VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.

0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

[Link] [Link]@[Link] +91 7099779727

CHEMISTRY PAPER 1
(THEORY)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
🏆 Full Marks: 70 ⏰ Time allowed: 3 Hours

Exam Guidelines 📝
🕒 Reading Time
❖ You have an additional 15 minutes for reading the question paper. Do not write during this time.

📋 General Instructions
❖ All questions are compulsory.
❖ Marks for each question are indicated in [ ] brackets.
❖ The paper is divided into four sections: A, B, C, and D with a total of 21 questions.

🧩 Section Breakdown
❖ Section A: 14 questions, 1 mark each. For MCQs, write only the option (A, B, C, or D).
❖ Section B: 10 questions, 2 marks each. Includes one internal choice.
❖ Section C: 7 questions, 3 marks each. Includes one internal choice.
❖ Section D: 3 questions, 5 marks each. Includes one internal choice.

📝 Answering Guidelines
❖ Work & Rough Work: Do all working and rough work on the same sheet as your answers.
❖ Equations & Diagrams: Use balanced equations and diagrams wherever needed.
❖ Numerical Problems: Show all essential steps to ensure clarity in your answers.
📊 Data for Problem Solving
❖ Gas constant (R):
➢ 1.987 cal/deg/mol
➢ 8.314 J/K/mol
➢ 0.0821 L·atm/K/mol
❖ Other Constants:
➢ 1 L·atm = 101.3 J
➢ 1 Faraday = 96500 C
➢ Avogadro’s Number = 6.023 x 10²³

Page I 1
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

SECTION A – 14 MARKS
Question 1
(A) Fill in the blanks by choosing the appropriate word(s) from those given in the brackets: [4×1]
[Fehling’s, ethanal, iodoform, MnO₂, +7, specific conductivity, +6, MnO₄⁻, weak, Tollen’s, +3,
limiting molar conductivity, strong, +1, O₂²⁻, acetonitrile, acetone, +2, molar conductivity, four,
five, six, 0]

(i) Kohlrausch’s law is used to calculate the _______________of a _______ electrolyte.

Ans.: limiting, weak
Explanation:
Weak electrolytes do not completely dissociate in solution, so their molar conductivity at infinite
dilution (𝛬∘𝑚 ) cannot be measured directly. Kohlrausch's law states that the limiting molar
conductivity of an electrolyte can be calculated as the sum of the individual contributions from its
cations and anions. For example, 𝛬∘𝑚 (CH3 COOH) = 𝛬∘𝑚 (CH3 COO− ) + 𝛬∘𝑚 (H+ )

(ii) In the complex [Fe(CN)5(NO)]2− , where nitrosyl (NO) is a neutral ligand, the coordination
number and oxidation state of iron (Fe) are ________ and ________ respectively.
Ans.: six, +2
Explanation:
Cyanide (CN⁻) is monodentate, so five CN⁻ ions and one NO ligand give a coordination number
of 6.
Let 𝑥 be the oxidation state of Fe
𝑥 + 5 (− 1) + 0 = -2
 x=+2
(iii) Calcium acetate on dry distillation gives ______, which gives ______ on heating with iodine
and alkali.
Ans.: acetone, iodoform
Explanation:
Calcium acetate undergoes dry distillation to yield acetone. Acetone reacts with iodine and alkali
to give iodoform (CHI3) through the iodoform test.

(iv) The disproportionation of 𝑀𝑛𝑂42− in acidic medium produces 𝑀𝑛2+ and ______, where
manganese exhibits an oxidation state of ______.
Ans.: 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− , +7
Explanation:
𝑀𝑛𝑂42− undergoes disproportionation, forming 𝑀𝑛2+ (+2) and 𝑀𝑛𝑂4− (+7).

