M

P a g e No.
YOUVA
Date

onitoR
ducpre
niaga to porduce / tomrof
- an
- nesngiaorcan snuaist not alife process
titi →
houtw
process in which an orgarsin oedsucpr hte fertite
off spnirgs of hteri own kind.
htey ear aslo
able ot broduce
Importance /Significance:- hteve nwo kind.

continuation fo the species (otherwise: )tieixt

•
manatinaince of coogical balance
sexual reproduction brings about variation
dif ni charades om
rf
parent
•
sesuac evouloitn

variations: - the differences in the characters fo na

organisen from that of its parental generation.
reasons for variation :
O mutation is DNA (meosis)
recombination during sexual reproduction-
example: bacteria, water reservion
onsiativarare beneficial for species but not
that ump. to evig surity of survival
 Page No
YOUVA
Date

Variations are ulfeus for vlaviurs of species over-

time but not necessarily for the individual.

Ques. Why odgonarsi bok ?ram

lisi
- because their body designs are similar
- blue- brist of body designs are similar
[Link] Why body-designs of m
naga are m
sia?rli
- blue - print of body gnsisde are similar
Q
.seu What seod reproduction at its most basic level
involves? - making the copies of h te blue-prints
of the body design.
Ques.
In ah form does the information for antcehier
tw
of ueasfrt from parent to mest generation
atels palce? - chromosomes en the nucelus
of a cell contai information for the inheritance
& features from parents to nest generaoitn
in form of D A mdecules
N
Q
seu What is hte inf. source for making the proteins?
- DNA vi the all nucleus is the sounc fo
information for making the proteins.
lus. What i s the basic event i reproduction
- creation of DNA copy
 Date
TO
UT
A

Ques yhnaA
w sN
iadD y
p
o
ditionalc o
c
a
md
e
p
n
a
l
u
r
ai
l
e
c a b a r ayb
t u h
ste
: c
r
eao
i
tn o
f
because hte ypoc puhsed tuowil notevah ausy
organised cellular structure rof maratinug
eus. A gnysoc
N
Why seod D evah some [Link]
each t i m e .
ecuismabeil onbsuieic-echemicaonlitcaer sicompeltyl
 Types foAresual Referoduction
multiple

3Fragmentationration
4 Regene
5 Spore formatio
n
n (tissue culture)
6Micro propogatio
ea
t i
tve po
r poga o
ti n
7Veg

y
t pe f
o asexual reproduction ni
Fussion:- it is a
whcih the parent body breaks /divides ot form
daughter orgassms. v
i d
i e
Jesson - to bre ak / d
multiple
binary
(two) (таму)
 Date

OBniary Eusoin- pwtaorentdaught vidiesm

ydoberdorganism. otrof
-ge prootzons a(mocba.m
bacteria
um
ai,ceroap elsihmasai)
ell membrane
Nucleus

Amoeba

)D Elongation foNucleus uselnuc becomes

em
udlb hpadse
elongates -ot dvidie

2) Formation of w
to daughter cels
daughter
nuclei

Division of cytoplasus
 onitnaeFor of two daughter cels
YOUV
A

• reD
thgua ausebe

hL
sm
eiani - eticapra that
causes blade
evfer K
(a-al
угорани raz

Nucleus
flagella pw
ih( like urstcuter)
plasma membrane

丸 Hw o briary fission ni leishmania si differ

orfm that of amoeba? - ding of. both ent
nI ander to undergo binary fission elsielmanai
oerinst itelf ni aperticular plane w.r.t sti
outde - pagela and then divides.

)1 Elongation foNudeus

nucleus elongates
- and become
dumble shaped
 WI
P a g e No.

