ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Determination of the characteristics of a separately excited DC generator.

Objective:
Study of the steady state characteristics of a separately excited DC generator.

Conduct OCC test and draw (i) armature voltage with field current, and (ii) armature voltage with
speed.

Conduct load test at constant speed and draw (i) armature voltage with load current.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC motor DC Generator
Volts: Volts:

Amps: Amps:

KW: KW:

RPM: RPM:

APPARATUS USED:

[Link] NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS

SILIGURI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

THEORY:

In spite of the advantages of ac systems, the dc machines continue to find use in a wide range
of industrial applications because of their flexibility and versatility. The special features which
determine the choice of a dc machine for a particular application are the torque speed
characteristics of motors and the voltage-load characteristics of generators. The knowledge of the
limits within which these characteristics can be varied, and of the way, in which such variations
could be obtained are also important. Study of these features for a dc machine is accordingly the
motivation for this experiment.

A D.C. generator is an energy converter. Mechanical power input received from a prime mover
(D.C. motor in this case) is converted electromagnetically into electrical energy. This electrical
energy can be changed into heat as is done by connecting load resistors across its armature
terminals. It is essential that the field windings of the generator be excited with D.C. current.

In a separate excited DC Generator the armature and field circuits are separate and an external dc
voltage is applied across the field.

Open Circuit Characteristics

An important relation essential in the determination of dc generator performance is the relation

between field current or field ampere turns and armature emf. The resulting curve at the desired
speed is the magnetization characteristic or the open-circuit characteristics (OCC). The
magnetization characteristics at several different speeds can be obtained from any one
characteristic by recognizing that the voltage is directly proportional to speed for a fixed flux or
field current.

Load Characteristics

The load characteristic of a dc generator at a particular speed is the relationship between armature
voltage of the generator and its load current at that speed. It is called the external characteristic if
the plot is between the terminal voltage vs load current and the internal characteristic if the plot is
between the generated emf vs load current. In a separately excited dc generator, the field current
is independent of armature conditions. At constant field current and constant speed, the terminal
voltage in this case drops off somewhat as load current increases because of the increased
armature resistance drop and reduction in flux due to armature reaction

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

PRECAUTIONS:

(a) Make sure that field connections of DC shunt motor are proper and three-point starter return
to its zero position before every fresh start.

(b) Use proper range of DC instruments only

PROCEDURE:

Magnetization Characteristics of a Separately Excited DC Generator

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set all rheostats & potential divider at minimum position.

3. Run the Motor with the help of a DC three-point starter.
4. Set the speed of the Motor-Generator Set at rated speed with the help of Armature control
rheostat.
5. Note down the voltmeter reading. The generator field current is zero but voltmeter will
read a few volts due to residual magnetism.
6. Increase the generator field current gradually with the help of potential divider and
observe that the induced voltage also increases.
7. Record the readings of generator induced voltage for different field current keeping the
speed of the machine constant.
8. Tabulate readings in Table - 1 upto 110% of the rated voltage of the DC generator.

Load Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

2. Set all rheostats & potential divider at minimum position.

3. Run the Motor with the help of a DC three-point starter.
4. Set the speed of the Motor-Generator Set at rated speed with the help of Armature control
rheostat.
5. Adjust the field resistance to obtain 220V DC at no-load at rated speed of the DC
generator.
6. Connect resistive load as shown in the connection diagram through the 2-pole switch.
7. Vary the load keeping the Motor-Generator set speed and generator field current constant.
8. While adjusting the speed foirst adjust the armature control rheostat and then field control
rheostat.
9. Tabulate readings of the load current and terminal voltage for various loading conditions
in Table – 2.

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

RESULT:

TABLE - 1
Speed of the Motor-Generator set:
Increasing Field current from zero to Decreasing Field current from maximum
[Link] maximum value value to zero
Field current (If) Induced voltage (VG) Field current (If) Induced voltage (VG)
(Amps) (Volts) (Amps) (Volts)

TABLE - 2
Motor Generator
[Link] Terminal Terminal Load Field Speed
Current
voltage voltage Current Current
(Amps)
(Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps)

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REPORT:

1. Using the experimental data obtain the following characteristics.

i) armature voltage with field current

ii) armature voltage with speed.
iii) armature voltage with load current.

2. Explain why does terminal voltage decrease with increasing load current.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2

Determination of the characteristics of a DC motor

Objective:

To determine the basic characteristics of DC shunt motor.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC motor
Volts:

Amps:

KW:

RPM:

APPARATUS USED:

SL NAME OF THE INSTRUMENT RANGE/ RATING MAKERS NAME

NO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
.