Page I 2
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

(B) Select and write the correct alternative from the choices given below: [7×1]
(i) In gaseous phase, the correct order of basicity is:
(a) Ammonia < Methylamine < Dimethylamine < Trimethylamine
(b) Trimethylamine < Dimethylamine < Methylamine < Ammonia
(c) Methylamine < Trimethylamine < Dimethylamine < Ammonia
(d) Dimethylamine < Trimethylamine < Methylamine < Ammonia
Ans.: (a) Ammonia < Methylamine < Dimethylamine < Trimethylamine
Explanation:
In the gaseous phase, basicity depends only on the electron-donating inductive effect.
Trimethylamine is the most basic due to the strong +I effect of three methyl groups.
(ii) The vant’s Hoff factor for 0.1 M Ba(NO3 )2 solution is 2.74. The degree of dissociation is
(a) 91.3%
(b) 87%
(c) 100%
(d) 74%
Ans.: (b) 87%
Explanation:
Ba(NO3 )2 ⇌ Ba2+ + 2NO3−
1 mole 0 0 initial
1−α α 2α after dissociation
Total moles = 1 + 2α
i = 1 + 2α
i − 1 2.74 − 1
α= = = 0.87 = 87%
2 2
(iii) When CH3CHBrCH2CH3 is reacted with alcoholic KOH, the major product is:
(a) CH3–CH=CH–CH3
(b) CH2=CH–CH2–CH3
(c) CH3–CH(OH)–CH2–CH3
(d) CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3
Ans.: (a) CH3–CH=CH–CH3
Explanation:

When CH₃CHBrCH₂CH₃ (2-bromobutane) is reacted with alcoholic KOH, an elimination

reaction (dehydrohalogenation) occurs. Alcoholic KOH promotes the E2 mechanism, which
eliminates HBr from the molecule to form an alkene.

Page I 3
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

According to Saytzeff's rule, the more substituted alkene is the major product because it is more
stable.
The removal of H from the second carbon leads to CH₃–CH=CH–CH₃ (2-butene) as the major
product.

(iv) Glucose gets oxidized to gluconic acid on reaction with a mild oxidizing agent like bromine
water. This indicates
(a) that the six carbon atoms in glucose are linked in a straight chain.
(b) the presence of five –OH groups.
(c) that the carbonyl group is present as an aldehydic group.
(d) the presence of a primary alcoholic group in glucose.
Ans.: (c) that the carbonyl group is present as an aldehydic group.
Explanation:
When glucose reacts with a mild oxidizing agent like bromine water, it gets oxidized to gluconic
acid. This reaction specifically indicates the presence of an aldehyde group (-CHO) in glucose,
which is oxidized to a carboxylic acid group (-COOH).

(v) During chemistry class, a teacher wrote [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)6]3+ as a coordination complex ion on the
board. The students were asked to find out the magnetic behavior and shape of the complex.
Amit wrote the answer as diamagnetic and octahedral, whereas Neha wrote paramagentic and
tetrahedral. Who is correct?
(a) Amit
(b) Neha
(c) Both are correct
(d) None of them is correct
Ans.: (a) Amit
Explanation:
The complex [𝐶𝑜(𝑁𝐻3)6]3+ has cobalt in the +3 oxidation state, with a 3d6 electronic configuration.
Since ammonia (NH3) is a strong field ligand, it causes pairing of electrons. This leaves no
unpaired electrons, making the complex diamagnetic. The coordination number of 6 results in an
octahedral geometry.
Page I 4
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

(vi) Given below are two statements marked Assertion and Reason. Read the two statements
carefully and select the correct option.
Assertion: SN2 reaction of an optically active aryl halide with an aqueous solution of KOH
always gives an alcohol with opposite sign of rotation.
Reason: SN2 reactions always proceed with inversion of configuration.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

Ans.: (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Explanation:
The SN2 reaction involves a single-step mechanism where the nucleophile attacks the carbon atom
opposite to the leaving group. This "backside attack" leads to inversion of configuration at the
carbon center. If the starting compound is optically active, the product will have opposite optical
rotation.

(vii) Given below are two statements marked Assertion and Reason. Read the two statements
carefully and select the correct option.
Assertion: Transition metals form a large number of complex compounds.
Reason: This is due to the comparatively smaller size of the metal ions only.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.

Ans.: (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Explanation:
Complex compounds are those in which the metal ions bind a number of anions or neutral
molecules giving complex species with characteristic properties.
e.g., [Fe (CN ) 6 ]3− , [Fe (CN ) 6 ]4− .
Transition metals form a large number of complex compounds due to comparatively
smaller sizes of the metal ions, their high ionic charges and the availability of d-orbitals for
bond formation.