Date
YOU
VL

2 .
onitnaFor of two daughter nude

w
t noudcaul ghter

vii fo cytoplasen starta

onisD

4 continued cytoplasmic division

5
formation fo w
t o daughter leithmania
 YOUV
A

Multiple onisFi
eg- lodi
saupm
m (prootzoan)
xavV
i
- m anial etacipr
уреdivideздd аoлехtна неры. u whchi epnatr ydob gest
form m u lt ip le / many daughter
ogramam
-ge Plasmodium - malarian paracite
Nucteus
cell membrane
→cyst (develops auly when conditions
cytoplass are unfaronable)

Elangation of nudens
- nucleus becomes doumble-
shaped
to daughter nude
Formation fow
wo daughter nuclei
=T
 1 9 6R

Date

Eolngoaitn of two daughter

Nurtu

t o elargated daughter nucle

w

formations of four da
ug
- ruoF reughdta nuchi hter Nedéi

Eolnoginat of 4 nuchi
(daughte
elougated elcun

Eight daughter nudli

Division of cyto plasur

cytoplasm si divided orf

each n u d i

cyst breaks andreudgaht -

basmodias are
released
 "Age H o
Y O U VA
Datel

type of asesual oniodpeurtc ni which the

ngudi
B - ne w orga ns mi s gormed ferom a bu d.
u d : P r o t r u b e r e n c e , o u t a r o w t h ou
La ttr al es tcu sia s
dra, Yeast
сд - Hy
Yeats - (Unicllular )Fungi
→ c e l t walt
→ le mmarbee
em
lcu
> saeN
food vacuole
cytoplasm

Nuecls orientsseftli to
the periphery

II Nucleus congates andeht

bulging takes place

Cytoplasm divides and

bud si formed
 W
P a g e No.:

Date YOU
YA

Chain of Bud is formed.

Hydra
(multi-cellular es(gtrung
sadobhli
s_tC и
ц
)с
aquantic
organie) →Tentices
hypostome
gastrovascular ca
nity

Formation fo B
du

→ Bud hydra

Bud detaches from hte

parent body and falls
o n t o a substerantum
 P a g eN o

Date
YOUVA

Bud grows to f o r a new

3. Regenoeiarnt: ti si a epyt foasenual seproduction

iehcw
ih the ogramam si elbaot opdruce anew
ganisin from its tucbody parst.
уа
дн
ед - Раланія, Н
→. .
1
nudimen tary
yes)
plassaria

regeneraoitn of Planaria palnaari

multicellular

o rg a n i s i n , b u t
susple organisation)
Planaris- animal platyhemithes, flattened
h
new o
by
d o f pl anaria c us
t in to ben
i s ac cd
i entay
l
erates its best parts 1t regenerates sa ti has
it regen cus
special y
tpe f
o els - regenerative/ pr ife
ol ed
rat
accidently →asesual нерн., normaly performs
sexual reproduction.
 P a g eN o .

Date YOUVA

4.
rota
F
Spore noim
→unicellular, asexual repr. all/ w it
spores - Apran
› eluma ge
nalla
Boang0A
→Rhizopus hyphae
hyphaes bread
together Bread mould) ckits(keil
str)
mrof fungus
тусевіши Rhizoids

type of asenual reproduction ni which eht new

ogramam si formed ferom a spore
nes ei fungi like Rhizopus
• when roti/breedgets noten- develop some patches -
htese bcahtes are bread mould w e su mycelium.
(grem- black) bunch of hypet
when spores fall no bread, get nutrients, if warmth
and moisture si present, ti grows, to form
• blob-like structure: sporangia: when ge
ts matured .
burst - release spores.
.5
veivategtPropogation
- type fo asesual reproduction inplants,
where vegeatvite parts of the plant are wid
rof reperoduction / perenation.
лоп( черно) Plast Pariti

vegetative sptar Productive parts

 P a g eN o

Date
YOUVA

t a) flowers
a )r o o
b )stem
c ) eafl

Nualrt get Propogation

veitaV
t Tub er - pota to
eS
m
wen ntapl

eyc
a:scar
poaot has ynm eye - evah abilty ot
m
rof a new plant under favenrable condoitns
potatoe →stem only
.2 LeafduB
cy. Byphylum, Kolenchoe, Begonia

1
luf
bud ne belnt
w

- shecothave leaf buds

m
- eafl beds as they fall on surface
- yhet grow to form a new plant
 YOUYA
hets

a
3. R oo k e f - qua-wnew pa
ust esnerge
ots
f r o m t h e so
- these plants glow
to foum a new t o e
n e wp o w
2 ⼼woot

