LYCEUM OF THE PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY CAVITE it
GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE: AN OVERVIEW ON
MECHANICAL, DURABILITY AND MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS
Case Study
Submitted to the Faculty of the
College of Engineering, Computer Studies, and Architecture
Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Gabac, Jeaceigth A.
Gaddi, Karl Gabriel B.
Lunes, Jimae M.
Rufo, Sebastian Miguel V.
Salazar John Loyd D.
Saturnino, Yoj Francheska
Solis, Jules Richard T.
JUNE 2024
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College of Engineering, Computer Studies and Architecture
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Abstract
GLASS FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE: AN OVERVIEW ON
MECHANICAL, DURABILITY AND MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS
Jawad Ahmad1 ,Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano2 ,Ali Majdi3 ,Nabil Ben Kahla4
,Ahmed Farouk Deifalla5 andMohammed A. El-Shorbagy6
The research provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanical properties,
durability, and microstructure of glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC). It highlights
significant improvements in compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths with the
incorporation of glass fibers, alongside enhanced resistance to environmental
degradation. The study also explores the microstructural interactions between glass fibers
and the cement matrix, revealing a strong bond that contributes to the material's improved
performance. Additionally, it discusses the environmental and economic benefits of using
glass fibers, which include reducing construction costs and minimizing industrial waste
Keywords: Glass Fibers; compressive strength, durability; scanning electron microscopy
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2
INTRODUCTION 3
METHODOLOGY 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7
REFERENCES 8
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INTRODUCTION
One of the world’s most rapidly growing sectors is the Construction Industry, with
concrete as its pivotal role in its success. Concrete, a widely applied construction
material, is greatly valued for its malleable and flowable nature when it's tampered with
water that transforms it into a tough durable substance once it dries. This unique
combination of properties makes concrete the most frequent building material globally.
However, concrete itself has several features that are unsettling such as brittleness, poor
fracture resistance, low impact resistance and high weight. These limitations resonated
among the world that results to enhance its materials’ properties.
Concrete in its conventional form exhibits significant compression strength which
ironically falls short for its tensile strength. To address these, steel bars are often used to
compensate for the tension zones resulting from reinforced concrete. An alternative
approach involves adding fibers into the concrete mix, which also increases its tensile
capacity and leads to the creation of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). FRC is described as
concrete formed using hydraulic cement and fine and coarse aggregates with addition of
fibers to improve the materials’ properties.
One of the most promising fibers for concrete reinforcement is glass fiber. Known
for its minimal specific weight, low water absorption, high elastic modulus, and tensile
strength, glass fiber is a valuable addition to concrete. The use of fibers in concrete can
reduce overall construction costs by substituting conventional and energy-intensive
techniques such as wiring mesh and steel reinforcing bars. Additionally, since the volume
of fiber required is much less than that of traditional reinforcement materials, energy
consumption is also reduced.
Table 1. Physical Properties of Glass Fibers
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Despite their advantages, glass fibers have their drawbacks. They are highly
sensitive to water and have low resistance to alkali conditions. This sensitivity results
from the washing away of alkali metal ions from their exterior surfaces, causing cracks.
To mitigate these issues, glass fibers undergo a silane preparation process, which shields
them from the detrimental effects of moisture in the atmosphere.
This study primarily addresses the need to enhance the mechanical and durability
properties of conventional concrete that significantly limits its functionality. It also seeks
to address detailed review and analysis of glass fiber-reinforced concrete and aims to
consolidate existing research findings, evaluate the improvements with inclusion of glass
fiber, and to identify the optimal conditions and practices that maximize the benefits of
Glass Fibers Reinforced Concrete GFRC.
This study significantly attributes on enhancing the mechanical properties such as
compressive, tensile and flexural strength. The durability which is demonstrated as it
provides better resistance to penetration and acid attacks. It also promotes the lower
construction cost by reducing the need for reinforcement using steel bars as well as the
sustainability upon using the industrial byproducts.
The purpose of the study is to gather and analyze research findings on glass fiber
reinforced concrete (GFRC) by reviewing the body of existing literature. This involves
considering the benefits and downsides of adding glass fibers to concrete. It aims to
identify following:
1. Critical Review and Analysis of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC)
● Conduct a thorough literature review to compile and summarize prior research
findings on GFRC.
● Evaluate prior study data to determine the advantages and disadvantages of
adding glass fiber to concrete.