Page I 5
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

(C) Read the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. [3×1]
Jyoti performed an experiment to investigate the chemical kinetics of the reaction:
A + 2B → C
She varied the concentrations of reactants A and B and recorded the initial rate of formation of
product C.
The following data was obtained for the reaction:

Experiment [A]/M [B]/M Initial rate of formation of C/M min-1

1. 0.2 0.3 4.2 × 10-2

2. 0.1 0.1 6.0 × 10-3

3. 0.4 0.3 1.68 × 10-1

4. 0.1 0.1 2.40 × 10-2

In the context of the given passage, answer the following questions:

(a) Why did Jyoti collect four sets of experimental data?
(b) Write the rate law and overall order of reaction.
(c) What would be the rate constant of the reaction with respect to experiment 2? Justify your
answer.
Ans.:
(a) Different sets of readings help to avoid error in data collection and give more accurate data.

(b) For the given reaction, the rate law is given by

Rate = k[A]1[B]2
Overall order of reaction is 1 + 2 = 3

(c) According to data given in experiment 2,

Rate
Rate constant, k = [A][B]2

6.0 × 10−3
=
(0.1)2 (0.1)
= 6.0 mol-1 L2 min-1

Page I 6
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

SECTION B – 20 MARKS
Question 2 [2]
Riya is working on a lab assignment where she needs to calculate the molar conductivity at
infinite dilution (𝛬0𝑚 ) for acetic acid (𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻). She has the following data from her textbook:
• 𝛬0𝑚 (𝐻𝐶𝑙) =
• 426 𝑆 𝑐𝑚2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
• 𝛬0𝑚 (𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙) = 126 𝑆 𝑐𝑚2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
• 𝛬0𝑚 (𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎) = 91 𝑆 𝑐𝑚2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1
Using Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions, help Riya calculate 𝛬0𝑚 (𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻).
Show the step-by-step process to help her understand.
Ans.:
The degree of dissociation 𝛼 is given by
Λm
𝛼= o
Λm
where Λ m is the molar conductivity and Λ∘m is the limiting molar conductivity.
Λ∘m (CH3 COOH) = 𝜆∘H+ + 𝜆∘CH3COO−
(b) Λom(NaCl) = 𝜆oNa+ + 𝜆0Cl−
Λom (HCl) = 𝜆oH+ + 𝜆oCl−
Λom (NaCl) = 𝜆oNa+ + 𝜆oCl−
Λom (CH3 COONa) = 𝜆CCH3COO− + 𝜆oNa+
Λom (CH3 COOH) = 𝜆CCH3COO− + 𝜆oH+
= 𝜆oH+ + 𝜆oCl+ + 𝜆oCH3COO− + 𝜆oNa+ − 𝜆oCl− − 𝜆oNa+
= Λom (HCl) + Λom (CH3 COONa) − Λom NaCl
= 426 + 91 − 126 = 391 Scm2 mol−1

Question 3 [2]
Riya is studying a ketone, A (C₄H₈O), that undergoes a haloform reaction. Upon reduction, it gives
compound B. When heated with sulfuric acid, A forms compound C, which produces a mono-
ozonide D. Hydrolysis of D with zinc dust yields only compound E. Identify compounds A, B, C,
D, and E, and write the chemical reactions involved.
Ans.:
Since, A gives haloform test, it must contain —COCH3 group. Thus, its possible formula
is C2H5COCH3. On reduction, it gives 2-butanol, i.e., compound B which on dehydration
with sulphuric acid gives 2-butene (C). Ozonolysis of 2-butene gives only acetaldehyde
(E).
The equations involved are

Page I 7
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Question 4 [2]
Justify and arrange the following compounds namely, ethyl chloride, isopropyl chloride, tert-butyl
chloride in increasing order of reactivity towards the asked displacement namely:
(a) SN1 (b) SN2
Ans.:
(a) Order of reactivity towards SN1 displacement is:
Ethyl chloride < Isopropyl chloride < tert-butyl chloride
(b) Order of reactivity towards SN2 displacement is:
Tert-butyl chloride < Isopropyl chloride < Ethyl chloride

Question 5 [2]
It is generally observed that the rate of a chemical reaction becomes quadruple with every 20 °C
rise in temperature. If the generalization holds true for a reaction in the temperature range of 310
K to 330 K, what would be the value of activation energy (Ea) for the reaction?
Ans.:
We use the Arrhenius equation in the following form:
𝑘2 𝐸𝑎 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
ln ( ) = ( )
𝑘1 𝑅 𝑇1 𝑇2
Given:
𝑘2
• =4
𝑘1
• 𝑇1 = 310 K, 𝑇2 = 330 K
• 𝑅 = 8.314 J mol−1 K−1
Step 1: Take the natural logarithm of the rate ratio:

