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Trisection Points in Coordinate Geometry

This document is a lesson design for Class X Mathematics on the topic of Coordinate Geometry. It covers key concepts such as the Cartesian plane, distance formula, collinearity, section formula, and centroid formula, along with exercises and homework assignments for students. The document provides detailed explanations and examples to help students understand the geometric principles and calculations involved.

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30 views7 pages

Trisection Points in Coordinate Geometry

This document is a lesson design for Class X Mathematics on the topic of Coordinate Geometry. It covers key concepts such as the Cartesian plane, distance formula, collinearity, section formula, and centroid formula, along with exercises and homework assignments for students. The document provides detailed explanations and examples to help students understand the geometric principles and calculations involved.

Uploaded by

1190609
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Secunderabad
NACHARAM/MAHENDRA HILLS/NADERGUL

SUBJECT: MATH Lesson Design Class: X


Topic : Coordinate Geometry

Let’s Recall:

1. Position of a point P in the Cartesian plane with respect to co-ordinate axes is


represented by the ordered pair (x,y)
2. The line XOX1 is called the X-axis and YOY1 is called the Y-axis.
3. The point of intersection of the X and Y- axes is called the origin ‘O’ and the co-
ordinates of Origin are (0,0)
4. The perpendicular distance of a point P from the Y-axis is the ‘x’ coordinate and is
called the abscissa.
5. The perpendicular distance of a point P from the X-axis is the ‘y’ coordinate and is
called the ordinate.
6. Signs of abscissa and ordinate in different quadrants are given in the diagram:
7. Abscissa: distance of the point from Y-axis
8. Ordinate: distance of the point from X-axis
9. Any point on the X- axis is of the form (x,0)
10. Any point on the Y-axis is of the form (0,y)

DISTANCE FORMULA:
Let us find the distance between any two points in a coordinate plane Let
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) be any two points in a coordinate plane.

Derivation:

Special case:
Distance between any point (x, y) to origin (0, 0) is √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Application of Distance Formula:
1. Ex: 7.1: que(1)Find the distance between the following pairs of points :
(i) (2, 3), (4, 1) (ii) (−2√3, −1), (3√3, 2). (iii) (a, b), (– a, – b)
(iv) (-5,7), (-1,3)
2. H.W: Ex: 7.1: que(2)
3. Ex: 7.1: que(4) Check whether (5, – 2), (6, 4) and (7, – 2) are the vertices of an
isosceles triangle.
4. H.W: Pg:102: example(1)

Note: Collinear Points: three or more points are said to be collinear if they lie on the
same straight line.

In the figure A, D and B are collinear. AB = AD + DB


5. CW: Ex: 7.1: que(3) Determine if the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (– 2, – 11) are collinear.
6. Ex: 7.1: que(5)
7. (HW)Check whether the following points are collinear: A(4, 2), B(7, 5) and C(9, 7).
8. HW: Pg:103: example(3)
Note: Classification of type of quadrilateral when its vertices are given using distance
formula
Find the lengths of sides and diagonals of the quadrilateral, if
❖ Opposite sides are equal and diagonals are un equal then it is a parallelogram.
❖ Opposite sides are equal and diagonals also equal then it is a rectangle.
❖ All sides are equal and diagonals are un equal then it is a rhombus.
❖ All sides are equal and diagonals are equal then it is a square.
Do not change the order of points given in the question.
9. Ex: 7.1: que(6)Name the type of quadrilateral formed, if any, by the following points,
and give reasons for your answer:
(i) (– 1, – 2), (1, 0), (– 1, 2), (– 3, 0)
(ii) (–3, 5), (3, 1), (0, 3), (–1, – 4)
(iii)(4, 5), (7, 6), (4, 3), (1, 2)
Note:
Every point on x-axis is denoted by (𝑥, 0)
Every point on y-axis is denoted by (0, 𝑦)
10. Ex: 7.1: que(7)Find the point on the x-axis which is equidistant from (2, –5) and (–2, 9).
11. (HW) Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the points A(6, 5) and B(– 4,
3).
12. Ex: 7.1: que(8)Find the values of y for which the distance between the points P(2, – 3)
and Q(10, y) is 10 units.
13.(HW) Find the value of m if the distance between the points E(−𝟑, −𝟏𝟒) and F(𝒎, −𝟓) is
9 units.
Note: A point is said to be equidistant from two other points when it is
at an equal distance away from both of them. For example, a point on
the perpendicular bisector of a line segment is equidistant from the
segment's endpoints. i.e., HA = HB ; GA=GB; FA=FB ;EA = EB