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2. Evaluation of Mechanical and Durability Improvements:
● Examine how glass fibers affect the mechanical qualities of concrete, such as
compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength.
● Examine how glass fibers affect concrete durability parameters such as crack
resistance, water permeability, and chemical assault.
3. Identifying the Optimal Conditions and Practices:
● Determine the best glass fiber content, type, and distribution in GFRC to provide
maximum mechanical and durability effects.
● Determine the optimal procedures for mixing, curing, and application to achieve
considerably higher results.
● Determine and recommend the most effective strategies to introduce glass fibers
into concrete mixtures, taking into account fiber length, aspect ratio, and
dispersion techniques.
4. Developing Practical Guidelines:
● Create practical guidelines and suggestions for the use of GFRC in the
construction sector, ensuring satisfactory performance in a wide range of
applications.
● Provide insights into GFRC's long-term performance and sustainability, taking
into account its environmental impact and cost consequences.
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METHODOLOGY
Under this section, the important properties of concrete such as the mechanical properties
and the durability aspects were defined. The bond strength of the glass fiber were and
cement paste were inspected via scanning electron microscopy. The examination detailed
an in-depth analysis of the said properties.
A. Fresh and Mechanical Properties
1. Slump Flow. The flowability of the concrete mix with fiber was tested by
checking the slump values.
2. Compressive Strength (CPM), Flexural Strength (FLS), and Tensile
Strength (TS). The concrete mixes with the inclusion of glass fibers were
put through various testing processes to determine the optimal amount of
glass fibers needed in a mix.
3. Elastic Modulus. This was tested by adjusting the volume percentage of
glass fibers in self-compacting concrete.
B. Durability
1. Chloride Penetration. This was tested by seeing the chloride-ion
penetrations in the 28 and 90-day aging period of the concrete.
2. Water Absorption. This determined how quickly the interior and the
exterior surfaces of the concrete absorb water by determining the rise in
density after being subjected to water.
3. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Rebound Hammer Test. UPV validates the
integrity and quality of mechanical strength of concrete by measuring the
velocity and attenuation of an ultrasonic wave traveling through concrete
at a depth of approximately 6 feet. The Rebound hammer test is a
non-damaging concrete assessment procedure that evaluates the concrete’s
mechanical capacity rapidly and simply.
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4. Shrinkage. Concrete shrinkage and volume reduction were tested by
removing moisture from the sample.
5. Acid resistance. The performance of glass under a NaCl solution was
examined by testing the compressive capacity of glass fiber concrete after
60 and 90 days of salt solution exposure at various pH values.
C. Scanning Electron Microscopy
1. The effect of glass fiber content on the glass fiber concrete. The scanning
electron microscopy was used to examine the fiber-matrix interface.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Mechanical Properties
1. Compressive Strength (CPM)
Figure 1. Compressive strength
Figure 1 demonstrates the compressive strength (CPM) of concrete with the
inclusion of glass fibers. The CPM of concrete improved to a certain extent with the
incorporation of glass fibers.
The study found that the age of the concrete does not affect the compressive
strength (CPM) of glass fiber-reinforced concrete. Glass fibers (GF) did not improve the
CPM compared to the control samples likely due to inconsistent distribution of concrete
ingredients, which aligns with the findings of Fenu et al.
In self-compacting concrete, the addition of 0.25%, 0.75%, and 1.25% GF
increased CPM by 25.52%, 39.57%, and 47.92%, respectively. This improvement is
likely because glass fibers help prevent fractures, enhancing resistance under
compression. Moreover, the presence of nylon and glass fibers also reduced expansion,
improving CPM by enhancing the fiber-cement paste interface.
The study discovered that Increasing GF from 1.5% to 2.5% did not significantly
improve CPM except in mixes with pozzolanic materials. Initially, pozzolanic admixtures
reduced CPM, especially with nano silica due to reduced workability. However, over
time, pozzolanic materials increased CPM by forming calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H)
gel during hydration.
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The mix with 15% metakaolin showed the highest CPM improvement, indicating
the importance of pozzolanic reactions for long-term strength. Glass fibers at 0.5%
slightly improved CPM, while higher concentrations (1.0% and 1.5%) had similar CPM
to control concrete, showing that GF has a minimal impact on CPM.
