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Measuring Instruments

The document discusses various measuring instruments used for physical and electrical quantities, categorizing them into types such as electronic, mechanical, and digital instruments. It explains the differences between absolute and secondary instruments, as well as null and deflection instruments, detailing their operational principles and applications. Additionally, it covers the components and functioning of specific instruments like ammeters and voltmeters, including aspects like control torque, damping torque, and the effects of magnetic fields on measurements.

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Manu Singh
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9 views29 pages

Measuring Instruments

The document discusses various measuring instruments used for physical and electrical quantities, categorizing them into types such as electronic, mechanical, and digital instruments. It explains the differences between absolute and secondary instruments, as well as null and deflection instruments, detailing their operational principles and applications. Additionally, it covers the components and functioning of specific instruments like ammeters and voltmeters, including aspects like control torque, damping torque, and the effects of magnetic fields on measurements.

Uploaded by

Manu Singh
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
EASURING INSTRUMENTS = The inctument used for moeasuning the. physical and Electrical quantities is known as measuning jnctruments - Lostrument ° 9 > Electonic Mechanica] Electrica! Leone Tnstrument Instrument V eedondaxy (Absolute Tnctrument Instrument *_, bigital Analog * tnstrument ' Instrament ae >A null, beflection dleFlection Instrument Integiating Tnstr um \ Recard ing LIastruerent A 4 Ftuel Absolute’ Ue These jostruments giver the nitude Enstruments of the quantity in -teeme of physical conctraints Tig physical auantity Means angle of deFlechon, olegree etc: Ex- Tangent Galvanometer, Rayleigh’ Current Balance. N Tl Secondaxy ° —» These Lashuments Treeruweate use the MEASUr, Value divectly by output indicatey by the instruments - The output is’ directly obtained ang NO Mathematical caleulation seq wired for Finding Values, i Ex- Ammetex, voltmeter, wattmete, etc: 4- Anolo: ° i $- + Lastrument tr which tht ut Thstruments paccetoll display is a continuous Function of Time and having constant Relationship -to its input The Analog instrument has the pointer which sho le Magnirbide Of measurable: quantities L These ane of two! types = % Null Instruments — In these zero|nutl deflecton CreFlection) indfcates “the MagaTtude oF the Measwted quantily - wr Le Has. high Accuxacy » pas high sensitivity. Le One Known Quantity and one unknown Quantity used hexe- NK 5 Vv When Value of value of known == unknown Buantity Quantity thea pointes Shows Null deFlectt prune ses ed thee ¢ Flecgs lectton Tostrument — © rn these Meacunin, Quantities iis cleterrl? ike deflection of pointe: The ( Se axe Further divided into 3 pols > A) ott oermelEe Trcticating _ Ammeter,Voltmelee: Tnstuments PF neter ete BRT tequati = kW. ” Y= Enegy mete Cenegy he 0 Lostrumeats charge me fee, odometer ¢ OQ) Recor i haderna: raph» Ecg, Recording beoltme! Tastruments g Tnprcatrng “ INsTRUMENTS —— ‘ Deflectin Control Camp! Torque Torque Torque Gravity Z Sprins contol cont DeFlecking Tove = Lt is responsivie for the Required deflection of pointex oy moving system: for a. given value of measurand-. It wit be produces ly any of effect Caused by Flow of cwuent through circuit - —» Control Torque = Tt fs responsible For the contn! 