Chapter (7)

Sampling Distributions
Examples

How to draw sample from population

Number of samples
(K)

With Without
replacement replacement

The order of The order of

Number of
selected objects selected objects
samples = 𝑵𝒏
is not important is important

Combination Permutation
(K=𝑪𝑵
𝒏) (K=𝑷𝑵
𝒏)

1
Example (1): textbook (slide 4-9)
The following data represent age of individuals in a population;
N=4 . The ages are 18, 20, 22, 24 years.
1) Find the population mean.
2) If the order is important, how many different samples of 2 are possible
without replacement? Find the mean of all the sample means.
3) How many different samples of 2 are possible without replacement? Find
the mean of all the sample means.
4) Are the means equal?
5) What the property called?
Solution:
1) The population mean=   
X 18  20  22  24 84
   21
N 4 4
2) The number of samples selected without replacement when the order is
important is:
𝑁! 4!
𝐾 = 𝑃𝑛𝑁 = = = 12
(𝑁 − 𝑛)! (4 − 2)!

1st obs 2nd observation

18 20 22 24
18 - (18, 20) (18, 22) (18, 24)
20 (20, 18) - (20, 22) (20, 24)
22 (22, 18) (22, 20) - (22, 24)
24 (24, 18) (24, 20) (24, 22) -

Sample number(i) Samples X Xi   X i  

2

1 18,20 19 -2 4
2 18,22 20 -1 1
3 18,24 21 0 0
4 20,18 19 -2 4
5 20,22 21 0 0
6 20,24 22 1 1
7 22,18 20 -1 1
8 22,20 21 0 0
9 22 ,24 23 2 4
10 24,18 21 0 0
11 24, 20 22 1 1
12 24,22 23 2 4
 X  252 0 20
2
 N

X i
252
The samples mean is:  x  i 1
  21
k 12
3) The number of samples selected without replacement when the order is not
important is:
4∗3
𝐾 = 𝐶𝑛𝑁 = 𝐶24 = =6
2

1st obs 2nd observation

18 20 22 24
18 - (18, 20) (18, 22) (18, 24)
20 - - (20, 22) (20, 24)
22 - - - (22, 24)
24 - - - -

Number of sample samples X

1 (18,20) 19
2 (18,22) 20
3 (18,240 21
4 (20,22) 21
5 (20,24) 22
6 (22,24) 23
 X  126
The samples mean is:  x  
126 X
 21 
K 6
4) Yes, the means are equal.    x  21

5) This property is called the unbiased property of the sample mean.

Example (2):
Random samples of size 3 were selected (with replacement) from populations’
size 6 with the mean 10 and variance 9. Find the number of all possible samples,
the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
Solution:
a. N  6 n  3   10  2  9 ,  3 with replacement 

The number of samples  k  N n  6 3  216

 x    10
 3
x    1.73
n 3

3
Example (3)
Given a normal distributed with µ = 30, σ = 12, and n = 25. What is the
probability that X is:
1. Less than 36?
2. Between 27 and 34?
3. Less than 27?
4. The probability is 95% that the sample mean will be between what two
values symmetrically distributed around the population means?
5. Probability that X is?
6. Greater than 27?
7. Between 23 and 27?
8. There is a 72% chance that X is above what value?
9. There is a 72% chance that X is below what value?
[Link] than 34?
[Link] 33 and 34?
[Link] is a 43% chance that X is above what value?
[Link] is a 43% chance that X is below what value?
[Link] 30 and 34?
[Link] 27 and 30?

Solution:
1) Less than 36?
 
 
36  30 
PX  36   P Z 

 12 
 
 25 
 6 
 P Z    pZ  2.5  P2.5  0.9938
 2.4 

4
2) Between 27 and 34?
 
 
 
P27  X  34   P
27 30 34 30 
Z
 12 12 
 
 25 25 
 3 4 
 P Z   p 1.25  Z  1.67   P1.67   P 1.25
 2.4 2.4 
 0.9525  0.1056  0.8469

3) Less than 27?