THEORY:

There are three characteristics for any DC motor

1. speed vs. armature current characteristics
2. torque vs. armature current characteristics
3. speed vs. torque characteristics.

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

The following three fundamental equations pertaining to DC machine are known:

V  E  I a Ra (1)

 Z P
E (2)
2 A

V  RaTK1 2
  f (T )  (3)
Ke Ke

The speed vs. armature current characteristics can be determined from equations (1) & (2)

V  I a Ra
 (4)
K e

Where Ke
V R
A  BI a , where A  and B  a are also constants for the machine under study. Hence
Ke Ke
  f ( I a ) should be straight line .however , due to the armature reaction ,the effect of which
increases with increase in armature current ,the magnitude of denominator of equations(4)
reduces with increase in Ia. but to a less extent then the numerator and therefore ,has the shape
shown in fig-1.

The torque vs. armature current characteristic can be obtained from equation (3),i.e, T  K1I a ,
where K1 is a constant for the machine, the curve with dotted line in fig-2 represent this
relationship ,the deviation from an ideal straight line, especially at higher value of Ia ,being due to
the effect of armature reaction ,viz, the reduction in the magnitude of flux per pole .since
I a  Iload  I f , the actual curve will be as shown by firm line in fig-2. This curve has an
interception in the X axis given by the magnitude of the no load current of the motor.

The relationship between speed and torque can be determined by using the above two
characteristics or alternatively, from equations (3) & (4), which gives
V  RaTK1 2
   A1  B1T (5)
Ke Ke

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

Where A1 and B1 are constant.

Neglecting the effect of armature reaction,   f (T ) will be linear. due to armature reaction,φ no
longer remains constant for different values of Ia and hence speed –torque characteristics attains
the shape shown in fig-3.

Procedure :

1. make connection as per circuit diagram.

2. start the dc motor with the help of starter.
3. record the voltage, current and speed of the motor at no load condition.
4. load the machine by left pulley arrangement gradually and record the load
current ,speed ,applied voltage at different load condition .take at least 5 reading.
5. the applied voltage of the machine must be constant.
6. measure the armature resistance of the DC motor by ammeter –voltmeter method.

Connection diagram :

Fig 4 : DC shunt motor connection diagram

Fig 5 : Connection diagram for measurement of Field & Armature resistance

Observation table and result:

Armature resistance Ra=…………………………….ohms.

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Sl Speed in Applied Load

S1 S2
no. R.P.M voltage current ( )

REPORT:

3. Using the experimental data obtain the following characteristics.

a) speed vs. armature current characteristics

b) torque vs. armature current characteristics
c) speed vs. torque characteristics.

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

EXPERIMENT NO. 3

Study of methods of speed control of DC motor.

Objective:

To study the speed control of a DC shunt motor by

1. varying the armature voltage.
2. varying the armature resistance.
3. varying the field resistance.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC motor
Volts:

Amps:

KW:

RPM:

APPARATUS USED:

SL NAME OF THE INSTRUMENT RANGE/ RATING MAKERS NAME

NO
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

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 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

THEORY:

The speed of a DC motor is given as-

(V  I a ( Ra  Re )
N
K
Where,
V=armature voltage
Ia=armature current
Ra=armature resistance
Re=external resistance in armature circuit
φ =flux/pole
K=machine constant
It is evident from this expression that the speed will rise if the flux, φ is reduced. It can achieved
by inserting external resistance in the field circuit to reduce the field current . This method is
called field control and is used if the speed is to be raised above the rated speed. The speed can
also be reduced either by reducing the armature voltage V or by inserting an external resistance R e
in the armature circuit to increase the armature voltage drop. The former method is called
armature voltage control and is popularly used. The later method involves large amount of
ohomic losses in the external resistance placed in the armature circuit, hence this method is not
preferred. This armature voltage control has been made by using variable voltage source or by
using potential divider or by using a variac and a rectifier bridge which has also been used for
starting the motor.

Precautions:

(c) Make sure that field connections of DC shunt motor are proper and three-point starter return
to its zero position before every fresh start.

(d) Use proper range of DC instruments only

Procedure:

For armature voltage control :

1. connect DC shunt motor, voltmeter, ammeters, DC supply, resistance as per circuit

diagram.
2. initially the resistance is minimum position i.e the applied voltage of the armature is
minimum that is zero.