463 of movement of pointer and goa? © make definite deflection for ¢ A » a a giver Volue of Measunand: ho Lt ts useful for bring back Pao na -syeten to ‘ZELD position once +! Meas h: remeved *Grovity as TE = wlh a) ). Contret Gey cegecnen ~negle tL Spring Merde = Silicon branze, platinum : 4 on " if Silver ete Domping Torque = Lt ie responsible for Supress +e oscillakons of pointer at final detection position — Various Types of Dampi 'E Torque cure ~ i> Eddy cworut dampi 4 fiy, ix. Friction clampi g itis Fluid’ friction damping iv> Electro-maynetic claraping Tee Follouding meters ave used for the Measuxement oF Voltage Cv) and cwownt (L) - PMME (Permanent Magnet) ——> 8¢ only DC ML Crtoving Tron) —> AC De Dynampmelay Instrument —* AC& DE Elechostatic Enetrument —» AC“ PC Therma] jastument —> Ace dC Recti free Types TnsBument > AC& DC Induction Type Instrument only AC He pune (Permanent net Moving Coil) | —> Pivot < vewel beanirp Moving cet) L, Balancing Weight o, Magnet System 7 - Permanent eae uses! for Creating Ctotionary Magnet: “ALNTCO & ALCOMAX” Used matedal for PM. U-shaped | Concave chape PM Used : ae Hard netic Makual oy { z Very h ; ALCoMax igh oan force i (Changes Magnet Pacpaly \* \k © — a 3 * * Moving coil .- Cunrent cary) Ce is uoound with "Silk Cover Coppet wire”. Produce Ty (Torque) . dewel bearing 7 TO fKeduce friction. Maden of " gunthebte Hbre’. @, Control : — Sprig) Comtro} torque due +o Springs - Springs Made Up of = Phosphoyoue Bronze Placed blu Jewel bearings. @, Damping : — (Eddy cuonent) Induced due to Movement of AL Core. Used +o keeping movement of Coil in yest nly and scale i — pa z % = * linked with Moving Coil. Notice detlechon of Coil: Made of Lightweight matodale pact oF instrument which Ls fre moved bly stahonazy Held of pM. # Mounted on AV former. liken Q cumrent: Camrying Conductor ig placed th 7 aq magnetic tield tb experiences a force amd tends +o Move inthe direction as pe Fleming | teft-rand Aule- it be , ooo - ~POrce Experience cup 4 movi Corl coment: By CofL | P comer | conducts J puaced > iw HF: Torque Psoduced | ,) deflection Occw.s Torque Equation of PHMC—> A @ regis eatin Bite: ” vextical lenght of it Force experience F = BIL Sing by Conductor Hux density taAir-Gap “Ef N fs Number of tues then force can be expre_sed for 'N? Numbeu — Fo=, N&ru sine ‘> @= 90° for fodial nella. field F = Ne@re (using FLHA) Cunt in Moving Cuil Ta = NBruxd | (But Lxd= A) * ~o >b> eFlecting Torque Td = Exd eee i Se 1 By Tess o— | Also spring Paovicles Restoring Torque Te : ® . Spain > Now for final deflecton, alee Ta = Te ‘ee BANE = ke®__ prin —> scale fs uniform and Uneax ~ Permanent Magnet _— Eitminate by reat Taeatment; erroy by Ageing 7 e Spring Material etiminate by Heat Taeatma Age error and spring Replacement, \& Temperature © _ used low cofficent (7) Error bee Springs. (Swormp