 
 
27  30 
PX  27   P Z 

 12 
 
 25 
 3 
 P Z    pZ  1.25  P 1.25  0.1056
 2.4 

4) The probability is 95% that the sample mean will be between what two values
symmetrically distributed around the population means.
Since the interval contains 95% of the sample means (1-0.95 = 0.05)
0.05 of the sample means will be outside the interval
Since the interval is symmetric, 0.05 will be above the upper limit and
0.025 will be below the lower limit.

5
 From the standardized normal table, the Z score with 2.5% (0.0250)
below it is -1.96 and the Z score with 2.5% (0.95+0.0250=0.9750) above
it is 1.96.

Calculating the upper limit of the interval


 30  1.962.4  30  4.704  34.704
12
XU    Z  30  (1.96)
n 25

Calculating the lower limit of the interval


 30  1.962.4  30  4.704  25.296
12
XL    Z  30  (1.96)
n 25

5) Greater than 27?

 
 

PX  27   P Z  
27 30
 12 
 
 25 
 3 
 P Z    pZ  1.25  1  P 1.25  1  0.1056  0.8944
 2.4 

6
 6) Between 23 and 27?
 
 
 
P23  X  27   P
23 30 27 30 
Z
 12 12 
 
 25 25 
7 3
 P Z   p 2.92  Z  1.25  P 1.25  P 2.92 
 2.4 2.4 
 0.1056  0.0018  0.1038

7) There is a 72% chance that X is above what value?

1- 0.7200 = 0.2800
Z = -0.58

X    Z X    Z
n
 12 
= 30   0.58   30  0.58(2.4)  30  1.392  28.608
 25 

8) There is a 72% chance that X is below what value?

0.7200
Z = 0.58

X    Z X    Z
n
 12 
= 30  0.58   30  0.58(2.4)  30  1.392  31.392
 25 

7
9) Greater than 34?

 
 
34  30 
PX  34   P Z 

 12 
 
 25 
 4 
 P Z    pZ  1.67   1  P1.67   1  0.9525  0.0475
 2.4 

10) Between 33 and 34?

 
 
33  30 34  30 
P33  X  34   P  Z
 12 12 
 
 25 25 
 3 4 
 P Z   P1.25  Z  1.67   P1.67   P1.25
 2.4 2.4 
 0.9525  0.8944  0.0581

8
 11) There is a 43% chance that X is above what value?

1-0.4300=0.5700
Z = 0.18

X    Z X    Z
n

 12 
 30  0.18   30  0.18(2.4)  30  0.432  30.432
 25 

12) There is a 43% chance that X is below what value?

0.43
Z =- 0.18

X    Z X    Z
n
 12 
 30   0.18   30  0.18(2.4)  30  0.432  29.568
 25 

9
13) Between 30 and 34?

 
 
 
P30  X  34   P 
30 30 34 30
Z 
 12 12 
 
 25 25 
 0 4 
 P Z    p0  Z  1.67   P1.67   0.5000
 2.4 2.4 
 0.9525  0.5000  0.4525

14) Between 27 and 30?

 
 
27  30 30  30 
P27  X  30   P  Z
 12 12 
 
 25 25 
 3 0 
 P Z   P 1.25  Z  0  0.5000  P 1.25
 2.4 2.4 
 0.5000  0.1056  0.3944

11
 Example (4)
Suppose that n  100,   0.3 . Using the normal approximation for the binomial probabilities find:
1. The sample distribution of the proportion
2. The standard error of the proportion
3. PP  0.25
4. P(0.25 ≤ p ≤ 0.30)
5. PP  0.25
Solution:
x
1) The mean sample distribution of the proportion =  p  p     0.3
n
 1    0.31  0.3
2) The standard error of the proportion =  p    0.0458
n 100
 0.25  0.3 
PP  0.25  P Z    PZ  1.09
3)  0.0458 
 1  P 1.09   1  0.1379  0.8621

 0.25  0.30 0.30  0.3 

P0.25  P  0.30  P Z   P 1.09  Z  0
4)  0.0458 0.0458 
 0.5  p 1.09  0.5  0.1379  0.3621

 0.25  0.3 
PP  0.25  P Z    PZ  1.09
5)  0.0458 
 0.1379

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