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3. increase the voltage by varying the potential divider and take the reading of the
voltmeter ,ammeter and RPM meter.
4. take at least 5 readings from minimum to maximum position and tabulate it.
5. draw the graph between terminal voltage vs. speed and armature current vs. speed.

For armature resistance control :

1. connect DC shunt motor, voltmeter, ammeters, DC supply, resistance as per circuit

diagram.
2. initially the resistance is maximum position
3. on the Dc supply and start the motor.
4. decrease the resistance and take the reading of the voltmeter ,ammeter and RPM meter.
5. take at least 5 readings from minimum to maximum position and tabulate it.
6. draw the graph between terminal voltage vs. speed and armature current vs. speed.

For field current control :

1. connect DC shunt motor, voltmeter, ammeters, DC supply, resistance as per circuit

diagram.
2. Initially the resistance is minimum position
3. increase the external field resistance in steps and note the speed and field current .
4. take at least 5 readings to change the field resistance .follow that the speed is not exceed
130% of the rated speed.
5. similarly decrease the field resistance and take the readings.
6. draw the graph between field current vs. speed
Connection diagram :

Armature Voltage Control

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

Armature resistance Control

Field Current Control

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Observation table:

For Armature Voltage Control

[Link] ARMATURE ARMATURE FIELD SPEED(RPM) REMARK
VOLTAGE(volts) CURRENT(amps) CURRENT(amps)

Armature voltage
increasing

Armature voltage
decreasing

For Armature Resistance control

[Link] ARMATURE ARMATURE FIELD SPEED(RPM) REMARK
VOLTAGE(volts) CURRENT(amps) CURRENT(amps)

Armature voltage
increasing

Armature voltage
decreasing

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For field Current control

[Link] ARMATURE ARMATURE FIELD SPEED(RPM) REMARK
VOLTAGE(volts) CURRENT(amps) CURRENT(amps)

Armature voltage
increasing

Armature voltage
decreasing

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EXPERIMENT NO. 4

Study of the characteristics of a compound DC generator (short shunt).

Objective:
Study of the steady state performance of a DC compound generator.

Conduct load test to get the external characteristic of the generator and hence the voltage
regulation of the generator.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC motor DC Generator
Volts: Volts:

Amps: Amps:

KW: KW:

RPM: RPM:

APPARATUS USED:

[Link] NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
 ELECTRICAL MACHINE–I Lab

THEORY:

In a compound generator, both series and shunt excitation are combined as shown in Fig. The
shunt winding can be connected either across the armature only (short-shunt connection S) or
across armature plus series field (long-shunt connection G). The compound generator can be
cumulatively compounded or differentially compounded generator. The latter is rarely used in
practice. It may be noted that external characteristics of long and short shunt compound
generators are almost identical.

In case of short shunt compound generators

External characteristic

Fig. shows the external characteristics

of a cumulatively compounded
generator. The series excitation aids the
shunt excitation. The degree of
compounding depends upon the
increase in series excitation with the
increase in load current.

A. If series winding turns are so

adjusted that with the increase
in load current the terminal
voltage increases, it is called
over-compounded generator. In
such a case, as the load current
increases, the series field m.m.f.

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increases and tends to increase the flux and hence the generated voltage. The increase in
generated voltage is greater than the IaRa drop so that instead of decreasing, the terminal
voltage increases as shown by curve A in Fig.

B. If series winding turns are so adjusted that with the increase in load
current, the terminal voltage substantially remains constant, it is called flat-compounded
generator. The series winding of such a machine has lesser number of turns than the one in
over-compounded machine and, therefore, does not increase the flux as much for a given
load current. Consequently, the full-load voltage is nearly equal to the no-load voltage as
indicated by curve B.

C. If series field winding has lesser number of turns than for a flat compounded machine, the
terminal voltage falls with increase in load

Voltage Regulation

The change in terminal voltage of a generator between full and no load (at constant speed) is
called the voltage regulation, usually expressed as a percentage of the voltage at full-load.

% Voltage regulation= [ (VNL-VFL)/VFL ] × 100

where VNL = Terminal voltage of generator at no load

VFL = Terminal voltage of generator at full load

PRECAUTIONS:

(e) Make sure that field connections of DC shunt motor are proper and three-point starter return
to its zero position before every fresh start.

(f) Use proper range of DC instruments only

PROCEDURE:

10. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

11. Set all rheostats & potential divider at minimum position.

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12. Run the Motor with the help of a DC three-point starter.