Resictane) LL Ul Lean pisadvantnges —> Gonw— 200,10) we less power Consumpl wx use only de > Good Accuracy ; we High coc #> Uniform seote we Ertor due +0 xe EHicient clampi lose of Magnetism Characteristics. x> No hystouis losces (Al Former) sth Sree x High Torgue ~Hweight Was yor ‘Aatio Ta 7+ w 6) Applications —> Ke used In aerospace, tncustrles becoz tt has high so079 Magnetic pield» ¥ wed as @, 0 *& Used tw ‘oHMeme tee! % USed tw Rectifier instrumvils = % used tw thermocouple intends © exctension Range of PMMC using Shut —> \ Yow Love: Ren ( Recictance) ( bx Im y BX Tmemt —— ae: 7 @ « Im _~ Tex. Here En BARRA Betas] | = (E-Tn) Ren ‘ > TCRmt Ren] = 2 * T= In (1+ & (rf) —o > called Multiplication | Mot eeu Resistance. alwaye lees than the mete i " ony Sista x Magolne 1s Used for preparation Of de wel 4 “Swomping Recictauce” is Used Whi the mettre for minimization of error clue -to remp Vaslations » —- (Lin = Tse) Vn (+ Ree.) ——O aE Multiplication fachr = een moa Aad also [Ree =k] ==> Loportant AsPecrs, ABour PMC s— X phrect = Cwacut > upto SomA Measurement votage = upte loomy 4 MI (MovING ay 7 The janine in thie. oly tron ia Used for meaciring the Flow of current OY: vonage. | @O Working. of ML => i vThe MI use the ‘stattonaxcy coil of cual wire - This Coi] act! as electromagnet When cuasnt pale geagh. Be ' v The strength of netic, Field trduced by Em i i o Cwrkut passes Herough Works..on|principle, of change te ‘Self inductance OF a Coil: ! oo wo? ; oh Ls oy ‘ a pats a pont IPE TA oe a ae ! Mt er oes | auprt e089 We va . L-»> Couto] Weight Sse ee bee — ae, aes Coil fs execlted | becomes electromagnet and fron Novec in direction, of offering low reluctance. path . force of Attractiow’ is, always produced th the Cotton of to increasé! induciance of Coi/. Here, The petctance of ceil depends Upon positions of tron Van. Reluctance = MMF VP OW Maeeiy 1 ie p i Mechanica Stepp Ulead Stored 4 Work done Woltue 5 energy electrical energy |=, Vidt Supptieg } \ = ¥VilLdr yy ade), ( ae ae) Fae 2! sende +D%d_ 1, P ut Stored Energy = 2 | xa Chonge tn btored energy = d [t U2] = £1yl+Lrdr—@ Ss Mechanical Work clone = Ty.9 —@ Also Spring has Cantrolled rque Te « 0 Co, at Pind! deflection Condition —— Keo = 4 Pal] wo “e t Henry | aad: ease —» Seales non- nea ‘al Vakile In square! fachiery & Air Friction clampirg is employed: & Spring and Gvovily, coahol ic employed * ee Current Measwoting Capacity is more thaw PMMc TO increase Be shunts may be employed . © “Conctantan’ ts employed TF aoa \ ‘of chuats'. \\¥ oe [REL HHeW)™ {Ry + Whn)® = Reale Ray » Dm sie 28h) Toh Zm Lineax Seale with MI mefouw f- © ae should be Variable do © gab = constr Ae \ Hystusic Errore > Using small ivew parti with a WwW H- loop Temperate Errore Citite Ailey eee) Eddy cursent errors > 'R! chould be high of e a tron Stray Fidel errors 25 Kept inside ivon casing. Frequency errors 3 Time cousk of Shunt t and meT Should be (rete Sak Range Dis Adv —> a> Non- uniform side go weak, operatiog field ) x More power contumnpttete | ee Move \ucternal Heating we More. Temp. € H-ertors | we Not Suitable for Measuxerut above jas Hz frequny: yp 4 Enme (Electrodynamd METER) aan oth on the reactish +The inchument whose. Workings cep and fined r ig CD), blu Xe! “iwognetie