2. Flexural Strength (FLS)
Figure 2. Flexural strength
Figure 2 shows that adding glass fibers improves the flexural strength (FLS) of
concrete, similar to compressive strength (CPM). Both basalt and glass fibers increase
FLS, with basalt showing a steady rise with higher doses. However, beyond a 0.50% dose
of glass fiber, FLS improvements are minimal.
Recycled glass fibers improve FLS distribution, achieving a maximum coefficient
of variance (COV) of 9.61% at 1.25% fiber content. This is due to the bridging effect of
GF fibers helps transmit stress across cracks, enhancing flexural performance. Adding
0.1% glass fibers to concrete increases FLS by 19.31% after 28 days. Reinforcements like
carbon-fiber grid and steel-strand grid further increase FLS by 47.7% and 13.3%,
respectively, compared to normal specimens.
Research shows glass fibers significantly enhance FLS, but they cause brittle
failure, unlike nylon fibers, which improve FLS by up to 13% and prevent complete
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separation of shattered specimens. Increasing GF volume percentage raises FLS as fibers
resist load until the matrix-fiber bond breaks down.
Figure 3. Failure of GF-reinforced beam: Permission of use from Elsevier
However, point accumulation of glass fibers and inadequate mortar cover can
cause cracks and concrete rupture shown in Figure 3. Supplementary cementitious
materials are recommended to improve GF-reinforced concrete's flexural capacity.
Figure 4. Linear Regression between Compressive and Flexural Strength
This illustrates a significant relationship between CPM and FLS (R-square of
0.75), indicating that FLS can be estimated from CPM using the equation in Figure 4.
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3. Split Tensile Strength
Figure 5. Tensile strength
Figure 5 shows that adding glass fibers (GF) improves the tensile strength (TS) of
concrete. GF increases splitting tensile strength by up to 12.5% in concrete and 17% in
mortar by limiting microcrack growth and transmitting stress to bridging fibers. Beyond a
0.50% dose, no significant strength improvement is seen.
The optimal GF level is 1.5%, boosting compressive, flexural, and split tensile
strengths by 14.29%, 8.12%, and 10.03%, respectively. Synthetic polypropylene fibers
reduce drying shrinkage by 40% and enhance residual tensile strength and ductility.
Microfibers prevent microcracks, increasing tensile strength and preventing macrocracks,
thus improving ductility [68]. Polypropylene microfibers at 1.5% improve tensile strength
by 21.4%.
Adding 0.1% GF to concrete increases tensile strength by 42.23% after 28 days.
Nylon fibers also boost tensile strength by up to 21%. Composites with 20% sisal fiber
and 80% GF perform best in tensile loading, while pure GF concrete excels in flexural
loading with maximum tensile strength of 181.84 MPa and flexural capacity of 288.80
MPa. Increasing GF content enhances tensile and flexural capacity due to the bridging
effect, despite no significant impact on compressive strength.
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4. Elastic Modulus
Figure 6. Elastic Modulus
Figure 6 shows the modulus of elasticity in glass fiber-reinforced concrete at
various fiber volumes. Generally, increasing the fiber dose slightly decreases the modulus
of elasticity compared to ordinary concrete
One study found that increasing GF volume in self-compacting concrete (SCC)
from 0 to 1.5% enhanced the modulus of elasticity. Another study reported a 7% decrease
in modulus of elasticity with 0.25% GF compared to control concrete. Glass fibers have a
lower modulus of elasticity than banana fibers, resulting in slightly lower values for
GF-reinforced concrete. However, SCC with fibers showed a 10% higher modulus of
elasticity than plain SCC.
Laboratory tests indicate that fiber inclusion has no significant impact on
concrete’s modulus of elasticity. At low GF concentrations, there is a small decrease in
the modulus. GF inclusion results in minor improvements in elastic modulus (0.5–5%),
with minimal difference between plain concrete and 1% GF concrete. More research is
needed on the elastic modulus of fiber-reinforced concrete.
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B. Durability
1. Chloride Penetration
Figure 7. Chloride-Ion Penetration
The chloride-ion permeabilities of the SCC composites are shown in Figure 7.
With increasing GF volumetric percentages and NS content, there was a gradual
reduction in chloride-ion penetrations. Chloride-ion penetrations decreased between 3068
and 3004 C, and between 2678 and 2578 C, corresponding to the 28- and 90-day age
periods, in mixes without NS, with GF volumetric fractions rising from 0 percent to 1.5
percent.