14. Ex: 7.1: que(9)If Q(0, 1) is equidistant from P(5, –3) and R(x, 6), find the values of x.
Also find the distances QR and PR.
15. Ex: 7.1: que(10)Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant
from the point (3, 6) and (– 3, 4).
16. (HW) Find a relation between x and y such that the point (x , y) is equidistant from the
points (7, 1) and (3, 5).
Section Formula:
Objective: To find the coordinates of point P which divides the line segment joining two
points in a ratio internally.
Derivation:

AB is a line segment joining the points A(𝑥1, 𝑦1) and B(𝑥2, 𝑦2)
Let P(𝑥, 𝑦) is a point on AB dividing the AB internally in the ratio m : n
Draw AR, PS and BT perpendiculars on X-axis.
Draw AQ ⊥ PS and PC ⊥ BT
∆𝐴PQ ~ ∆𝑃𝐵C
QA PA
=
CP BP
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑚
⇒ =
𝑥2 −𝑥 𝑛

⇒ 𝑛(𝑥 – 𝑥1) = 𝑚(𝑥2 − 𝑥)


⇒ 𝑛𝑥 – 𝑛𝑥1 = 𝑚𝑥2 − 𝑚𝑥
⇒ 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑥1
⇒ (𝑚 + 𝑛)𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑥1
𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1
∴𝑥= 𝑚+𝑛
𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1
Similarly, we can find y such that 𝑦 = 𝑚+𝑛

So, the coordinates of the point P(x,y) which divides the line segment joining the
𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1
points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2), internally , in the ratio m:n are ( , ).
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
This is known as Section formula.
1. Exercise 7.2: que(1) Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of (–
1, 7) and (4, –3) in the ratio 2 : 3.
2. HW: Pg:108: example(6)
Note:
If P divides AB in the ratio 1 : 1, then P becomes midpoint of AB and its
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
coordinates are 𝑷 ( , ).
𝟐 𝟐

Example: 1 : If AB is the diameter of the circle with coordinates A(−4, 5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(6,
−3), find the coordinates of centre of the circle.
Example 2: If the midpoint of the line segment joining the points P(6,b−2) and (−2,4)
is (2,−3), find the value of b.
Note: Points of trisection

❖ If a line segment is divided into three equal parts by two points, then the two
points are called points of trisection.
❖ B and C are trisecting points of AD.
❖ B divides AB in the ratio 1 : 2
❖ C divides AB in the ratio 2 : 1
3. Exercise 7.2: que(2) Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line segment
joining (4, –1) and (–2, –3).
4. HW: Pg:108: example(8) Find the coordinates of the points of trisection of the line
segment joining the points A(2, – 2) and B(– 7, 4).

NOTE:In the given problems to find the ratio take the ratio as k: 1 where
𝒎
k= , then
𝒏

5. Exercise 7.2: que(4) Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points (– 3, 10)
and (6, – 8) is divided by (– 1, 6).
6. Exercise 7.2: que(5) Find the ratio in which the line segment joining A(1, – 5) and
B(– 4, 5) is divided by the x-axis. Also find the coordinates of the point of division.
7. (HW) Pg:108: example(7) In what ratio does the point (– 4, 6) divides the line segment
joining the points A(– 6, 10) and B(3, – 8)?
8. In what ratio does (𝑎, −1) divides the line segment joining (1,−3) and 𝐵(6, 2). Also find the
value of a.
9.(HW) Pg:110: example(9) Find the ratio in which the y-axis divides the line segment
joining the points (5, – 6) and (–1, – 4). Also find the point of intersection.
10. The line x−ky+11=0 bisects the line segment joining the points (8, -1) and (0, 6). Find the
value of k.
11. Find the ratio in which the line represented by 2x+3y-5=0 divides the line segment
joining (8, −9) and (2,1). Find the point of intersection also.