13. Set the speed of the Motor-Generator Set at rated speed with the help of Armature control
rheostat.
14. Adjust the field resistance to obtain 220V DC at no-load at rated speed of the DC
generator.
15. Connect resistive load as shown in the connection diagram through the 2-pole switch.
16. Vary the load keeping the Motor-Generator set speed.
17. While adjusting the speed first adjust the armature control rheostat and then field control
rheostat.
18. Tabulate readings of the load current and terminal voltage for various loading conditions
in Table.
19. The connections of series field windings are reversed the above steps are repeated.
20. The values of voltage for the particular currents are compared and then the differential and
cumulative compounded DC generator is concluded accordingly.

RESULT:

TABLE - 1
Motor Generator
[Link] Terminal Terminal Load Field Speed
Current
voltage voltage Current Current
(Amps)
(Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps)

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TABLE – 2 (Series field reversed)

Motor Generator
[Link] Terminal Terminal Load Field Speed
Current
voltage voltage Current Current
(Amps)
(Volts) (Volts) (Amps) (Amps)

REPORT:

4. Using the experimental data obtain the following characteristics.

iv) Generator terminal voltage with speed.

v) Generator terminal voltage with load current.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 05

DETERMINATION OF SPEED OF DC SERIES MOTOR AS A FUNCTION

OF LOAD TORQUE.

Objective
1. To plot the Torque- Speed characteristic of a DC Series Motor.
2. To determine the efficiency of the motor.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC Series Motor DC Shunt Generator

Volts: Volts:

Amps: Amps:

KW: KW:

RPM: RPM:

APPARATUS USED:

[Link] NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS

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Theory :

The speed and torque of a DC motor is given by the following expressions

V  I a ra
N (i)
K

T  Kt I a (ii)

Now for a series motor, flux is proportional to the armature current. Therefore, the above
expressions can be re-written as

V  I a ra
N (iii)
K1 I a

T  K 2 I a2 (iv)

Present experiment will determine how the speed and torque of a DC series motor are related to
each other.

From equation (iii), it can be seen that speed N is inversely proportional to the armature current Ia
(= load current). The equation can be re-written as

V  I a ra
N .I a 
K1

With increase in armature current, the term V  I a ra  does not change very much as I a ra drop is
small compared to V. So the above equation is of the form XY = Constant. Which is the equation
for a rectangular hyperbola. The speed vs. armature current characteristic will be approximately a
rectangular hyperbola as shown in figure – 1.

From equation (iv) it is seen that Torque, T is proportional to the square of the armature current.
Hence the torque vs. armature characteristic will be a parabola as shown in figure - 2. (It may be
noted that after saturation, flux will be constant and torque will then be directly proportional to
the armature current.)

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From the graphs shown in figure 1 & 2, we can arrive at the speed – torque characteristic as
shown in figure – 3. ( Note that if T vs Ia characteristic was linear then the shape of N vs. T
characteristic would be same as N vs Ia characteristic. But as the T vs Ia characteristic ia parabolic,
the N vs. T characteristic will be much more curved.)

PRECAUTIONS:

The DC series motor should never be started on no load condition.

PROCEDURE:

1. Make connection according to the circuit diagram shown in figure- 4

2. Connect the generator as a shunt generator. This is important because a series motor
should not be run on no load.

3. Start the series motor with help of a starting resistance (series motor starter ) . The
generator will act as a load on the series motor.

4. Apply rated voltage to the motor. Record the input voltage , input current, speed of the
motor and output voltage and current of the generator.

5. Increase the load on the DC generator step by and record for each step the speed , current
taken by the motor and the output voltage and current of the generator. Keep the voltage
constant for all the steps.

6. Measure the armature and field resistance of the DC generator by ammeter – voltmeter
method ( as fig-5 )

Connection diagram :

Figure 4

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Figure 5

Observations & results :

MOTOR GENERATOR Calculated values of

Speed of the
set (rpm)
SL Terminal Terminal Field Load
current Torque
NO. voltage voltage current current Efficiency
(amps) (N-M)
(volts) (volts) (amps) (amps)

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Calculations
Copper loss of the DC generator = Ia2R + Vf .If

Where,
Ia = load current of the generator
R = Armature resistance of the generator
Vf = Aplied voltage of the shunt field and
If = Shunt field current of the generator

Input power of generator = Output of generator + Copper loss

Windage, friction and iron losses are neglected.