Field of movie Col. it He AC +E te used for decree evn oF Bo 0) ond idle| Chrous. | , tiv "Mutua) |g | > Working pringiple fs based on ‘chagfe | induction” bla two Ceile. | | i _&: co — Fiked | cai] iMel— Moving O Fixed Coi}— [ ® Connect tw sediea With load. & ‘considenras cierent cei) because load, Curent fai cote ee ra “Por -mokig easy Fa 1s divided into -wo ‘pads x we produce undtorm electic Frel UW whi, ik sil 1 esseutial fy, Wea of incense * Tt te desijnel +0 Cary the Current. Appypx: go-Amp for et Power : Pe (i ge consider ag ‘orb! | Pressure coj|" of inctweument - : nnects paratle| ys co R diet upply voltage: Cumkert plone ree es © % Supply voltage: spring contrel sysclem iis, used hore: ) yoy | 14 \ “pomping —> * Damping Torque provides! due + ris’ Friction - \) “yt roa ) ) ei yl (Wh J 5 i) | scales & pointe. —> “& Linear! Seale | | becoz raving cei) moves Linealy. ) iy nite ege Saeed uss | 1 : P ed, he for avetding paxaller exer « diel - sd ) Working TT Kc ~ y? salle youl 1 due to, double coils fo or Field produces here are interactiow | of these Two fields the HH Poin fee deflects - Mé—— ae t @® Torque equation of EM , ii uy = Paciantalducl eukent q thro ugly, Fiked eri, ey ht Ine-teantanous Curent \ throug Moving \Coi] py in = le— According te enemy Conversion Psinciple | supplied _ change in wyechontca Energy’ ot abe Ey" work done Here , ai | ae ce onal eG Y= hbt My Ui i t — cme re bdt th ebde iq = 2, dt + a tg: dt by i 7 tad, hdl di + Danl+ lide emiydig + in tadig Eab+!tyudm +Mbdi, 1 L>@) i tn Ee ee aa —> Stored sl 2 = ots =L, La a At bd 9) wey! Lidl, + Lytyall, vorte +S ban bean a dit Modi, —» mechanical _ ie Work done = 9 ® 7 ® i» om <9" 0, ©, @, @ we ger — (oitr equally) — Tg4e = SG + tibdat bod a ‘ Neglected Neglected ‘q Ta = ti dy TT = yin de ile a eaten. - ou GL) and B'=t hence T=) au oe) wy Lm) Sinwt Ge Fone Sinust Loe npssh Vax Jona $0. ‘from Above caval We get— Ico ota aon4 WMT Ams values iv eki OE eae ibid Tasr : m T= at final deflection We get eq” as, Ta="e) I—> Dynamomehu See is non-uniform \ om @' Eyore th Eime + Le lerrds! die 0 Mutua)! oa \ inductange el Jabot Edely curent errors rh sh, Ste netic ErtDrs ny Magoatcermpe Temperatune ertore’! Advantages a #> WOKS OF Both Ace Da ) DisAdvantages — 4% Non- Uniform innSeple As Jon ee les forse Produced. becoz Aireover) | } vsaife * wea ie Coils axe used Vl, k Magnes ‘Feet. % H-errors Absent Ma % “Ta pag Fe High Accuracy. | Te tatio low % Effective! Danpirg. fe bow - cenetbivity loa POW Mubeyy % High frictional eroy 17 MOTE Power Concumptiow pe RENSTRUNENTS : inctrument, Whoste Working depends On the Pxinciple of obtraction or Fepulsion ue electrodes that coxoey electric Chorge coperoting Paineiple = chasge of capacitance . : C= kA, d 4 These ave best Suitable for Meacurement of thigh voltage ; > in these Instrument charge ig gtored betweenthe plates + Tt hag two Opposite polaxity and force of attraction blu to plotes octs: @ Torque equation —» veing principle of cnegy consewation we fave - Supplied Z c ein +. Mechanical Energy Stored eneyay work aXe i. Supplied enegy = vidt = Vic de + ve Se] ot = av 2 AT = [ev e+ Vv Ag] dt Eu= cvdv + vid —-®© ¥ Stored energu = 1)2 cv> 4 ie = amy = cvdv +i de ® LeLineat = Mechanical motion Work done = Fdt is Spring Contyo| used SO, At! tnol deflecHon we ® Tyree of Meters —> Te 1e have eq” at — pa Ie 2! Ke ® av? —> electroctatte — 'Non-uni form, gale & Buachout _ Measunement OF pufgh| Vol Enge Electrometue i ie Kelvin, mulh = Megguxement of Cellwon low Vo lage p pega bie Advantages — ons er Both Ack pe. xs Non- uniform Scale. 