Note – Loading, Unloading & Reloading plot :-

➢ A-B ⇒ Virgin curve / Fresh curve / NCS

➢ B-C ⇒ Swelling Curve /Rebound curve/ expansion curve / unloading curve
➢ C-D ⇒ Recompression curve/Reloading curve /OCC
➢ D-G ⇒ Virgin curve /Fresh curve /NCC curve
➢ NCS has more settlement than OCS it
means NCS is more compressible and
less stable than OCS.

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➢ Due to effect of stress some coefficient are considered.

(a) Graph between void ratio vs effective stress :-

➢ Arithmetical scale e0
➢ concave
➢ 20 parabola (non-linear)
➢ NCS/Virgin curve
➢ Slope = av = coefficient of compressibility

e1

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➢ Coefficient of compressibility represent decrease in void ratio
per unit increase in effective stress.
➢ It represents the change in magnitude of volume,
compressibility, settlement, consolidation.
➢ av ↑ ⇒ ( Compressibility, consolidation, settlement, change in
volume)↑
➢ av is not used widely because in large variation of effective
stress that graph is non-linear.
➢ It is used only for small effective stress rang because in small
effective stress range it behaves as linear/Constant rate.

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(b). Graph between void ratio Vs log effective Stress :-
➢ Semi-log scale
➢ NCC/Virgin Curve
➢ straight line /10
➢ Slope, e0

⇒
e1

Where,
(―) sign represents negative slope
CC = Compression index or coefficient of compression (Unitless)
240
➢ CC also represent compressibility, settlement, volume change etc.
➢ Use of CC is more than av because in large stress range value of CC is constant
rate.
➢ For most of clays, ( CC = 0.1 – 0.8).

Note – By empirical formula (Casagrande) :-

(i). For Undisturbed /Fresh Soil –

CC = 0.009 (wL – 10)

(ii). For disturbet/ Remoulded soil :-

CC = 0.007 (wL – 10 ) wL – liquid limit in %

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Note -2. For OCS Soil :-
➢ Semi-log Slope
➢ Convex e0
➢ OCC
➢ Non-linear
➢ 20 parabola e
e1

Cr = recompression index (Unitless)

242
➢ With the help of graph, value of CC (NCC) is greater than value of Cr (OCC).

CC > Cr

➢ NCC soil is more compressible & Less stable than OCC.

➢ CC signifies in total settlement in clay.

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❖ Terzaghi Consolidation theory :-
❑ Mechanism of Consolidation :-

➢ Terzaghi explains theory of consolidation by mechanism of spring & piston

analogy.
➢ This model consist of a cylindrical vessel with series of spring connected with
piston.
➢ In this vessel, water can drain out only in vertical direction (upwards).
244
➢ There are following similarities in this setup.
Spring piston model Soil
Spring Soil solids
Water surrounding the springs Pore water
Vessel Soil
Perforation in piston Voids in soil
Stress in spring Effective stress in solids

➢ At t = 0 , Δσ = Δu = hγw , =0
➢ At t = ∞ Δu = 0 , = Δσ

Δu = excess pore water pressure

245
Note – Double phase of drainage is considered
t =0 Δσ Δu = Δσ
H H H

Δσ Δu
t = t1
H H
H

Δσ Δu = 0
t=∞
H H H

246
Note-
(1). The graph between pore water pressure and depth (varry with time) is known
as isochrones.
(2). Consolidation is the function of effective stress only. It is not the function of
total stress.

❖ Terzaghi 1-D consolidation /Oedometer test :-

❑ Assumptions:-
➢ Soil mass should be homogenous, isotropic & semi infinite.
[ Semi infinite means depth is finite & area is infinite ].
➢ Darcy’s law should be valid. (Flow is laminar and soil is saturated)
➢ The soil mass remains saturated.
➢ The soil mass should be undisturbed (For clays).
➢ Only primary consolidation occurs and secondary consolidation is neglected.
247
➢ The flow of water is only in vertical direction (1-D) and soil is laterally
confined.
➢ The strain produced is very small.
➢ At small loading rate effective stress Vs void ratio is assumed to be linear. It
means av is considered linear.
Drainage face (sand)
t = 0, Δu = Δσ,
Δσ

t =∞ , Δu = 0,
Z
H
dz Diameter = 60mm
Thickness = 20 mm
Clay

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Δσ Drainage face (sand)
❖ According to Terzaghi :-

➢ Where,
CV = Coefficient of consolidation which represents rate of consolidation.
➢ It is the basic 2-D differential equation which relates the rate of change of
excess pore pressure to the rate of change of expulsion of pore pressure from
a unit volume of soil mass during particular time.
➢ We know that,
k = CV mV γw
(i)
249
➢ Where, mv is coefficient of volume compressibility

From (i)

⇒ Unit – m2/sec

250
Note – total stress increment (Δσ)

Excess pore water pressure developed (t = 0, Δu = σ)

Excess pore water pressure decreases with time

Effective stress increase with time

Note (1). av = Coefficient of compressibility (m2/kN, mm2/N, cm2/kg)