Page I 8
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

𝑘2
ln ( ) = ln(4) ≈ 1.3863
𝑘1
Step 2: Calculate the temperature difference term:
𝑇2 − 𝑇1 20
= ≈ 1.967 × 10−4
𝑇1 𝑇2 310 ⋅ 330
Step 3: Rearrange the equation to solve for 𝑬𝒂 :
𝑘2
ln ( )⋅𝑅
𝑘1
𝐸𝑎 =
𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑇1 𝑇2
Substitute the values:
1.3863 ⋅ 8.314
𝐸𝑎 =
1.967 × 10−4
≈ 58,580 J/mol or 58.6 kJ/mol
The activation energy (𝐸𝑎 ) is approximately 58.6 kJ/mol.

Question 6 [2]
Consider the following sequence of reactions:

(i) Identify the product C.

(ii) Does the product B react with isopropyl chloride in presence of AlCl3?
Ans.:
(i) Product C is N-phenylacetamide
(ii) No, the product B (Aniline) does not react with isopropyl chloride because of ring
deactivation by AlCl3.

Page I 9
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Question 7 [2]
(i) CrCl3.6H2O gives 2 moles of AgCl when treated with excess of AgNO3 solution. Write
structural formula of the complex.
(ii) How many isomerism can be shown by the complex of cobalt when it bound with the two unit
of ethylenediamine and chloride ligand? Also name the type of isomerism shown by this complex
Ans.:

(i) [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O + 2AgNO3 → [Cr(H2O)5Cl](NO3)2 + 2AgCl

(ii) There are three isomers can be possible in the complex [Co(en)2Cl2]+. Two geometrical
isomers cis and trans, out of two isomers the trans is optically inactive and cis form exist in d
and l-forms.

Question 8 [2]
An aromatic carboxylic acid [A] which readily sublimes on heating, produces compound [B] on
treatment with 𝑃𝐶𝑙5. Compound [B], when reduced in the presence of Pd catalyst over 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
poisoned by sulphur in xylene solution gives compound [C]. When compound [C] is condensed in
the presence of alcoholic 𝐾𝐶𝑁, it gives compound [D]. (Molecular formula of compound [D] is
𝐶14𝐻12𝑂2). Identify the compounds [A], [B], [C] and [D].

Page I 10
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Ans.:

Question 9 [2]
(i) Identify the compounds [A] and [B] in the following reactions.

Ans.:

OR

(ii) Write down functional isomers of a carbonyl compounds with molecular formula C3H6O which
isomers will react faster with HCN and why? Explain the mechanism of the reaction also.
Page I 11
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Ans.:

Question 10 [2]
(i) Given a 2.5 × 10⁻⁴ M solution of methanoic acid (HCOOH) with a conductivity of 5.25 × 10⁻⁵
S·cm⁻¹, calculate the molar conductivity and degree of dissociation (α) of the acid. Use the
following data:

• Molar conductivity of H⁺ (Λº(H⁺)) = 349.5 S·cm²·mol⁻¹

• Molar conductivity of HCOO⁻ (Λº(HCOO⁻)) = 50.5 S·cm²·mol⁻¹
Apply the equation:
Λₘ = (1000 × K) / M, where K is the conductivity, and M is the molarity.

(ii) Conductivity of CH3COOH decreases on dilution. Why?

Ans.:
1000×K
(i) ) Λ m = S cm2 mol−1
M

1000 × 5.25 × 10−5

Λm = S cm2 mol−1
2.5 × 10−4

Λ∘m HCOOH = 𝜆∘ HCOO− + 𝜆∘ H +

R = (50.5 + 349.5) Scm2 mol−1

= 400 S cm2 mol−1
𝛼 = Λ m /Λ∘m
𝛼 = 210/400 = 0.525

(ii) Because the number of ions per unit volume decreases.