Input power of generator

Output torque of the Series motor , T is : T 
w

2 N
Where , w = angular speed in radians / sec. of the DC series motor. 
60

N is the speed of the DC series motor.

Thus for each speed , T can be calculated.

For each value of input to the DC series motor , its effiency can be calculated thus :

Output of the motor ( input of the DC generator )

Efficiency 
Input to the motor

REPORT:

5. Using the experimental data plot the following characteristics

a) Load torque and speed.

b) Load torque and armature current.

c) Speed and armature current .

d) Efficiency and armature current.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 6

Polarity test on a single phase transformer

Objective:
The aim of the experiment is to conduct polarity test to determine polarity of single
phase transformer.
Study of different connections of three phase transformers using three single phase
transformers.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1Ф Transformer
Volts:

Amps:

KVA:

APPARATUS USED:

[Link] NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS

Polarity test :

The polarity of any given terminal of any primary winding is determined by the supply voltage
and change after every half-cycle. The instantaneous polarity of the terminals of secondary is
determined by the direction of flux relative to that of primary terminals. For single – phase
working of transformer it is not necessary to find out the polarity, but when two or more single-

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phase transformers are to be connected in parallel or for poly phase operation, it is essential to
find the relative polarities of the winding and terminals and mark them.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the fig .1

2. Note the voltmeter reading.

Observations:

At no load the induced voltages are equal to terminal voltages. If the voltmeter is Connected
between the same polarities of primary and secondary, it will read (E1- E2), else it will read (E1+
E2) [Fig. 2]

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3-phase transformer connections.

When it is necessary to raise or to lower the voltage of a three-phase power supply, by means of
three transformers, any one of the four combinations of connections may be used:

1. Primary in Star and secondary in Star.

2. Primary in Star and secondary in Delta.
3. Primary in Delta and secondary in Delta.
4. Primary in Delta and secondary in Star.

Theoretically, all four combinations may be made to give correct results; but in practice, in a
given case, one particular combination usually has some advantages.
Windings of three‐phase transformers may be connected in star or delta. Depending on the
primary and secondary connections, phase shifts of 0°, +30° and 180° can be produced between
the primary and secondary phase‐to‐neutral voltages.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit diagrams as shown in the connection diagram.

2. Measure the line voltages and phase voltages and tabulate as shown in Table 1(b). For a
ratio ‘n’ and primary line voltage V, the various phase and line voltages will be as shown
in the Table 1(a).

Connection diagrams:

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Result:

Table 1(a) : Various Line & Phase Voltages

Primary Voltages Secondary Voltages
Primary Secondary V V23 V31 V1N V2 N V3 N Vab Vbc Vca VaN VbN VcN
12
connection connection
V V V V V V V V V
Star Star V V V
3 3 3 n n n n 3 n 3 n 3
V V V V V V
Star Delta V V V
3 3 3 n 3 n 3 n 3
V V V
Delta Delta V V V
n n n
V V V V V V
Delta Star V V V
n n n n 3 n 3 n 3

Table 1(b) : Various Line & Phase Voltages (Experimental Data)

Primary Voltages Secondary Voltages
Primary Secondary V V23 V31 V1N V2 N V3 N Vab Vbc Vca VaN VbN VcN
12
connection connection
Star Star

Star Delta

Delta Delta

Delta Star
REPORT:

6. Tabulate the possible Phase displacements & corresponding vector groups for Star/Delta,
Star/Star, Delta/ Delta & Delta/Star connections

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EXPERIMENT NO. 07

Determination of equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer and

efficiency

Objective:

1. To conduct Open circuit & Short circuit test on a single phase transformer.
2. Determination of the equivalent circuit parameters and efficiency of the transformer using
the test data.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1 φ Transformer
Volts:

Amps:

KVA:

APPARATUS USED:

SL. NO. DESCRIPTION RANGE/ RATING MAKERS NAME TAG NO/SERIAL NO

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Open circuit test

The purpose of this test is to determine the core of iron loss (w0), no load current (I0) and there by
the parameters of the shunt branch R0 and X0 of the equivalent circuit .