The interaction of glass fibers with concrete increases the pore and internal
structure of concrete compatibility by preventing cracks, thus increasing its density. The
water and chloride penetration into the concrete is reduced due to the concrete’s more
compact structure. Because glass fibers bridge across fractures and form interconnected
voids, glass fiber-reinforced SCC samples have somewhat higher chloride penetrability
than the reference mix sample. This was in agreement with the findings of other studies.
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2. Water Absorption
The impact of GF on water absorption was much better than that of PPF. When
the water/binder ratio was 0.30, adding 1.35 percent GF reduced the specimen’s water
absorption from 3.49 percent to 1.99 percent, with a maximum reduction of 43.0 percent.
Meanwhile, adding 0.45 percent PPF reduced water absorption from 3.49 percent to 3.12
percent, with a maximum reduction of 10.6 percent.
When steel fibers were introduced at a rate of 2.0 percent, the lowest quantity of
water absorption was observed. Because the elastic modulus of traditional concrete is less
than that of fiber-reinforced concrete, the addition of fibers to concrete would boost the
tensile strain characteristics, limiting the growth and expansion of early fissures. To
reiterate, increasing the density of concrete lowers water absorption. Greater doses (over
2.0 percent) resulted in the least compact concrete due to a lack of flowability.
3. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Rebound Hammer Test
The homogeneity of plain concrete may be reduced by adding fibers. Concrete is
graded according to the UPV values and rebound numbers specified in the appropriate
standard codes. The steel fiber-reinforced concrete surface hardness was found as a hard
layer. The surface hardness of the GF-reinforced concrete matrix was lower than that of
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RCC, and it was evaluated as a good layer. In comparison to ordinary concrete,
reinforced concrete has poor homogeneity.
The reinforced concrete containing a large fiber volume improved the
homogeneity in this study. As the amount of fibers rose, the pulse velocity dropped.
Concrete with steel fibers has a lower pulse velocity than concrete with glass fibers.
When compared to reinforced vibrated concrete, reinforced SCC exhibited higher
uniformity.
4. Creep
Over a period of 50 years, a study on the creep behavior of pultruded GFRP
revealed a typical reduction in instantaneous longitudinal; flexural stiffness of pultruded
profile of around 50%, and it was predicted that for a period of one year, the flexural
stiffness will be in the range of 75–80% of elastic. It is also expected that after one year
of loading, creep deflection would grow by up to 35 percent, and after 50 years, increase
by up to 100 percent.
To analyze the creep behavior of a pultruded GFRP structure, it was held under
load for more than two years. Due to the directional arrangement of fibers, the result
showed that rheological properties of pultruded composites connected with shear
loadings were independent, as shear creep was found to be larger than creep under
traction, and the creep deflection was predicted to be 24.4 percent after 50 years.
The creep behavior of GFRP was tested, and after 6 and 14 months, Young’s
modulus composites were lowered by 20%. Meanwhile, creep behavior of GFRP
pultruded flexural member revealed shear stiffness after 50 years with average decrease
of effective instantaneous flexural and larger due to shear deformation rather than
bending counterpart. Finally, after five months, a creep analysis on GFRP girders
revealed an increase in instantaneous deflection of up to 40%, proving the potential of
GFRP in structural industries.
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5. Shrinkage
Figure 12. Shrinkage Crack Width (a) Without Fibers and (b) With Fibers.
Early-stage shrinkage in new concrete is caused by a moisture exchange from the
surface to the environment (by evaporation) and a mass exchange via the concrete to the
surface. Humidity exchange happens because of variations in relative humidity between
the environment and the concrete during drying. The bulk of volume changes due to
shrinkage in high- and middle-strength concrete fit into this category. As a result, this
form of shrinkage is explored in depth in this study.
Researchers discovered a considerable decrease in free early age shrinkage, which
they attributed to strong GF-cementitious matrix bonding. Furthermore, the GFRC
shrinkage was more homogeneous than that of mortar without fibers. Finally, the
favorable impact of GF in restraining cracks and reducing the probability of their
formation was established.
