Reading and Writing Skills
Reading and Thinking Strategies across Text Types:
Explicit and Implicit Information
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
Identify claims explicitly or implicitly made in a written text:
a. Claim of Fact
b. Claim of Policy
c. Claim of Value
Explicit and Implicit
Claims in a Text
Differences between Implicit and Explicit
IMPLICIT EXPLICIT
Something that is stated but not directly. Something that is directly stated.
May not be understood right away/tends to be confusing. It is easy to understand/No confusion intended.
Needs to be analyzed or re-read thoroughly in order to be Does not need analysis since information is obviously stated.
understood.
explicit information is clearly stated in the reading text. The information is reflected in the text.
While implicit is information not directly stated in the text. In this regard, reading “ between the lines” and looking for clues are valuably
needed to readily identify the writer’s idea.
Following are examples of implicit and explicit information written in the text.
EXPLICIT INFORMATION
1. It is important to talk about what you are feeling especially when you feel scared, anxious, and sad. If you do not open up, there is a
strong possibility that your thoughts and feelings will give you a very negative outlook in life.
2. Regular exercising can help boost your immune system. It also improves both physical and mental health by inhaling positivity and
exhaling negativity.
Explanation:
In the first text, it is clearly stated that sharing your feelings is important towards achieving an optimistic outlook in life. It is explicit
because the information is direct to the point. In like manner, the second text informs the reader that exercising is vital in improving both
physical and mental health. The information is easily extracted from the given texts.
IMPLICIT INFORMATION
1. Andrew and Sarah have been married for 4 years. They were close in complying the requirements for child adoption. One day, when
Andrew parked his motorcycle outside the adoption center to submit the papers, he kneeled to the ground and burst into tears when he
received a text from his wife which stated, “I’m positive!”
2. When Kobe arrived at the basketball court, he saw a dog wagging its tail and coming to him. Kobe kept on walking, moving away from the
dog. He never owned one.
Explanation:
On the first text, have you instantly identified the reason why Andrew was crying in the end? He burst into tears because he found out that his
wife is finally pregnant after four years of their marriage (“I’m positive”). In the second passage, it was not stated that Kobe does not like dogs,
but it is the impression that you get when you have read it. The first clue refers to when he moved away from the dog; the second clue reflects
that Kobe never owned a dog.
Summary
An implicit is something that is stated but not directly. May not be understood right away/tends to be confusing. Needs to be
analyzed or re-read thoroughly in order to be understood.
However, explicit is something that is directly stated. It is easy to understand / No confusion intended. Does not need analysis since
information is obviously stated.
Activity 1: Implicit and Explicit conversations with family members. Draw a simple scenario where you are talking with any of your family
member in the house. The conversation must show implicit and explicit sentences. Underline the implicit part and circle the
explicit part. Write your conversation in your RAWS ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK.
Activity 2: Identifying implicit and explicit information. Write (ei) if the given written text is an explicit information and (ii) if the text
displays an implicit information. Write your answer in your RAWS ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK.
1. I like to eat mangoes because they are yummy and nutritious.
2. Joseph wakes up early and sleeps late. His phone is always connected to his charger.
3. My 4-year-old nephew ran towards me when he saw me getting a box from my car’s trunk.
4. All living things are made up of cells. That means, plants too, have cells.
5. Mrs. Labitad is afraid of heights. It all started when her co-worker jokingly pushed her while she was on the railings of a mountain resort.
6. During the pandemic, there was a global shortage of disinfectants. Strangely, one of my social media friends never ran out of stocks of
rubbing alcohol. She sold them at above standard price.
7. If you are planning to go to the municipality of Claveria, make sure to bring with you extra batteries for your camera.