6 NSAME Veuy less power . yo size of instrument : “Hystessis errors ee 5g vesey lage: 7 so Cost is Vory high 4 less Frequency error (No erroxs Occurs) ane a . . . . oy) ) extension usr Secles acitor —p Cg — Sees Capacitor dee a ' Vest = cs \ ven = V x Veg ee EEG | cm m= Vexti Co Ven CetCon oe Bp/cuantages > bis Advantages —* : yy worns “for Both, Ae& pe. x Non- uniform scale: F es By esi errors Absert- fs vey ‘ Yeo Coat is Vou Wig , NO internal Heocting,, petgh AE Jess Frequency ertoy | (No errors Occurs) extension using Seties capacitor pe | Co — Sedes copaciter f E ace Vex \ = Vege x SE Ven Veo ext fare { Con v mas Vexti, Cs > — el al HF THERMAL IN. depend Upon Je The instruments hase workie urceent * is oheattag effect of mension c py Apuications - Suitable for: high frequeny Appleone * ‘capable ito Non- cinusoldal nature: also: hohe © Tyhts of Instrument —F A) Hot wire Enstrumet& rit 8) Bolomete ©) TRermocouple Ins ee. —»> HoT WIRE —* ; wii rare : In dhe Method expension of metal caused by fae oF Loueeent through "Sensitive element! [ Pageant by ' ; Platinum- rridiam “Alloy £0 the Sxpaneion and Contraction of Metall (Uke wire) | deflect the pote of the metex - ” Let R= Resistance of wire T= Conteet flow — > Both for Ac& Pe dt = Rise be taup- U = Coeff. of Heat eee desi pation ce ff OF \ nearer ncnatas “TRermocoupte re 1s @ jeut oF Wo ais of Junction M 4 increases as Herma gmt. aki Similar junction AS Temp: it Generates Voltage vnown isis ee " Seeback effect”. > the current Produces fo heat in Heaten whith 1S connected +o thermocouples and Ue Conver heat Into EMF whicty sindluces Gwoent to jpaze through meter, > deFlecHoul of, prme, Meter, OK Vr K cee at ye WP ice wl) nce ! / a mF] ou vort ( [a= es Ree aed [b= Sep PM teary OCS ayia Also deme) = a+26 at! a (at) Nite \ "> suitable for High frequency Opermbions: ity Some coMbination of Metal -for thermocouple - Lron — constoutau re platinum — Chromium chomd — alumen - Texp Aouge = upto loo’ eh — + BOLoMETER—> Use Resistive element whose Resistan® VOUS Od-¥4, temperatune: b Le HVE Temp: coffichat = RT. Le -ve Temp! 'colFFiclwt = RW Tee Variation, Ive yecierance oletermines tre , megnitude of Current PASES spovough i. 4 Jy wi i RecTaeren Type BNeTUMENTE * Suitoble for electronic Meas! poole rons vorenge: ra “wo types hexe ie ‘Amn puFiae- reotifies Rectifier Ampu Fiet | ty Re ein = ,/A¢ +0 de, conversion and Fevthoe | i “ Meastne by’ Prime metic uxement or lower # Measured value by melt Calibrated for rms Volue of Ac quantity « ; Ma eRe ve Full WAVE RECTUFLER = any Ore p=vd_ = Me Rep = RHR, @ te Rm RRy wy RtRem a Vg = Mier + = dS vm yy Aer dT ie = pa n x ; = och, svg = 0°49 Ve Ton, ee eek = R+Rm + = 0:9 Ve ® Sensitivity, @ sensitivity > HE) UNIVERSAL 0 ARYTON SHUMT ——F , Cat of Prime) a A Ne US) cath let Switch at podiken Q— | = Rm R= ak Simi oxly, Rt BEER ‘a= I ! Rg= Ra +R mg -(

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