6. Performance of Glass Fiber under NaCl Solution
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Figure 13. Compressive Strength Under NaCl Solution With Different PH Value
Figure 13 depicts the compressive capacity of glass fiber concrete after 60 and 90
days of salt solution exposure at various PH values. Specimens with a 1 percent fiber
dose produced the highest strengths for the respective PH levels and exposure times,
followed by specimens with a 0.5 percent fiber dosage. The compressive strength of each
dose of concrete specimen decreased as the PH of the salt solution decreased from PH 13
to PH 1. This owes to the corrosive effects of a high acid concentration in a low PH
environment. The degradation of concrete was significantly more severe owing to the
entrance of Cl and H+ ions into the concrete when the aggressive character of the salt
solution was enhanced by decreasing the PH from 4 to 1.
Because of its alkalinity, salt solutions with PH 10 and 13 had little effect, and
concrete degradation was extremely minor, resulting in greater compressive capacity
retention values. The preservation of compressive capacity decreases as the
aggressiveness of the exposure rises, which may be linked to the severe degradation of
concrete composites. The 1.0 percent glass fiber dose was proved to retain compressive
strength better than the 0.5 and 1.5 percent fiber dosages.
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C. Microstructure
1. Scanning Electron Microscopy
Figure 11. SEM Results of GF at Water to Binder Ratio 0.30: Used with the
Permission of Elsevier
When the water-to-binder (w/b) ratio is 0.30, SEM images in Figure 11 show
GFRC specimens with closely linked GF and cement matrix due to GF's hydrophilicity.
The GF fills pores and decreases porosity, enhancing strength and reducing water
absorption. GF creates a dense, three-dimensional support network in the matrix,
preventing crack propagation and improving compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths.
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Figure 12. SEM Results of GF at Water to Binder Ratio 0.35: Used with the
Permission of Elsevier
For a w/b ratio of 0.35, SEM images in Figure 12 show good binding between
GF and the cement paste, even at 1.35% GF content. However, increasing GF doses
result in more and larger voids, leading to decreased strength and increased water
absorption. The optimal GF content for compressive and flexural strength drops to 0.90%
when the w/b ratio is 0.35.
Proper packing and GF inclusion reduce shrinkage cracks and concrete permeability. A
combination of GF and PPF provides the best void size reduction, with PPF linking
smaller voids and GF linking larger ones. This results in a denser, more impermeable
material, aligning with findings by Chen et al. Additionally, silica fume (SF) protects GF
from alkali degradation by forming a barrier on the fiber surface.
SEM studies also reveal that GF can form bundles and flocculate, leading to nonuniform
distribution and reduced bonding strength. Thus, careful mixing and fiber dosage
selection are essential.
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study focused on composites made of glass fibers. The key qualities of concrete,
such as mechanical durability and microstructure, were considered. Following are the
conclusions reached after a thorough examination and discussion of the findings.
● Glass fibers have a negative impact on concrete flowability due to their higher
surface area, which increases resistance to flow.
● Glass fibers did not show significant improvement in compressive strength.
Tensile and flexural capacity, on the other hand, were significantly enhanced. This
is a result of the glass fibers’ ability to resist cracking.
● The surface hardness of glass fiber-reinforced concrete is lower than that of steel
fiber-reinforced concrete, which is rated as a good layer.
● Glass fibers reduce the permeability of concrete to chloride-ions due to crack
prevention.
● Glass fibers increase the performance of concrete in a maritime environment.
● The optimal dosage of fibers is affected by the water to binder ratio, according to
preliminary study of SEM observation. The major causes for this are the dramatic
increases in pore size and quantity caused by the coupling effect of increased
water/binder ratio and fiber content. The impact of the water/binder ratio should
be addressed when considering the effect of fibers on the mechanical or
microstructural qualities of concrete.
The researchers of the study also indicated these following recommendations that can be
done in order to further provide various study, report and expand the knowledge in the
topic.
● The evaluation of concrete performance in extreme environments is crucial for
ensuring its durability and reliability.
● Further information on the creep and dry shrinkage properties of glass
fiber-reinforced concrete is imperative for comprehensive understanding.
● Exploring the thermal characteristics of glass-based composites is crucial for
understanding their properties.
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● The available research indicates that incorporating glass fibers may not markedly
improve the compressive strength of concrete. Consequently, further exploration
using alternative pozzolanic materials is essential to elevate the compressive
strength of glass fiber-reinforced concrete.
REFERENCES:
Ahmad, J., González-Lezcano, R. A., Majdi, A., Ben Kahla, N., Deifalla, A. F., & El-Shorbagy, M. A.
(2022). Glass fibers reinforced concrete: Overview on mechanical, durability and microstructure analysis.
Materials, 15(15), 5111. [Link]
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