Vevgiaet Propogation
+

Natural A
caifltr
heaf Bud - I Cutg
bryophy lum, Koelnchoe, -ge Rose, sugarcaue,
Begonia Beugenivilea, banraua, Chyrsan aht
m
2 Sem
t 2. Layening
Potatoe e- Fasmine,
3 toR
o Hibiscus
quava 3. Grafting
- Мандо
Artificial →
cuting

oblique
cut_ seil
erov surface area new rose blaut
 YOUVA

bn
a
rch na
er
aketbnidhtitei such yw oail
Jasmus - not an erect
t s Haut
aathat one dneis in constact
it seil ethue com i es aut dot sail
•atrap ofnbutraschs is c
sa
rped -ep
xoe
s
uient
to teg cut
yqueiobl
e plant →
rost dereolp→ nw

quaftung
- Fake two enrtffdivarietes of faut
•takew
orel ptarof one plants -stem +roots →
ostck
- and - upper patr →Scion
ge. Mango - but socin foDussheri no stock ofBodam

to parts will be super imposed

w
ply wet sail around, cover wpoylchyne -w
aprdaert
 YOUV
A

.6 Fragmentation
→cellwall
→ u l m e m b ra n e
arnstd
→cytoplasmic
chio roplast

ilament o f sboro
(Pond silke)

type of asenual reproduction ui which hte

filament breaks into peices/ fragments upon
maturation and develops ot form anew filament
when filament becomes mature, it breaks into
secipe / fragments
theseадм.fragments grow and form new filament.
 Yo u v a

How is Fregmentation in Spiroggna dilf

fe-rom Regen i
eraton in ?ainarPl
asexual rep r i n Passaria happens on
accidental situation b u t i n spirogyra i t
happens o n m at ur al ió n.
Dual
- A sgeadnvta dohmte of oprnoigat
veitavget P
• festes
sanptl which evahlost their ability ot produce
dus can leow
grn
• ylear flowe sung and fruitg
• blants peroduced are identical to parent

Sexual Reproduction
nI Flowernig Plants
flowers - reproductive part
- → m
giats
(Corolla) Petals
→Style
piste /
- auther
→Окану carpell
stamess
іи
Супоесш
filament Thalamus
ананолим
→Sepal (Calyx)
 :uesalbi h i b i s c u s / s o r e
YOUVA
unisennal: Papaya, Melon

tar/4Whorls of plant:-
4 sP
1.
Calys / Sepal accessary (
nou- e s s e t i a l
→ oniectoptr of floral Bud
2 . Coralla | Petals
→ attract riseds for oniatiplol essential whouls
.3 /aprel / Gyrnocuim
Piste C
.4. Stamen/ Androccium ylecrtdi involved
n i re fr o duction
Activities / Events i ientaPl

Pre fertilisation evenst →Pollination

4

2 . fertilsation events
3. Post- fertilisation events

Pre- Fertilisation events:

Polination - trausfer of polen grains from auther

ot stigma +

SU-f: CHOss: -
→
transfer fo polen nsiagr from →transfer of polen grains
auhten ot stigma fohte same from auther ot stigma of
Hower another flower of same
pout/ another plant.

Fertilisation - fusion of mael and femael gametes

to form zygoet.
 PageM
o

Date YOUVA

EL
B
U
O
D F
E
S
R
A
L
O
TIIN dNa TRIPLE EUSION
wglalis nelpol queus
с м
→ setgnm
aila veigean(tr all)
→nelpol ebut

→M
A
aN
U
pedianlt <
> poelm nuchi
synergids ge (female gamete)
- guide preten
t u b et o
e n t e r ovate _ eorniati of pollengeun
Gm
ro stigma
one retofchromosomes
Syngamy
• + 0 " .
→
zygote
2n

eal gamite Female

m developes ot cuibuyo
gamete
Triple Fusion
3n
+ → PEN
male gamete polar nuclei рнітачу
endosperm
( neucleus
act as nutuitive suiet
Formatiou of endosperm follous then formaoitn
(pucedes)
brovites nutrients
 YOUV
Dete A