Page I 12
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Question 11 [2]
Two isomeric compounds A and B have same molecular formula C3H5N. Predict the structure A
and B as the basis of following information:
• A and B do not react with HNO2 or CH3COCl.
• On refluxing with dil. HCl, A gives C and B gives D, C and D being the monobasic
carboxylic acids.
• Molecular mass of D = 74 g mol-1.
• C gives positive Tollen’s test, whereas D does not.
Predict the structures of A, B, C and D.
Ans.:
Since A and B do not react with HNO2 or CH3COCl, it implies that they are not amines.
Since their hydrolysis products are monobasic carboxylic acids (C and D), it means that
A and B may be cyano compounds.
Let the formula of D be CnH2n+1COOH.
Its molecular mass = 74 g mol-1.
Now, 14n + 46 = 74
74−46
 n= =2
2
∴ D is C2H5COOH i.e., Propionic acid.
C gives Tollen's test positive i.e., reduces ammonical AgNO3. The only reducing
carboxylic acid is formic acid. ∴ C is HCOOH i.e., Formic acid.
Since D (CH3CH2COOH) is a hydrolysis product of B. Therefore, B should be propane
nitrile having formula CH3CH2CN.
Similarly, A which is an isomer of B gives formic acid (HCOOH) as hydrolysis product,
therefore, A should be ethyl isonitrile with formula CH3CH2NC

SECTION C – 21 MARKS
Question 12 [3]
Identify the compounds [A], [B] and [C] in the following reactions.

Page I 13
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Ans.:

Question 13 [3]
Colligative properties of a solution depend upon the number of moles of the solute dissolved and
do not depend upon the nature of the solute. However, they are applicable only to dilute solutions
in which the solutes do not undergo any association or dissociation. For solutes undergoing such
changes, van't Hoff introduced a factor, called van't Hoff factor (i). This has helped not only to
explain the abnormal molecular masses of such solutes in the solution but has also helped to
calculate the degree of association or dissociation.
(i) The molar mass of sodium chloride determined by elevation of boiling point method is
found to be abnormal. Why?
(ii) What is the elevation of boiling point of a solution of 13.44 g of CuCl2 in 1 kg of
water? (Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1, molar mass of CuCl2 = 134.4g/mol)
(iii) Equimolal solutions of NaCl and BaCl2 are prepared in water. Freezing pint of NaCl
is found to be -20 oC. What freezing point do you expect for BaCl2 solution?
Ans.:
(i) Elevation of boiling point is a colligative property. Since sodium chloride dissociates
in the solution we get abnormal molecular mass.
(ii) ΔTb = iKbm
= 3 x 0.52 x 0.1
= 1.56 K
(iii) ΔTf = iKfm
For NaCl, I = 1+1 =2
∴ -2 = 2Kfm
 Kf m = -1
For BaCl2, I = 1+2 =3
∴ ΔTf = Kf m x i
= -1 x 3
= -3 oC
Page I 14
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Question 14 [3]
Write the reaction and condition for the following conversions.
(i) Benzaldehyde to benzophenone
(ii) Accetaldehyde to crotonaldehyde
(iii) Propanal to butanone
Ans.:

Question 15 [3]
(i) When a coordination compound CrCl3.6H2O is treated with excess AgNO3, 2 moles of AgCl
are precipitated per of the compound. Write:
(a) The structural formula of the complex
(b) IUPAC name of the complex

Ans.: (i)
(a)

Page I 15
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

The structural formula of the given complex is [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O

(b) IUPAC name of the complex is Pentaaquachloridochromium(III) chloride monohydride.

(ii) The electronic configuration of d4 under the given conditions is t2g4 eg0

Question 16 [3]
(i) Mercury cells are used in devices like hearing aids and watches.
(a) Write the reactions occurring at the anode and cathode of a mercury cell.
(b) Why does a mercury cell provide a constant voltage throughout its life?
(c) What are the environmental concerns associated with mercury cells?
OR
(ii) Answer the following:
(a) Write the chemical formula of rust and explain its formation.
(b) What is cathodic protection, and how is it used to prevent corrosion?
(c) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using sacrificial anodes for corrosion
prevention.
Ans.:
(i)
(a) Reactions in a mercury cell:
• At anode (oxidation):
𝑍𝑛(𝐻𝑔) + 2𝑂𝐻 − → 𝑍𝑛𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 2𝑒 −
• At cathode (reduction):
𝐻𝑔𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 2𝑒 − → 𝐻𝑔 + 2𝑂𝐻 −
• Overall reaction:
𝑍𝑛(𝐻𝑔) + 𝐻𝑔𝑂 → 𝑍𝑛𝑂 + 𝐻𝑔