8. According to studies, eating fruits and vegetables helps us to foster good digestion.
9. When I went to my friend’s birthday party, I ate everything they served except pork.
10. The Philippine Independence Day is celebrated every 12th. of June.
Reading and Thinking Strategies across Text Types:
Claim of Fact, Claim of Policy and Claim of Value
Identify claims explicitly or implicitly made in a written text: EN11/12RWS-IIIij-6;
a. Claim of Fact EN11/12RWS-IIIij-6.1;
b. Claim of Policy EN11/12RWS-IIIij-6.2;
c. Claim of Value EN11/12RWS-IIIij-6.3.
To achieve the objectives, you are expected to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
TOPIC: Claim of Fact, Claim of Policy and Claim of Value
A claim is a statement that is not considered accepted by all. It may be true or controversial to a certain degree. It is usually related to one side
of an issue. If so, the claim is also called a position.
Furthermore, claim can be based on the type of presentation or argumentation that we would like to do after reading. It means that
we can get content from a written text and make it as a basis in making claims. Take note that a claim may actually be factual(true), or it could
also be mere judgement. A claim is also used as a main point in an argument. If somebody gives an argument to support his/her position, then
that person is
actually making a claim. Also, a claim is a writer’s point of view that he/she wants the reader to accept regarding a topic or issue.
It is important to make claims especially in writing argumentative type of text. It is one way of taking a side and supporting your
claim with facts, values and policies. There are also several factors in which you should consider in making claims. You cannot just claim
something without having logical reasons or even providing explanation on why you believe so. It is essential to take sides especially on issues
that are controversial and need our utmost attention. The presence of issues and arguments serves as the reason essential to make claims.
Following are the three types of claims.
1. Claim of Fact - is a piece of information based on reliable authority, such as science or history. It also involves series of statements
that can be verified, no matter how difficult. It talks about what is or what is not certain on conditions that exist. From the word fact, it refers
to something that is known or true. For example, it is a fact that the sun is the center of our solar system. It is a fact because science can prove
it and there is actual evidence.
Claims of fact answer the questions: Is it good or bad? Is it right or wrong? Is It ethical or unethical?
In addition, claims of fact answer the questions: What is true and what is false? What happened or did not happen? What exists and
what does not?
2. Claim of Policy - is usually made in relation to solving societal problems/issues. Most of the time, a claim of policy asks for plans to
solve current problems. It also suggests that there should be an answer to a problem that has been brought up or defined by an argument.
An example is the new doble-plaka law where motorcycles should bear two plate numbers. One in the front and one at the back.
This law has been very controversial, and many riders have expressed their negative reactions towards this but the lawmakers explain that it
will help trace down criminal activities since many of these involve riding-in-tandem individuals. They also stated that the new plate numbers
are larger than the previous one.
3. Claims of Value usually answer the questions: What should be done? How can we solve this problem? What course of action should
be taken?
A claim of value is a piece of information focused on relative judgement such as goodness or badness and usually addresses issues
based on standards. It is a statement reflecting which one is better, more important, more needed and more useful. Further, it attempts to
prove that some things are more or less desirable than others. From the word value, it is about which is more or most valuable between
compared issues or a number of given issues. For instance, legalizing abortion for rape victims. Abortion is a serious issue but in the argument
of people that support that it should be available for rape victims, they claim that there are rape victims who have unwanted pregnancies as a
result of the action they have been victimized.
Further, there is a claim that fixing a house is better than buying/building a new one. In this argument, it is believed that retaining an
old house is more valuable than having a new one since the old one is filled with memories and sentimental value that no amount of money or
even the most beautiful house can ever replace.
Remember, claims are subject to arguments since when making a claim, you want to convince your reader or the opposing
person/party that what you are saying is correct and they must believe in the claims that you make.
Summary
1. Claims are statements that are not considered accepted by all. This is your side on a particular issue. It could also be used as a main point
of your argument towards an issue. Important reminder, a claim may actually be factual or it could also be just a mere judgement. That’s
why it is important to know and differentiate types of claims.
2. Claim of Fact is a piece of information based on reliable authority, such as science or history. It is also a series of statements that can be
verified no matter how difficult. From the word fact, it refers to something that is known or provided to be true. It can be answered by
the questions: What is true and what is false? What happened or what didn’t happen?