The core loss and iron loss [Link] no load loss in a transformer is determined by performing the
no load test at normal sine wave impressed voltage . through the iron loss in a transformer is not
governed by the supply being connected to primary or secondary side but when measuring this
no load loss ,it is more convenient and safer from the testing personnel . to determine the shunt
branch, parameter of the equivalent circuit , the primary side (L.V) is connected to a normal
supply voltage and rated frequency and secondary side (H.V) terminal are kept open. The
wattmeter connected in the primary , will then read the total hysteresis and eddy current loss (W0)
in the single phase transformer. Since
VI0cos0=W0 the primary no load current is small ,the copper loss due to it can be neglected . if
the supply voltage is V volts.
Where cos=no load power factor ,I0=no load current
0=cos-1(W0/VI)
No load Current energy component Ie=I0Cos0=W0/V
No load Current magnetizing component IM=(I02-Ie2)=I0sin0

R0=V/ I0Cos0
G0=I0Cos0/V
X0=V/I0sin0
B0=I0sin0/V

Where, R0=shunt branch resistance

X0=shunt branch reactance
B0=shunt branch susceptance
G0=shunt branch conductance
In no load test ,the shunt branch parameters (B0=shunt branch susceptance,G0=shunt branch
conductance) are known.

Procedure

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig. 1.

2. Figure 1 Circuit Diagram for Open – Circuit test.

3. Set the to its minimum value and switch on the supply.

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4. Vary the applied voltage to the primary winding from zero to 120 % of its rated value.

5. Record at each step the readings of all the meters.

6. Reduce the applied voltage to zero value.

7. Switch of the supply.

Short circuit test

The purpose of this test is to determine the full load copper loss and equivalent resistance and
equivalent referred to metering side.

This test is done on a single –phase transformer to find out the series parameters of the equivalent
as well as to obtained the full load copper loss. For this test fig. below terminals of the low
voltage side of the transformer are short circuit and adjust the voltage ( by a factor of 5 to 20
lower than the rated voltage , depending on the type of transformer ) on the other side so that full
load current flows , It is preferable to short circuit the voltage side ( as the current rating of the
side is higher ). This loss during this circuit will be full load copper losses in both the primary and
secondary windings , the core loss being very small and is quit negligible. Precaution is to be
taken about the magnitude of applied voltage at the H.T side such that full load current is not
exceeded.

Therefore , if a wattmeter (U.P.F) is connect in the supply side it will read full load copper loss of
the single- phase transformer.

If ,Ws = wattmeter reading = short circuit power . Vp = supply voltage at short circuit ,Ip=
Primary current . Full load copper loss Pc = IS2Req= Ws

Then equivalent impedance referred to the primary side is

Zeq = VP / IP

Equivalent resistance referred to the primary side is

Req = W / Ip2

While the equivalent reactance referred to the primary side is given by

Xeq2 = Z eq2 - Req2

Procedure

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig. 2. Here the low – voltage winding is short –
circuited by a having negligible resistance and good contacts. Preferable by an ammeter .

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Figure : 2 Circuit Diagram for Short – circuit test.

2. Set the to its minimum value and switch on the supply.

3. Maintain the supply frequency constant ; increase the variable supply voltage from zero, in
small step to a value until the rated primary current ( this will imply rated secondary current as
well ) is reached.

4. Note the reading of all the meters.

5. Reduce the applied voltage to zero value.

6. Switch off the supply.

Observation table:

TABLE -1 ( FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST )

Primary Input Input Active Magnetizing Secondary

voltage(V) current power current current (Im) voltage (V)
(I0) (W0) (Ie) R0 X0

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TABLE -2 ( FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST )

Primary Primary Short circuit Req. = W/ Ip2 Xeq = Zeq = VP / IP

Voltage (Vp) Current (Ip) power (WS) √

REPORT :-

1. Using test data determine the equivalent circuit parameters. Draw the equivalent circuit diagram.

2. Plot the variation of no load power with primary voltage and hence find the core loss at rated
voltage.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 8

Study of different connections of three phase transformer

Objective:
Study of different connections of three phase transformers using three single phase
transformers.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1Ф Transformer
Volts:

Amps:

KVA:

APPARATUS USED:

[Link] NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS

Polarity test:

The polarity of any given terminal of any primary winding is determined by the supply voltage
and change after every half-cycle. The instantaneous polarity of the terminals of secondary is
determined by the direction of flux relative to that of primary terminals. For single – phase
working of transformer it is not necessary to find out the polarity, but when two or more single-
phase transformers are to be connected in parallel or for poly phase operation, it is essential to
find the relative polarities of the winding and terminals and mark them.

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Procedure:

3. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in the fig .1

4. Note the voltmeter reading.

Observations:

At no load the induced voltages are equal to terminal voltages. If the voltmeter is Connected
between the same polarities of primary and secondary, it will read (E1- E2), else it will read (E1+
E2) [Fig. 2]

3-phase transformer connections.