Page I 16
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

(b) A mercury cell provides a constant voltage because the overall cell reaction does not involve
any ionic concentration changes, ensuring consistent potential throughout its usage.
(c) Mercury cells are environmentally hazardous because mercury is toxic and can contaminate
soil and water if not disposed of properly.
OR
(ii)
(a) Chemical formula of rust:
Rust is hydrated ferric oxide, 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 ⋅ 𝑥𝐻2 𝑂. It forms when iron reacts with oxygen and
moisture.
(b) Cathodic protection involves connecting the iron object to a more electropositive metal (like
Zn or Mg) so that the sacrificial metal corrodes instead of the iron.
(c)
• Advantage: It effectively prevents corrosion of large structures like pipelines.
• Disadvantage: Sacrificial anodes need to be replaced periodically, increasing
maintenance costs.

Question 17 [3]
Ravi, a Class XII student, was studying biomolecules and vitamins in his Chemistry class. While
solving some questions, he came across the following concepts:
(i) Ravi read about DNA and wondered how its monomers (nucleotides) are linked together to
form the DNA strand.
State the type of bonds which hold the monomers of DNA together.
(ii) During his study of amino acids, Ravi noticed a unique property where amino acids exist as
electrically neutral species under certain conditions.
Explain what is meant by a zwitter ion.
(iii) Ravi’s teacher discussed deficiency diseases and their connection to vitamins. Help him
identify the correct vitamins for the following diseases:
(a) Scurvy
(b) Night blindness
Ans.:

(i) The monomers of DNA (nucleotides) are held together by phosphodiester bonds, which form
between the sugar molecule of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next.

(ii) A zwitter ion is a molecule that contains both a positive and negative charge but is electrically
neutral overall. For example, in amino acids, the carboxyl group (-COO⁻) carries a negative charge,
and the amino group (-NH₃⁺) carries a positive charge at the isoelectric point.

Page I 17
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

(iii)
(a) Scurvy – Cured by Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid).
(b) Night blindness – Cured by Vitamin A (Retinol).

Question 18 [3]
The following data were obtained for the reaction:
2NO + O2 → 2NO2

S. No. [NO] mol/L [O2] mol/L Initial rate of formation of NO2/mol/L/sec

1. 0.3 0.2 7.2 x 10-2
2. 0.1 0.1 6.0 x 10-3
3. 0.3 0.4 2.88 x 10-1
4. 0.4 0.1 2.40 x 10-2

(i) Find the order of reaction with respect to NO and O2.

(ii) Write the rate law and overall order of reaction.
(iii) Calculate the rate constant (k).

Ans.:

(i) Determination of Reaction Order:

The general rate law is given by:

Rate = 𝑘[NO]𝑥 [O2 ]𝑦

From the data:
Equation (1): 7.2 × 10−2 = 𝑘[0.3]𝑥 [0.2]𝑦
Equation (2): 6.0 × 10−3 = 𝑘[0.1]𝑥 [0.1]𝑦
Equation (3): 2.88 × 10−1 = 𝑘[0.3]𝑥 [0.4]𝑦
Equation (4): 2.40 × 10−2 = 𝑘[0.4]𝑥 [0.1]𝑦

Determine 𝑥:
Divide Equation (4) by Equation (2):

2.40 × 10−2 𝑘[0.4]𝑥 [0.1]𝑦

=
6.0 × 10−3 𝑘[0.1]𝑥 [0.1]𝑦

⟹ x=1

Order with respect to NO is 𝑥 = 1.

Page I 18
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Determine 𝑦:
Divide Equation (3) by Equation (1):

2.88 × 10−1 𝑘[0.3]𝑥 [0.4]𝑦

=
7.2 × 10−2 𝑘[0.3]𝑥 [0.2]𝑦

⟹ y= 2

Order with respect to O2 is 𝑦 = 2

Overall order of the reaction: 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 + 2 = 3

(ii) Rate Law:

The rate law is:

Rate = 𝑘[NO]1 [O2 ]2

(iii) Rate Constant 𝑘:

From Equation (1):

Rate
𝑘=
[NO]1 [O2 ]2
Substitute the values:
7.2×10−2
𝑘 = (0.3)1(0.2)2 = 6.0 L2 mol−2 s−1