-gc Humand
n
→ haplaid 2 3 m
osorehc
2n → diploid 64moesorhc → o/m sm
inor|tala
→
n3 triploid 3set foc e o m . body ells
Reproductive sluc | ens alls -doiplha
4 erierden ot resotre m
om
oesorhc tnuoc fut.
w?
y
h " un
d ero g vdu
- at tive of feutilzers w
c
ti
o na
l o
n
is v
id
i /m e
acs
i
ot doiplha cells would
m
orf a dpioldi llu- zyqote
PostFertilisation Evenst ni ow
F
tulsre
1) Sepals wither/ peel ffo Panlst
)2 slaPte pul o f
3) Ovary → freut (fertilised ovary)
4) Oveu→
l suds 1 fertilised ovule)

fruit: fertilised overy

sud: fertilised ovule

Seed:- seed goumination: - future

(Rajma, Dicat seed:- Plumule → shoot
chickpea) Te s t a
-2 cotyledons →Tegmen cost
(cover)
д - днам
Cotyledons Radical →rost
(two lobes)
- storefood
other monocots: cereals - jwar
( 1 lobe)
cotyledous →ford storage
 Page No.

Sed gerrination
- undu aprop conditions hte seeds gets
Tramfored to sudlings

Sexual ouitoR
ducpre
I n Human Beings
y:tPurbe ouet / m cense fothe
tenom
secondary senual charactristies
changes.
females: 10-13 ysear - hspare dureig
measl: 131-5 years necsedaol

Common change-s
1) opm
dvelnet fo hair ou body especially in aumpit t
segnahc un vcoei pubci region
deveolpment fo genital organs
4) sweat a sebaceous (cil) becomes active

seguahcni Males:
•voice starts cracking and become hoarse
• development of beard and moustach
• body becomes more muscular
changes in Females:
• menstunal cycle begins
• dv
e l
eopmn
e t f
o mm
a my
r
a a
gl nds (breast)
• deposition of fat ii hip region
 ulase
M cy
elC may vany
- Ideally for 28 days in henan ferrates thords,
- degenrated eggt vein,
Mensural phases: there is menstrual fow/discharge
1-5 syad quawth of endouh.
raucliFol phase edaetrfiporl/ 31-6 →dev. sf fellicles.
onytavule phase: osculation: release of eva prom
oxule on 14th yad
4 heuatl phase / Secoerty phase: uopc letem
sm iortfa
onm
(15-28) secretion of progustres

usreut →living becomes thicker dna ygnops

- menstural flow balees place
- every meus. uterus perpares itself assumung feutilisatis
dna infl- aktes place
- endometriun (inner) grows
- ro blood .sve divelop
em
Fertilazion does not takes place, at the prep, made
is auticipation →dismentle.
1 egg, endo. gramtosa layers
degenerate
2.
- follicles egg surrounded yb layers (gramulosa)
development takes place (protective)
primary b →suc→ ber →graffian folice
- proliferative phase →endometrium grows
• blood vessles (mose)
gets formed
 Y O U VA
Date

3 Relase careb
of ova/ ggm ovary ou 14th day.
- after coefil ,opsdvle tser part (layes of
granulosa) → corpus euetum formation
secretony ni nature
• secretes porgoernts
CoMpus
lutemn

premary secondary tentiary

Graffian

yui crulatony phase: egg gets [Link] Hun

eudometrium does not shed: has to stay eseH
u→
done by progestrons →helps to man tein
рнедпенсу
 MI

