INSTRUMENT
1. TUNING FORK:
Questions:
1. Name the parts of a tuning fork.(1 mark)
2. Name any 4 frequencies in which the tuning
fork is available. (1 mark)
3. What are the applications of tuning fork &which
tuning fork in preferred. (2 marks)
4. Name any 2 tuning fork test done bedside. (1 mark)
Answers:
1. i) Prongs ii) stem iii) Base (1 mark)
2. i) 128 Hz ii) 256 Hz iii) 512 Hz iv) 1024 Hz (1 mark)
3. i)Test for Hearing 256/512 Hz
ii) Test for vibration sense 128 Hz (2 marks)
4. i) Rinne’s test
ii) Weber’s test
iii) Schwabach test (1 mark)
2. COMPASS AESTHESIOMETER:
QUESTIONS:
1. Identify the instrument (1 mark)
2. What is this instrument used for? (1 mark)
3. What is tactile agnosia? (1 mark)
4. Name 4 sensations carried by the tract of Goll and Burdach.
(1 mark)
5. Define Weber-fechner law. (1 mark)
ANSWERS:
1. Compass aesthesiometer. (1 mark)
2. To measure the tactile sensitivity of the skin (mainly for two-
point discrimination) (1 mark)
3. Inability to recognize objects by touch. (1 mark)
4. Fine touch, vibration, tactile localization, two-point
discrimination, propioception, kineasthetic sensation) (1 mark)
5. The magnitude of the response is directly proportional to the
intensity of the stimuli. (1 mark)
3. KNEE HAMMER:
Questions:
1. Identify the instrument (1 mark)
2. What is this instrument used for? (1 mark)
3. What are the root values for:
Knee jerk - (1 mark)
Biceps jerk - (1 mark)
4. Name 2 physiological conditions in which plantar reflex is
positive. (1 mark)
Answers:
1. Knee Hammer (1 mark)
2. To elicit deep tendon reflexes (1 mark)
To elicit abdominal and plantar reflexes
3. Knee jerk – L2,L3,L4 (1 mark)
Biceps jerk – C5,C6 (1 mark)
4. Newborns/ infants & in deep sleep in adults (1 mark)
4. PERIMETER:
Questions:
1. Identify the instrument? (1 mark)
2. What are its parts? (2 marks)
3. What is the use of this instrument?(2 marks )
Answers:
1. Perimeter (1 mark)
2. a) Central fixation point
b) Moving object on arc
c) Chin rest
d) Disc for holding paper (2 marks)
3. To mark field of vision (2 marks )
To mark blind spot
5. ALGOMETER:
QUESTIONS:
(1) Identify the instrument. (1 mark)
(2) Define pain. (2 marks)
(3) What are the 2 pathways that carry pain? (1 mark)
(4) What are the receptors for pain? (1 mark)
ANSWERS:
(1) Algometer (1 mark)
(2) Pain is the psychical adjunct of an imperative protective
reflex.
(OR)
It is an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated
with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms
of such damage. (2 marks)
(3) Paleospinothalamic & neospinothalamic pathways.
(1 mark)
(4) Free nerve endings. (1 mark)
6. THERMOAESTHESIOMETER:
QUESTIONS:
(1) Identify the instrument and mention its indication. (1 mark)
(2) What are the fibres that carry thermal sensation? (1 mark)
(3) Mention any 4 properties of receptors. (2 marks)
(4) What is Hypoesthesia & Paresthesia? (1 mark)
ANSWERS:
(1) Thermoaesthesiometer and are used to stimulate temperature
response in various dermatomes as a part of sensory
examination. (1 mark)
(2) A delta & type C fibres (1 mark)
(3) Adaptation, acuity, specificity, adequate stimulus, law of
projection. (2 marks)
(4) Hypoesthesia – Decrease in normal sensation (0.5 mark)
Paresthesia – Perceiving abnormal / altered sensations
(0.5 mark)
7. SAHLI’S HAEMOGLOBINOMETER:
QUESTIONS:
(1) Identify the instrument and mention its indication.
(1 mark)
(2) What is the principle of this procedure? (2 marks)
(3) What is the advantage of this method? (1 mark)
(4) Mention any 2 other methods for the estimation of same
parameter. (1 mark)
ANSWERS:
(1) Sahli’s haemoglobinometer for the estimation of
haemoglobin. (1 mark)
(2) The amount of Hb can be estimated by conversion of known
volume of blood into acid-hematin by addition of dilute HCL
& subsequent colour matching with a suitable given standard.
(2 marks)
(3) Easy and cheaper. (1 mark)
(4) Tallquist’s method, Photoelectric colorimetric method/
spectrophotometry, Haldane’s method, alkaline hematin
method ,cyanmeth method. (write any 2) (1 mark)
8. RBC PIPETTE:
QUESTIONS:
(1) Identify the given instrument. (0.5 mark)
(2) What are the parts of this instrument? (1.5 marks)
(3) What the indications of this instrument? (1 mark)
(4) List any 2 the differences between the two pipettes used
commonly in hematology. (2marks)
ANSWERS:
1. RBC pipette (0.5 mark)
2. Stem, bulb, rubber tube, mouth piece (1.5 mark)
3. RBC count, Platelet count, Semen analysis (1 mark)
4.
RBC pipette WBC pipette
Calibrations– 0.5, 1, 0.5, 1, 11
101
Bulb – large, Smaller with
contains red bead white bead
Mouth piece – red White teat
teat
9. WBC PIPETTE:
QUESTIONS:
(1) Identify the instrument. (0.5 mark)
(2) List any 3 differences between the 2 pipettes used
commonly in hematology experiments. (1.5 marks)
(3) What is the purpose of the bead in this instrument?
(1 mark)
(4) What would be the dilution factor while using this
pipette & why? (2 marks)
ANSWERS:
(1) WBC pipette (0.5 mark)
(2)
RBC pipette WBC pipette
Calibrations– 0.5, 1, 0.5, 1, 11
101
Bulb – large, Smaller with
contains red bead white bead
Mouth piece – red White teat
teat
(3) For proper mixing of blood & diluting fluid and for
identification of the pipette. (1 mark)
(4) 1:20 because, the bulb contains 0.5 part of blood in
10 parts of diluting fluid so for 1 it will be 1 in 20 parts
(2 marks)
10. NEUBAUER CHAMBER:
QUESTIONS:
(1) Identify the instrument. (1 mark)
(2) What is the depth in this instrument when a cover slip is placed?
(1 mark)
(3) What are the squares used for RBC count? (1 mark)
(4) Why the chamber should not be overcharged or undercharged?
(2 marks)
ANSWERS:
(1) Improved Neubauer’s chamber (1 mark)
(2) 1/10 mm (1 mark)
(3) 4 corner medium sized squares and 1 central medium sized RBC
square. (1 mark)
(4) If the chamber is overcharged, the cells may enter the gutter and
settle there, which gives false low results. If the chamber is
undercharged, the cells may not be found in the peripheral squares.
(2 marks)