Page I 19
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

SECTION D – 15 MARKS
Question 19 [5]
One industrial method to produce trans-anethole utilizes a 3-step process involving Friedel–Crafts
acylation of anisole with propionyl chloride to form 4-methoxypropiophenone (4-MOPP),
reduction of the ketone to the corresponding alcohol using a copper chromite catalyst, and
dehydration under acidic conditions to give a mixture of cis- and trans-anethole (Scheme 1a).
Alternatively, mixing anisole and propionaldehyde under acidic conditions at 150 °C forms an
isomeric mixture of p,p′-, p,o′-, and o,o′-1,1-bis(methoxyphenyl)propanes, which can then be
cleaved to yield anisole and a mixture of cis- and trans-anethole. The cleavage of the isomeric
mixture gives an approximate 66% yield of propenylanisoles based on
bis(methoxyphenyl)propanes with an approximate ∼38% selectivity for the trans-anethole
product. Recently, the conversion of 4-MOPP to cis- and trans-anethole via a cascade Meerwein–
Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reduction/dehydration process was reported using Zr-containing zeolites
achieving 94% conversion of 4-MOPP in 4 h with 80% selectivity for trans-anethole. Additionally,
bifunctional organophosphate-hafnium frameworks have been shown to convert 4-MOPP to trans-
anethole with quantitative conversion of 4-MOPP and 90% selectivity for trans-anethole through
an MPV reduction/dehydration process.

(Reference: Reid, C. W.; Gunnoe, T. B. Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative Alkenylation of Anisole:

Control of Regioselectivity. Organometallics 2024, 43 (12), 1362–1376.
[Link]

Page I 20
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

(i) What alternative method involves mixing anisole and propionaldehyde under acidic conditions?
(ii) What happens when anisole is treated with HI? (Write chemical reactions only)
(iii) Anisole on reaction with HI produces only phenol and methyl iodide. Give reason?
(iv) What are the products formed when anisole is treated with CH3COCl/ anhydrous AlCl3?
Write the complete chemical reaction.
(v) How will you convert phenol into p-Bromoanisole?
Ans.:
(i) Mixing anisole and propionaldehyde under acidic conditions at 150 °C forms an isomeric
mixture of p,p′-, p,o′-, and o,o′-1,1-bis(methoxyphenyl)propanes.
(ii) Anisole on reaction with HI produces only phenol and methyl iodide.

(iii) O and C bond of phenyl group has a double bond character due to resonance with the phenyl
group. Due to the double bond character the O and C bond has more strength and difficult to
cleave. So, O and C bond of methyl group cleaves and phenol and methyl iodide are formed.

(iv) 2 -Methoxy acetophenone and 4-Methoxy acetophenones are formed.

(v)

Page I 21
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Question 20 [5]
(i) Give a reason for each of the following.
(a) Transition metals exhibit higher enthalpies of atomization.
(b) Mn and Tc have abnormally low melting and boiling points.
(c) Zn and Hf have similar atomic radii although these elements belong to different periods.
Ans.:
(a) Transition elements have high effective nuclear charge and a large number of valence
electrons. Therefore, they form very strong metallic bonds or metal-metal bonding which
arises due to unpaired electrons in the (n-1)d subshell. As a result, the enthalpies of
atomization transition metals are high.

(b) Manganese (Mn) and technetium (Tc) have stable half-filled d-orbitals, causing
electrons to be held tightly by the nucleus, resulting in lesser delocalization and weaker
metallic bonds compared to the preceding elements.
(c) Zr and Hf have almost identical atomic radii due to lanthanoid contraction, influenced
by the occupation of 4f orbitals in the lanthanide series, leading to a decreased effective
nuclear charge and a contraction in atomic size that extends to the following transition
metals.

(ii) For M 2+ /M and M 3+ /M 2+ systems, E ∘ values for some metals are as follows :
Cr 2+ /Cr = −0.9 V
Cr 3+ /Cr 2+ = −0.4 V
Mn2+ /Mn = −1.2 V
Mn3+ /Mn2+ = +1.5 V
Fe2+ /Fe = −0.4 V
Fe3+ /Fe2+ = +0.8 V

Use this data to comment upon:

1. the stability of Fe3+ in acid solution as compared to that of Cr 3+ and Mn3+ .
2. the ease with which iron can be oxidised as compared to a similar process for either chromium
or manganese metal.