Example: Dr. Jose P. Rizal is the Philippine National Hero.
3. Claim of Policy is about what should be done over a certain issue. This type of policy usually made in relation to solving societal
problems/issues. Most of the time, a claim of policy seeks for plans to solve current problems. It answers the questions: What should be
done? How can this problem be solved? What course of action should be taken?
Example: Traffic violators must be given bigger fines.
4. Claim of Value is a piece of information focused on relative judgement such as goodness or badness and usually based on a person’s
standards. It is a statement that about which is better, more important, more needed and more useful. This type of claim answer
common questions regarding the good or the bad, the right or the wrong and if it is ethical or not ethical.
Example: Social media is more reliable in getting the latest happenings around the country than newspapers do.
Activity 3: Identifying Claims. Write CF if the statement is a claim of fact, CP for claim of policy and CV for claim of value. Write your
answer in your RAWS ACTIVITY NOTEBOOK.
______ 1. Cory Aquino is the first female President of the Republic of the
Philippines.
______ 2. Honesty is the best policy.
______ 3. Obesity can cause heart disease.
______ 4. Firemen in the town needs more training.
______ 5. Animals need to be free.
______ 6. Cebuano should be our national language.
______ 7. The Congress must make a bill limiting teenagers use of smartphones.
______ 8. It is better to give than to receive.
______ 9. The Philippines is an archipelago.
______ 10. If a drug lord is caught, the penalty should be lethal injection.
______ 11. Bringing of electronic gadgets such as laptops and smartphones must be banned in schools.
______ 12. The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has taken hundreds of thousands of lives all around the world.
______ 13. The book version is always better than the movie version.
______ 14. One-child policy must be implemented in the Philippines to control our
population.
______ 15. Neil Armstrong was the first man to step foot on the moon.
HYPERTEXT AND INTERTEXT
Being a critical reader also involves understanding that texts are always developed with a certain context. A text is neither written nor read in a
vacuum; its meaning and interpretation are affected by a given set of circumstances. Thus, there is a need to identify the context of text
development.
By the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. identify the context in which a text was developed
a) Hypertext
b) Intertext
Can you think of the differences between these two ways in identifying the context of text development? Try to copy and fill this table in your
notebook with your ideas. (HYPERTEXT AND INTERTEXT)
What is CONTEXT?
Context is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related circumstances that surround the texts and form the terms
from which it can be better understood and evaluated.
It also refers to the occasion or situation that informs the reader about why a document was written.
Context, according to Moxley, refers to the occasion, or situation that informs the reader about why a document was written and how it was
written. The structure, organization and purpose of a written text is heavily influenced by its context.
The way writers shape their texts is dramatically influenced by their CONTEXT. Writers decide how to shape their sentences by considering
their contexts.
Context is important as a foundation for the author in constructing his/her written text.
This includes how the writer has researched the topic and how he/she organized the content.
Moxley posed the following questions on the analysis of context:
1. What is going on in the world of readers that will influence the reader’s thoughts and feelings about the document?
2. Does the intellectual content of the document rest on the shoulders of other authors? Will readers expect the author to mention particular
scholars or researchers who did the original, ground-breaking work on the subject you are exploring?
3. What background information can you assume your reader is already familiar with?
Context refers to the occasion, or situation that informs the reader about why a document was written and how it was written.
The way writers shape their texts is dramatically influenced by their context.
Activity 3: Read the following essay and identify the context with which the text was written by answering the questions that follow in your
notebook.
DIGITAL BAYANIHAN AMID COVID-19
Experts all over the world believe that to mitigate the effects and end the spread of the Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), all
sectors of the society must work hand in hand to fight the deadly virus.
It is not the sole responsibility of the government to stop the global pandemic, and it is imperative for people to join in the efforts
and collectively stop the virus from further infecting anyone.
