages

Fluid Mechanics: Hydrostatics & Flow Dynamics

The document covers fundamental concepts in hydrotechnics, including fluid statics, Bernoulli's equation, and flow types in open channels. It discusses hydrostatic forces on surfaces, flow regimes characterized by Reynolds numbers, and the implications of Froude numbers on flow behavior. Additionally, it introduces specific energy, the Manning equation, and the hydraulic jump, providing key equations and relationships for each topic.

Uploaded by

Darío Acerete Reyes
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Hydrotecnics

0. Fluid statics
1.1. Hydrostatic force on a plane surface
- Rectangular gate: l<b
𝑙 𝐼𝑥𝑐 2 𝑙
𝐹𝑐 = 𝛾ℎ𝑐 𝐴 = 𝛾 ( ) (𝑙 · 𝑏) ; 𝑦𝑅 = + 𝑦𝑐 ≈ 𝑙 ; 𝑦𝑐 =
2 𝑦𝑐 𝐴 3 2

1.2. Hydrostatic force on a curved surface


𝑟
𝐹𝐻 = 𝛾ℎ𝑐 𝐴 = 𝛾 ( ) (𝑟 · 𝑙)
2
𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉

𝐹𝑅 = √𝐹𝐻2 + 𝐹𝑉2

𝐹
- 𝐹𝑅 angle referenced to the vertical: 𝛼 = arctan ( 𝐻 )
𝐹𝑉

3. Bernoulli’s equation
𝑝 𝑉2
+ + 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒.
𝛾 2𝑔

4. Viscus flow in pipes


1.3. Laminar and turbulent flow
Flow regime Reynolds number Friction coefficient
Laminar Re < 2100 64
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
Colebrook formula:
Turbulent Re > 4000 1 𝜀/𝐷 2.51
= −2 log ( + )
√𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒√𝑓

5. Open channel flow


1.4. Froude number.
𝑉
𝐹𝑟 = ; 𝑞 =𝑉·𝑦
√𝑔 · 𝑦
o V: flow velocity.
o Y: hydraulic depth.

1.5. Subcritical flow (Fr<1)


• Flow is dominated by gravitational forces.
- Waves can propagate upstream, disturbances can travel both upstream and downstream.
- Flow is relatively slow and tranquil, often associated with a mild slope or a wide and deep
channel.
1.6. Critical Flow (Fr=1)
• Transitional state between subcritical and supercritical flows.
- It is the most efficient state of flow.
- Waves are stationary; surface disturbances cannot propagate upstream.
- The flow is in a delicate balance between inertial and gravitational forces.
𝑉 𝑉𝑐2
𝐹𝑟 = = 1 → 𝑉𝑐 = √𝑔𝑦𝑐 ↔ 𝑦𝑐 =
√𝑔 · 𝑦 𝑔

𝑉𝑐 ∶ critical flow velocity.


𝑦𝑐 ∶ critical channel depth.

1.7. Supercritical flow (Fr>1)


• Flow is dominated by inertial forces.
- Waves and disturbances cannot travel upstream; they are swept downstream.
- Flow is fast and energetic, often associated with steep slopes or narrow and shallow
channels.

1.8. Specific energy


𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑉2 𝑞2
𝐸 =𝑦+ =𝑦+ [𝑚]
2𝑔 2𝑔 · 𝑦 2
1/3
𝑞2
𝑦𝑐 = ( )
𝑔

1.9. Manning equation


1 2/3 1 2/3
𝑉= 𝑅ℎ √𝑆0 → (𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴) → 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑅ℎ √𝑆0
𝑛 𝑛
In wide channels, regardless of the cross-section, it can be considered rectangular (𝑦 ≪ 𝑏):
𝐴 𝑦·𝑏 1 2 1
𝑅ℎ = ≈ = 𝑦 → 𝑉 = 𝑦 3 √𝑆0 → (𝑞 = 𝑉𝑦) → 𝑞 = 𝑦 5/3 √𝑆0
𝑃 𝑏 𝑛 𝑛

1.10. The hydraulic jump


Relationship between upstream and
downstream depth:

𝑦1 1
= (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟12 − 1)
𝑦2 2

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