CC = Coefficient of compression/ compression index (unit less)
Cr = coefficient of recompression / recompress index (unit less)
CV = Coefficient of consolidation (m2/sec, cm2/sec, mm2/sec)
mv = Coefficient of volume compressibility (m2/kN, mm2/N)

251
➢ There are following concept developed during 1-D consolidation test. Which
are given below -

(i) Drainage path ratio :- (Ƶ)

➢ Where,
d = Drainage path i.e. longest path travelled by any water molecule to
reach drainage face
Z = Except longest path travelled by any water molecule to reach at
drainage face.
➢ For two way drainage,
➢ For one way drainage, d = H
Note - Ƶ↓ ⟶ t ↑
252
(ii). Degree of consolidation :- (%u)
➢ It is the function of ultimate consolidation which is completed at
any stage of time during consolidation.
➢ t = 0, Δσ = ui, , e = e0 , ΔH = 0
➢ t = t1, Δu = u , , e = e , ΔH ≠ 0
➢ t = tf , Δu = Δuf , , e = ef, ΔH = max.

➢ Degree of consolidation can be computed by following

method.

253
(a) When settlement is known at any time ‘t’ :-
➢ Let us assume ΔH is ultimate consolidation settlement & Δh is settlement any
stage or any time ‘t’

(b). When void ratio is known at any stage :-

(e0 > e > e100)

➢ e0 = Void ratio at he beginning (t = 0)
➢ e = Void ratio at any time ‘t’
➢ e100 = Void ratio after completion consolidation (t = ∞)
254
(c). When excess pore water pressure is known at any stage :-

➢ ui = Excess pore water pressure at t = 0

➢ u = Excess pore water pressure at t = t1
➢ uf = Excess pore water pressure at t = ∞

(iii). Time factor :- (TV)

➢ It is a dimension less parameter which relate the degree of consolidation and
the time required for that consolidation.

➢ Mathematically,

255
➢ Where, CV = Coefficient of consolidation.
t = Time required for consolidation.
d = Length of drainage path.

Case (i). u ≤ 60 % ,

Case (ii). u > 60 %

➢ TV = 1.781 – 0.933 log10 (100 – u) ( u in %)

➢ Tv = - 0.0851 – 0.933 log10 (1 – u) (u in fraction)

256
 %u TV
0% 0
50% 0.196
90% 0.848
100% ∞

Note –
➢ For 100% consolidation, infinite time is required i.e. practically is not possible.
➢ We assumed, if consolidation is 90% or more then consolidation is fully
occurs.

257
(iv). Determination of coefficient of consolidation :- (CV)
➢ It represents rate of consolidation and it depends upon coefficient of
permeability of soil mass.
➢ It increases if effective stress increases.
➢ It decreases with increases in liquid limit.
➢ wL↑ ⟶ compressibility ↑⟶ VV ↑⟶ VW ↑⟶ t ↑⟶ CV↓
➢ ↓ CV ∝ k ↓ ∝ 1/t ↑

➢ It can be determined by two method.

(a). Casagrande method/ Logarithmic curve time fitting method
(b). Taylor’s method/Square root curve time fitting method.

258
(a). Casagrande method/logarithmic curve time fitting method :-
➢ This method is given for 50% degree of consolidation.

➢ Where, t50 = time required for 50% degree of consolidation

T50 = Time factor for 50% degree of consolidation.

(b). Taylor’s method /square root curve time fitting method :-

➢ This method is given for 90% degree of consolidation.

➢ Where, t90 = Time required for 90% degree of consolidation.

T90 = Time factor for 90% degree of consolidation. 259
Note – Taylor’s method is used better for soil which have high compressibility.

(v). Determination of Settlement :-

Total settlement ,
(S = Si + SC + SS )

(i). Immediate settlement :-

(a). For sand :-

➢ Where, H0 = initial thickness.

= initial effective stress
= Change in effective stress
CS = Settlement coefficient
Cr = Static cone penetration test in kN/m2. 260
(b). For Clay :-

Where, q = pressure on base of footing

B = width of footing.
μ = poisson ratio of soil.
ES = Young’s modulus of elasticity of soil.
It = Shape factor / Influence factor which depends upon L/B ratio,
rigidity and location of water table.

261
(ii). Primary settlement :- (SC)
(a). When change in void ratio is known :-

H0, e0 ΔH, Δe

H1, e1
Where,
H1 = thickness after settlement
e0 = initial void ratio
H0 = Initial thickness
ΔH = ultimate /final settlement
Δe = change in void ratio

262
(b). When coefficient of volume compressibility (m V) is known:-
➢ We know that,

➢ Multiply by on both numerator & denominator

263
(c). When coefficient of compression (CC) is known :-
➢ We know that,

➢ Multiply by log10 on numerator & denominator.

➢ ΔH ∝ CC

264
(iii). Secondary Consolidation :-

➢ Where,
CS = Secondary coefficient index.
H100 = Thickness after 100% consolidation.
e100 = Void ratio after 100% consolidation.
t = Consolidation at any time.
t100 = time required for 100% consolidation

265