This rings true in the Philippines, where the spirit of bayanihan is slowly being revived amid the onslaught of natural and man-made
catastrophes that struck the whole country during the first three months of 2020.
Various non-government organizations and even individuals have started calling on Filipinos to help in the war against the pandemic,
whether it’s through volunteerism or through monetary donations.
Donations drives have been launched by various groups to help protect frontline healthcare workers from the virus. These came
amid the reported scarcity of personal protective equipment (PPEs) in hospitals.
Likewise, groups and individuals are seeking support to fund relief goods for the families that are in need of food and personal
hygiene kits, as major cities and provinces and provinces impose in their own community quarantine protocols.
There are hundreds of more donations drives that are hundreds of more donations that are happening across the Philippines today, signaling
the strong revival of the Filipino culture of Bayanihan—only that with the strict implementation of community quarantines and social
distancing protocols, donations are facilitated through mobile phones.
Source: [Link] (posted March 2019)
1. What is going on in the Philippines while this text was written?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is meant by BAYANIHAN?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
3. How is bayanihan during the pre-colonial Philippines different from bayanihan during the pandemic?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
4. How are things different in the Philippines during the pandemic?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Moving on, there are two types of contexts in which a text was developed: the hypertext and the intertext
Hypertext
Typically, a text is written in a linear fashion. This linear progression only enables the reader to read the material the way
the author designed it from the beginning to end. HYPERTEXTUALITY allows readers to study a text in a different manner.
In a hypertext, pieces of information are connected semantically. There is an undefined beginning, middle and end.
Hypertext creates a network of materials linked because of various connections they share. This encourages and, at times, requires readers to
go through the material at their pace.
Hypertextuality according to Amaral, 2010 is simply a non-linear way of presenting information.
Rather than reading or learning about things in the order that an author, or editor, or publisher sets out
for us, readers of hypertext may follow their own path, create their own order – their own meaning out
the material.
This is accomplished by creating “links” between information. These links are provided so that the
readers may “jump” to further information about a specific topic being discussed (which may have
more links, leading each reader off into a different direction).
Instead of reading or learning about things in the order predefined by an author, an editor or a publisher, the readers of a hypertext can follow
their own path, create their own order – their own meaning out of the material.
Hypertext is text which contains links to other texts. The term was coined by Ted Nelson around 1965. It is when you type a word and attach a
link to that word so that upon clicking on that word, the reader is sent to the site attached.
Hypertext is the foundation of the World Wide Web enabling users to click on link to obtain more information on a subsequent page on the
same site or from website anywhere in the world.
Hypertext materials include pictures, video materials animated and audio illustrations. All those possibilities make hypertext materials content
high and suitable for educational purposes.
Hypertext connects topic on a screen to related information, graphics, videos, and music – information is not simply related to text.
This information appears as links and is usually accessed by clicking. The reader can jump to more information about a topic, which in turn may
have more links. This opens up the reader wider horizon of information to a new direction.
A reader can skim through sections of a text, freely jumping from one part to another depending on what aspect of the text interests him/her.
Thus, in reading with hypertext, you are given more flexibility and personalization because you get to select the order in which you read the
text and focus on information that is relevant to your background and interests.
Take a look at this example:
Every time you search on the web, you see words or clusters of words that are underlined and are in blue. When you click these words, you
will be transported to another site.
Hypertext is a new way of reading a text online. It collects every available data but this exhaustive inclusion exposes the reader to a wealth of
irrelevant material. While intertextuality banks on its text-generated constraints on the reader’s perceptions, hypertextuality is a reader-
generated loose web of free association.
Information directly/indirectly related to the topic written may be referenced through hyperlinks in which the reader can access the direct
source or reference through a single click.
Hypertextuality, although opens up to a wide variety of mostly irrelevant information, gives the reader the free will to personalize his or her
analysis of the text. The reader may choose to focus only on the information that is related to his/her background, thus creating a personal
meaning out of the given material.