P a g eN o . '
YOUVA
Dete

nm
auH Female veiR
odtucpre
System
Oviduct!
fellopian
ebut

Cervni → yravo
sureU
t Ovarian
ilent
gam
vnagi

1.
Ovary (Femael gonad) →
maui repr. organ
Furction→
• release of egg loveum
• secretion of Destrogen s Progestron
2. Aviduct| fallopian tube:-
• tube like structure
• site fo fertilisation
.3 Uterus (womb)
(attachment of durlopuy
° implantation cubryo on uterus wall)
• gestation (time peried of9monhts fo
r
4. CInvix
whcih baby stays is womb)
→oening of vagia thuough which the
ybab comes out (parturation)
 ux
lanE quitialia
• vagua
• At helps i n parturition
birth of the baby
tnev/ Steps fo Repordniuct
sE
o onitaovul
iter
@ oniastilF
onim
taInatpl
• oG
niates
6 Parturition

Human Male Reproductive System

sUinAl
ucseil
vas deferens prostate
seretuve ›cowper's
autgl
→Testes
penis wrinogenital
mact
wrethra

1. sT
iets (Maus repr orgas) →Male Cuonad
• production of sperm dy" from NeERT
• secretion of testosterone
Located outside the abdomen
 P a g eN o .

Date: YOU
VA

otcr
Scrotum | alS a
-:cS
4 bag/ees keil setmautre which maintains
eht [Link] for production of sperms
m
require lower temp
2.: thermo regualotr
3. saV Deferens:-
- passage Iutbe ofr hte transpout of spers
• fram testis → urniogenatil tract

4 . Urinogenital tract: -
- common passage for boht sperm dua

5. Penis - external genital ougan

- helps ui the delivery of sperms into vagina
6 .
Utrethma - common opening for sperms

Glauds - proteins, enzyme

seminal vesicle - alkalue substance,
fructose,
seminal prostate - alkaline sub.
plasma 3 couper's gland - altealine sub.
seminal plasma + sperm → sperm
 PageN o

Date Y O U VA

After Quulation
fesilartoitsneod n o tt a k e oinsatilefnit
atkes Have
ecap y
condition
onM
iuatrents I poanilat
m
Caatch tnm
eof beastl
o u uterise w a l l )

odipre of pregnency wi
which baby deselops € Crestation

act of dilery «Partirition

61 fertilisation bakes place, there is formation
of PLACENTA: dis c shaped structure

structure: Numerous figure like projections /

villi towars uterine wall (Mother's d)eis

Bolod filed spaces towars embryo

(Baby's sdie)
Placenta
(ougan)
tissue Function: 1t fulfills the nutritional, respectión,
excretional demauds of the foetus.
 Conets ceptive metoods
otducpre Health
veiR →control popu
lation
Paycali /Barrier/ Heckamcal +STDS
eg- condoms - persis
HO,
ing
a helte s
ccord bo
i the state ofphysical, mental, social,
W
penridams - vagura
tri utal wlegnieb dna not mereyl .eucbsa [Link] salqteui

foany disassuom tfei.

syniw
fo spr
m
e - 5
4- days Chemical e)(la
m
F
feil psan humar ge - 42-21 h
ours
onal Vaginal pills
hteal
Probelms related ot erporduvciet bils
↓
Lupem
rcdial vi nature.
bill speun]
Population explosion change chemical m [Link]
ya to orencame;
sw ate body -tiodon notow lla ouitaovleon fertilisaties
so em bla nta
Natural chemical IUCDS' Surgical Physicall
chunial
• STOs (sexually et aus metid desaises) 3) IVCDS' - Intra uterune contraceptive devcie
O4 IUDS sinside uterus

Vuial DIsLANLA Bacterial Diseases

• AIDS • Gonorehes i s blaced
• Wa r t • Syphillis u ions wil prevent
O
ед - Соррен-Т miplantatión and
Female foeticide decreases motility
*
-Killrig of fervale foetus of sperms
- decles in sex Matio
 Dete: YOU
YN

→ Purmasent
4 Surgical mehtods
auigorysi perforned
males "sem
elafr
- tubectomy
- vasectomy
• oaljpain tube is
sav deference si cut de ligated
cut de ligated (jour) • seednot allow ava
0
does not allow: l cgg
ot come
spermus to come

5. Natural Metrodhs
- Hovulation)
ythuir mehtod (asseidig onitaocpul gnirud
• coitus uiterruptus (mitharouul fopenis
before ejaculation)