Note: To find the missing coordinates of vertices of parallelogram use


midpoint formula and its diagonals property diagonals bisect each other.
12. Exercise 7.2: que(6) If (1, 2), (4, y), (x, 6) and (3, 5) are the vertices of a parallelogram
taken in order, find x and y.
13. (HW) Pg:110: example(10) If the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the
vertices of a parallelogram, taken in order, find the value of p.
14. Exercise 7.2: que(7)Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of a
circle whose centre is (2, – 3) and B is (1, 4).
15. Exercise 7.2: que(9)Find the coordinates of the points which divide the line segment
joining A(– 2, 2) and B(2, 8) into four equal parts.
16. Exercise 7.2: que(10) If A and B are (– 2, – 2) and (2, – 4), respectively, find the
3
coordinates of P such that 𝐴𝑃 = 7 𝐴𝐵 and P lies on the line segment AB.

17. Exercise 7.2: que(10) Name the type of quadrilateral formed with the following points
A(3, 0), B(4, 5), C(-1, 4) and D(-2, -1) as vertices. Also find its area.
Centroid Formula
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 +𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐 +𝒚𝟑
∴ 𝐶𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = ( , )
𝟑 𝟑

1. Find the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A(-8, 4), B(-6, 6) and C(-3, 9). Also find
the length of the median drawn from vertex A
2. Two vertices of a triangle are (-1, 4) and (5, 2). If the centroid of a triangle is (0, -3) then
find the coordinates of the third vertex of triangle.

Common questions

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The midpoint of a line segment whose endpoints form the diameter of a circle is the center of the circle. If A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) are the endpoints, the midpoint (x1+x2)/2, (y1+y2)/2) represents the circle's center. This relationship applies because the diameter bisects the circle at its longest point, dividing it evenly through the center .

To evaluate if a line bisects a segment, use the line's equation to confirm that it intersects the segment at its midpoint. For a segment with endpoints A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), find the midpoint (x1+x2)/2, (y1+y2)/2. Substitute into the line's equation. If the equation holds true, the line bisects the segment. This method uses algebraic intersection testing to confirm bisecting properties .

To determine if three points form an isosceles triangle, calculate the distances between all pairs of points using the distance formula: for points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the distance AB = √((x2-x1)² + (y2-y1)²). Calculate the distances AB, BC, and CA. An isosceles triangle has at least two sides of equal length. Thus, check if any two of these three distances are equal .

To verify that a set of points forms a parallelogram in coordinate geometry, use the properties of a parallelogram which state that opposite sides are equal in length and diagonals bisect each other. Calculate the distances using the distance formula to ensure opposite sides are equal. Additionally, verify that midpoints of the diagonals coincide. If both conditions are satisfied, the points form a parallelogram .

The area of a quadrilateral using vertices coordinates A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3), and D(x4, y4) can be found using the formula: Area = 1/2 * |x1(y2-y4) + x2(y3-y1) + x3(y4-y2) + x4(y1-y3)|. This formula derives from the shoelace algorithm, involving systematic multiplication of coordinates and their differences, summing them, and taking the absolute value, providing an efficient graphical computation method .

Given the centroid (xg, yg) and two vertices, A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), of a triangle, the third vertex C(x3, y3) can be calculated using the centroid formula xg = (x1 + x2 + x3)/3 and yg = (y1 + y2 + y3)/3. By substituting the known values into these equations, solve for x3 and y3 to determine the coordinates of the third vertex. This manipulation uses the properties of centroids to reverse-engineer the missing vertex .

To determine if a line segment is trisected, calculate the coordinates of the trisection points using the section formula. For a line segment between points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the points of trisection are found at ratios 1:2 and 2:1. Using the section formula for each ratio will verify the trisection points as (2x2 + x1)/3, (2y2 + y1)/3) and (x2 + 2x1)/3, (y2 + 2y1)/3).

To verify if a point lies on a specific line in a coordinate plane, substitute the point's coordinates into the line's equation. If the equation holds true, the point lies on that line. For example, for the line x-ky+11=0, substitute x and y coordinates of the point. If the left-hand side equals zero, the point is on the line. This method leverages the equation of the line to ascertain point alignment .

A quadrilateral is classified as a rectangle if it has opposite sides equal and diagonals that are also equal. Using the distance formula, calculate the lengths of the opposite sides and diagonals. If both pairs of opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are of equal length, the quadrilateral is a rectangle .

The section formula is significant as it provides the coordinates of a point that divides a line segment joining two points, A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), in a given ratio m:n. The formula (mx2+nx1)/(m+n), (my2+ny1)/(m+n) gives the coordinates of the dividing point, whether the division is internal or external, making it crucial for problems involving partitioning a line segment .

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