Hypertext is a non-linear way to present information and is usually accomplished using “links”. Such links help the readers navigate further
information about the topic being discussed and may also lead to other links that can direct the readers to various options. Hypertext also
allows the readers to create their meaning out of the material given to them and learn better associatively.
Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references to other text that the reader can immediately
access. Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks, which are typically activated by a mouse click, keypress set or by touching the
screen. Rather than remaining static like traditional text, hypertext makes possible a dynamic organization of information through links and
connections (called hyperlink).
The World Wide Web (www) is a global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked across the internet.
Hypertext is the foundation of the World Wide Web enabling users to click on the link to obtain more information on a subsequent page on
the same site or from a website anywhere in the world.
The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1963.
Hypertext allows readers to access information particularly suited to their needs. For example, if a reader still needs more background on a
particular item that a text is discussing, such as when a reader does not know a particular term being used, the reader can choose to highlight
that term and access a page that defines the term and describes it.
Conversely, a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location
on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file
transfer (ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.
Activity 4: Try to research the about a word that you were curious about. You can start with
WIKEPEDIA, then click on the hyperlinks on the article and see what sites the hyperlinks sent you. List
the sites that you were able to explore. Write your answers in your notebook.
WORD/PHRASE THAT YOU WANT TO RESEARCH OR READ FURTHER ABOUT:
____________________________________________________________________
SITES THAT YOU WERE ABLE TO VISIT BY CLICKING THE HYPERLINKS:
INTERTEXT
When reading, the readers try to make meaning of the material that they are absorbing through many different processes. Unintentionally,
sometimes, the patterns in the materials read are apparent in another text. Theorists term this as intertextuality.
Intertextuality, is also the modelling of a text’s meaning by another text.
It is defined as the connections between language, images, characters, themes, or subjects depending on their similarities in language, genre
and discourse.
Intertextuality, as defined by Tiongson (2016), is the modeling of a text’s meaning by another text. Intertext is the relationship
between texts and how culture and other writers influence a text. This is often seen on works wherein the author borrows and transforms an
existing text or when one references a text on his own written work. The text will then contain a wide accumulation of cultural, historical and
social knowledge.
Intertextuality, as a literary device, “is the complex interrelationship between a text and other texts taken as fundamental to the
creation and interpretation of the text” (Merriam Webster Disctionary, 2015).
Intertext excludes irrelevant data. It underscores the main point/s of the text by making explicit those data that are only implied or
presupposed in the text, thus defining their relevance. Spurred by this context, a healthy dialogue among different texts and interpretations,
audience, is born.
As readers, the ability to create connections among various texts enhances the meaning of the reading material.
Context is defined as the social, cultural, political, historical, and other related circumstances that surround the text.
Hypertext is a non-linear way of presenting information. Instead of reading or learning about things in the order predefined by an
author, an editor or a publisher, the readers of a hypertext can follow their own path.
Intertext on the other hand, is defined as the connections between language, images, characters, themes, or subjects depending
on their similarities in language, genre or discourse.
Let us see if you can see the connections between these two literary works:
Activity 5: Are you familiar with the Harry Potter Series and the Lord of the Rings Trilogy?
If so, can you discuss what their similarities are? (GROUPINGS)
ACTIVITY 6: let us now check what you have learned. Read the statements carefully, and determine what
is being referred to.
____________________1. This creates a network of materials linked because of various connections.
____________________2. It is the complex interrelationship between a text and other texts.
____________________3. This refers to the occasion or situation that informs the reader about why a document was written and how it was
written.
____________________4. This is the modeling of a text’s meaning by another text.
____________________5. It is a non-linear way of presenting information.
“Give me prime laughter.”
1. The class will be grouped into four groups.
2. All of the groups will be tasked to make a parody of a song of their choice. The song choice can be
anything under the sun.
3. 20 minutes will be allocated for each group to prepare.
4. Three minutes will be given for you to present.
5. Each group should hand me a copy of the lyrics of their parody and the title of the original song.
6. The group performance will be rated by using a rubric.