When it is necessary to raise or to lower the voltage of a three-phase power supply, by means of
three transformers, any one of the four combinations of connections may be used:

5. Primary in Star and secondary in Star.

6. Primary in Star and secondary in Delta.
7. Primary in Delta and secondary in Delta.
8. Primary in Delta and secondary in Star.

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Theoretically, all four combinations may be made to give correct results; but in practice, in a
given case, one particular combination usually has some advantages.
Windings of three‐phase transformers may be connected in star or delta. Depending on the
primary and secondary connections, phase shifts of 0°, +30° and 180° can be produced between
the primary and secondary phase‐to‐neutral voltages.

Procedure:

3. Connect the circuit diagrams as shown in the connection diagram.

4. Measure the line voltages and phase voltages and tabulate as shown in Table 1(b). For a
ratio ‘n’ and primary line voltage V, the various phase and line voltages will be as shown
in the Table 1(a).

Connection diagrams:

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Result:

Table 1(a) : Various Line & Phase Voltages

Primary Voltages Secondary Voltages
Primary Secondary V V23 V31 V1N V2 N V3 N Vab Vbc Vca VaN VbN VcN
12
connection connection
V V V V V V V V V
Star Star V V V
3 3 3 n n n n 3 n 3 n 3
V V V V V V
Star Delta V V V
3 3 3 n 3 n 3 n 3
V V V
Delta Delta V V V
n n n
V V V V V V
Delta Star V V V
n n n n 3 n 3 n 3

Table 1(b) : Various Line & Phase Voltages (Experimental Data)

Primary Voltages Secondary Voltages
Primary Secondary V V23 V31 V1N V2 N V3 N Vab Vbc Vca VaN VbN VcN
12
connection connection
Star Star

Star Delta

Delta Delta

Delta Star
REPORT:

7. Tabulate the possible Phase displacements & corresponding vector groups for Star/Delta,
Star/Star, Delta/ Delta & Delta/Star connections

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EXPERIMENT NO. 9

Study of Parallel operation of a single phase transformers

Objective:
To understand the operation of transformers in parallel

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

1Ф Transformers
Volts:

Amps:

KVA:

APPARATUS USED:

[Link] NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS

Theory:

A power transformer is one of the most vital and an equally expensive component in a power
system. It may so happen that, over time, due to load growth in its service area, an existing
transformer may not be able to withstand the demand during peak-hours without exceeding its
long-term MVA rating. Operating a transformer in such a fashion would cause overheating and
degrade its expected life. In most cases, instead of commissioning an entirely new higher capacity
unit, a more viable alternative exists in adding a smaller unit in parallel to complement the
existing one. In other words, a new smaller capacity transformer can now be connected in parallel
to the existing one such that the two shares a large peak load in a specific proportion and the one

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operating near limits is relieved of the burden. Also, during light load conditions, the additive
capacity can be kept offline, if desired.

Fig. 1: Two single-phase Transformers in Parallel

Necessary Conditions:

 The polarities of corresponding primary and secondary terminals of the two transformers
must be same
Referring to Fig.1, if the said condition is not satisfied and the back emfs at the secondary
windings have opposite polarities at the dots, the windings form a closed electric circuit with two
voltage sources of equal magnitude connected in series additively. This results in a very high
circulating current limited only by the winding resistance which is very small. Hence it is
imperative to conduct a polarity test on the two transformers to establish identical winding
polarities

 The no-load primary and secondary voltages of the two transformers should match closely
in magnitude as well as in phase

On similar lines with the previous condition, if the no-load transformer voltages are not equal in
magnitude and phase, a closed electric circuit with a voltage source equal to the difference of
instantaneous secondary voltages is formed and circulating currents are established even before
loads are connected. The circulating currents get reflected on the primary side as well. The more
the phasor difference, more is the circulating current. Hence it is advisable to conduct a test to
verify the no-load rated voltages of the two transformers.

