• Social science is considered art when it is

Disciplines and Ideas practiced and applied to the real-world

• For instance, psychology is an art for it involves

in the Applied Social the application of theories and concepts in

describing, controlling, prediction, and explain

Sciences human behavior.

SCIENCE Research Method in Social Science

• Defined as a systematic and organized form of • Social scientists need to conduct research on
knowledge that is acquired using scientific method behavior, culture, and societies.
• To ordinary people, refers to difficult elementary, • Research must be scientific and must use the
high school or college-level course such as earth scientific method in answering the problem they
science, biology, chemistry, and physics. have with their research.
• To some, this is only for bright students, for • Scientific Method is a systematic way of solving a
scientists with white coats using advanced problem. It uses various process to understand and
equipment in their laboratories. answer the questions in a scientific way
• Etymologically, comes from the Latin word • Uses hypothesis or an educated guess (possible
“Scientia” meaning knowledge reply to the problem) as to answer research
questions that stem up from their observations
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE
• NATURAL SCIENCE – science of naturally The Research Process
existing objects or phenomena such as matter, the - Observation
human body, earth and others. - Identifying the Problem
1. Physical Science – consists of disciplines such - Formulating
as astronomy (the science of celestial objects) - Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis
2. Chemistry – the science of Matter - Conclusions and Recommendations
3. Physics – the science of physical objects
4. Earth Science – consists of disciplines such as Variable
geology (the science of earth) • Independent Variable (cause variable) – the
5. Life sciences – include disciplines such as variable that the researchers usually manipulate
biology (the study of life) which has two main • Dependent Variable – (effect variable) variable
branches namely: Botany (the science of plants) that the researcher is explaining and the variable
and Zoology (the science of animals) that is measuring.

• Social Science Experiment

– science of people or collections of people, like • Experiment refers to a study that is conducted in
groups, a contrived environment
societies, firms, economies, and their individual or • Quasi-experiment is an experiment that uses
collective behaviors. variable that we unable to manipulate or not
1 .Psychology – the science of human behavior randomized
and mental processes • Control Variable refers to the variable who does
2. Sociology – the science of social groups not receive any treatment
3. Economics – the science of proper • Experimental Variable refers to the variable
management of resources. which receives treatment

The Difference between Natural and Social Research Ethics

Sciences 1. No coercion – Participation in the research
• Natural Sciences – they are very precise, should be voluntary
accurate, deterministic, and independent of the 2. Informed consent – Participants must know
person making that they are participating
the scientific observations 3. Anonymity or confidentiality – Participants
have the right to decide to whom they reveal
• Social Sciences – tend to be less accurate, confidential information
deterministic, or unambiguous. 4. Risk – Participants cannot be placed at
significant mental and physical risk
BASIC SOCIAL SCIENCES 5. Debriefing – The researchers should be told
• Also called Pure Social Sciences the purpose of the survey
• Defined as a branch of science which deals with
the study of society and the relationship of Counseling
individuals to their environment • A professional relationship that empowers
• Includes psychology, economics, sociology, law, diverse individuals, families, and groups to
political science, anthropology, linguistics, accomplish mental health, wellness, education,
geography, and career goals.
demography, and history • Counseling is a collaborative process
• Always be non-judgmental while counseling.
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
• Also called as practical social sciences • Counseling involves two individuals, one seeking
• Apply social scientific theories and knowledge help and other a professionally trained person
from social sciences to the physical environment or helped
society. solved problems to orient and direct him towards a
• Cannot stand on their right but instead, relies on goals which needs to maximum development and
basic social sciences for its progress. goals.

SOCIAL SCIENCE AS AN ART

• Counseling techniques involve active listening, • Enhancing the quality of professional knowledge
emphatic understanding, releasing the feelings, and its application
confronting the client and so on. • Striving for the fair and adequate provision of
counseling and psychotherapy services.
Confidentiality
The most important part of the counseling. The Principles of Counseling
information discussed in session will be accessible • Being trustworthy – honoring the trust placed
only to client and the counselor, with a few in the practitioner (also referred to as fidelity)
exceptions. • Autonomy – respect for the client’s right to be
self-governing
Goals of counseling • Beneficence – a commitment to promoting the
• Cognitive goals – involves acquiring the basic client’s well-being
foundation of learning and cognitive skills • Non-maleficence – a commitment to avoiding
• Developmental goals – assist in meeting or harm to the client
advancing the client’s human growth and • Justice – the fair and impartial treatment of all
development including social, personal, emotional, clients and the provision of adequate services
cognitive, and physical wellness. • Self-respect – fostering the practitioner’s self-
• Enhancement goals – enhance special skills knowledge and care for self.
and abilities • Empathy – the ability to communicate
• Exploratory goals – examining options, testing understanding of another person’s experience from
of skills, trying new and different activities. that person’s perspective.
• Psychological Goals – aids in developing good • Sincerity – a personal commitment to
social interaction skills, learning emotional control, consistency between what is professed and what is
and developing positive self- concept. done.
• Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the • Integrity – commitment to being moral in
basic understanding and habits for good health. dealings with others, personal straightforwardness,
• Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some honesty and coherence.
undesired outcome • Resilience – the capacity to work the client’s
• Remedial Goals – assisting the client to concerns without being personally diminished.
overcome and treat an undesirable development • Respect – showing appropriate esteem to others
and their understanding of themselves.
Scope of Counseling • Humility – the ability to assess accurately and
• Individual Counseling – is a joint process acknowledge one’s own strength and weaknesses.
between a counselor and a person in counseling. • Competence – the effective deployment of the
Common goals of counseling can be to inspire or skills and knowledge needed to do what is required
improve quality of life. • Fairness – the consistent application of
• Family Counseling – family therapy is a type of appropriate criteria to inform decision and actions.
psychological counseling (psychotherapy) that can • Wisdom – possession of sound judgment that
help family members improve communication and informs practice.
resolve conflicts. • Courage – the capacity to act in spite of known
• Couples Counseling – it attempts to improve fears, risks and uncertainty.
romantic relationships and resolve interpersonal
conflicts.
• Couples counseling can help couples slow down
their issues and re- establish realistic expectations
and goals
• Group counseling – is a type of psychotherapy
that involves meeting with a group of individuals
whom all face similar concerns

Benefits of Group Counseling

[Link] are not alone
[Link] provide a sounding board
[Link] can propel you forward
[Link] promote social skills
[Link] are not limited
[Link] teach you about yourself

Core Values of Counseling

• Alleviating personal distress and suffering
• Postering a sense of self that is meaningful to the
person(s) connected
• Increasing personal effectiveness
• Enhancing the quality of relationships between
people
• Appreciating the variety of human experience
and culture

Core Values of Counseling

• Respecting human rights and dignity
• Protecting the safety of clients
• Ensuring the integrity of practitioner- client
relationship