 The per unit impedances of two transformers on their respective Zbases must be equal if the
transformers have to share the load in proportion to their ratings

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Fig. 2: Equivalent Circuit of Two Single-phase Transformers in Parallel

Fig.2. In this figure, the equivalent circuit of transformer is shown with all quantities referred to
the primary side. Also note that all quantities are in complex numbers unless specified otherwise.
IL = I1 + I2

I1 = Z2 /Z1 + Z2 * IL

I2 = Z1 /Z1 + Z2* IL where, Z = R + jX

Consider two transformers of different KVA ratings connected in parallel with the same voltage
ratings. It is desirable that they share the load in proportion of their MVA ratings. Hence we have
in absolute scale (not in per unit),

S1 */S2 *=V1*I1/V2*I2

Procedure:

For each of the transformers, note down the name plate ratings and determine the rated currents
for both the windings. The two units must have identical voltage ratings or the same
transformation ratio. Also, it is assumed that we have the leakage impedance parameters
determined for each unit through short-circuit tests already performed. A. First, perform the
polarity test on each of the units and label or note down terminals with the same polarity B. Also,
confirm that no-load secondary voltages of both transformers match in magnitude. If possible,
also check the respective instantaneous phase angles. Note: It is important to perform both these
tests before attempting the parallel operation. C. Perform the SC test to find out leakage
impedance parameters of the two transformers. Attempt to calculate the power sharing
analytically using equivalent circuit of transformer. D. With the primaries in unenergized state,
connect a common load across the transformer secondaries, with the load kVA rating not
exceeding the total kVA rating of the two units. E. Slowly increase the autotransformer voltage
until rated voltage appears across the primaries of each transformer.

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Observation:

Sl. Primary current Secondary current Load current Load voltage

No
T1 T2 T1 T2

 Calculation of active, reactive and apparent power delivered to the load by each
unit
 Determination of power sharing between the two units
REPORT:

1. Calculate the circulating current in two paralleled single-phase transformers with leakage
impedance 5% each and no-load voltage difference of 1%. Express in percentage of full
load current.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 10

DETERMINATION OF TEMPARATURE RISE AND EFFICIENCY OF THE

TRANSFORMER(BACK TO BACK TEST)

OBJECTIVE: To conduct the Sumpner’s test, or Back to Back test on two identical transformers
to predetermine their efficiency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

[Link] NAME OF THE RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

APPARATUS

NOTE: Use 2 similar rating transformers.

PROCEDURE:

[Link] are made as shown in the circuit diagram (9).

[Link] keeping the 1-Ф auto-transformers (1) and (2) in zero out-put positions,
SPST switch (S3) and DPST switch (S2) in open positions, the supply switch (S1) is
closed.

3. Vary the 1-Ф auto-transformer no-(1) gradually and apply the rated voltage of
the transformer. [say 230V]

4. The reading of voltmeter (V2) connected across the SPST switch (S3) is observed.
It should read zero; if not, the auto-transformer is brought back to its initial zero
out-put position, open the supply switch (S1) and interchange one of the
transformer’s secondary terminals.

[Link] the supply switch (S1), repeat step no-3. Close SPST switch (S3). (By
ensuring voltmeter (V2) reads zero). The watt-meter (W0), voltmeter (V1) and
ammeter (I1) readings are noted down.

[Link] (S2) is closed and by operating the auto-transformer (2) very slowly, a
low voltage is applied such that rated current flows through the transformer. The
wattmeter (WCU) and ammeter (I2) readings are noted down.

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7. The auto-transformers (2) and then (1) are brought back to their initial zero
out- put positions, the DPST switch (S2), SPST switch (S3), and supply switch (S1)
are opened.

TABULAR COLUMN:

 V1  I1  Wo  I2  Wc
 S  (V  (A  (A
(Watt) u
l. No olts) mps) mps)  (
Watt)
     

























NOTE: =( x Wattmeter Reading)

Where, =

=( x Wattmeter Reading)

Where, =

MODEL GRAPH:

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CALCULATION:

Rated current of Transformer =

Total Iron loss in both transformers = Wi = Watt

Iron loss in each transformer = Wi/2 =

Full load total Copper loss of both transformers = Wcu= Watt

Full load Copper loss of each transformer = WCU/2 = = ___________________________

Watt

a. For combined efficiency (ŋ)

% ɳ= ( )

Then, % ɳ= ( )

NOTE: S = Rating of the transformer in KVA (i.e., 2 KVA is used here)

{S = 4:-for combined efficiency of transformers.
S = 2:-for efficiency of each transformer.}

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b. For individual efficiency (ŋ)

%ɳ=( )

Therefore, % ɳ= ( )

Combined efficiency (ŋ) Individual efficiency(ŋ)

Sl. No x (Load) pf %ŋ Sl. No x (Load) pf %ŋ

01. 01.

02. 02.
UPF UPF
03.
03.
04.
04.
05.
05.
06.
06. 0.7
0.7 07.
07.
08.
08.

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