Ans.:

1. Stability of Fe³⁺ in acid solution

• Cr³⁺/Cr²⁺ (𝐸 ∘ = −0.4 𝑉): The negative value shows that Cr³⁺ has a low tendency to get
reduced to Cr²⁺, making it the most stable in acid solution.
• Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ (𝐸 ∘ = +0.8 𝑉): The positive value suggests Fe³⁺ is less stable than Cr³⁺, as it
has a higher tendency to reduce to Fe²⁺.

Page I 22
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

• Mn³⁺/Mn²⁺ (𝐸 ∘ = +1.5 𝑉): The very high positive value indicates that Mn³⁺ is highly
unstable and readily reduces to Mn²⁺.
Stability is inversely related to the 𝐸 ∘ value. A more negative 𝐸 ∘ indicates a higher stability of
the higher oxidation state.
Hence, Fe³⁺ is more stable than Mn³⁺ but less stable than Cr³⁺ in acid solution.

2. Ease of oxidation of metals

• Fe²⁺/Fe (𝐸 ∘ = −0.4 𝑉): The relatively higher (less negative) 𝐸 ∘ value indicates that iron
can lose electrons easily, making it the easiest to oxidize.
• Cr²⁺/Cr (𝐸 ∘ = −0.9 𝑉): A more negative 𝐸 ∘ value implies that chromium resists
oxidation more than iron.
• Mn²⁺/Mn (𝐸 ∘ = −1.2 𝑉): The most negative 𝐸 ∘ value indicates manganese has the
lowest tendency to lose electrons, making it the hardest to oxidize.

Mn and Cr can be oxidised easily as compared to Fe because the reduction potential of Fe is less
negative compared to Mn and Cr. Hence Fe is stable in its reduced form.

Thus, the order of getting oxidized will be Mn > Cr > Fe

Question 21 [5]
(i) The boiling point elevation and the freezing point depression of solutions have a number of
practical applications. Ethylene glycol (CH2OHCH2OH) is used in automobile radiators as an
antifreeze because it lowers the freezing point of the coolant. The same substance also helps to
prevent the radiator coolant from boiling away by elevating the boiling point. Ethylene glycol has
a low vapour pressure. We can also use glycerol as an antifreeze. In order for boiling point
elevation to occur, the solute must be non-volatile, but no such restriction applies to freezing point
depression. For example, methanol (CH3OH), a fairly volatile liquid that boils only at 65 oC is
sometimes used as antifreeze in automobile radiators.

(𝐢) Out of CH3 OH and C6 H12 O6 , which is a better reagent for depression in freezing point but
not for elevation in boiling point?

(𝐢𝐢) Will the depression in freezing point be the same or different if 0.1 moles of sugar or 0.1
moles of glucose is dissolved in 1 L of water?

(𝐢𝐢𝐢) 124 g each of the two reagents glycerol (C3 H8 O3 ) and glycol (CH2 OHCH2 OH) are added
to 5 kg of water in the radiators of two cars. Which one is better for a car? Justify your answer.

(𝐢𝐯) If the cost of glycerol, glycol, and methanol is the same, what would be the sequence of
economy to use these compounds as antifreeze?

Page I 23
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

Ans.:

(i) CH3 OH (methanol) is better for depression in freezing point because it is volatile and does
not significantly elevate the boiling point.

(ii) The depression in freezing point will be the same, as both sugar and glucose are non-
electrolytes and contribute an equal number of particles to the solution (𝑖 = 1).

(iii) Ethylene glycol (CH2 OHCH2 OH) is better because it has a lower molar mass (62 g/mol)
compared to glycerol (92𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙). This means ethylene glycol produces more moles of solute
particles in the same mass, leading to a greater depression in freezing point and elevation in
boiling point.

Calculation:
124
• Moles of glycerol = = 1.35 mol
92
124
• Moles of ethylene glycol = = 2.0 mol
62

Since the colligative properties depend on the number of moles, ethylene glycol is more
effective.

(iv) The sequence of economy is:

Methanol > Ethylene Glycol > Glycerol
Reason:
• Methanol has the lowest molar mass (32 g/mol), providing the most moles per gram,
making it the most economical.
• Ethylene glycol (62 g/mol) is next, followed by glycerol (92 g/mol), which has the
highest molar mass and thus the least effective per gram.

OR

A raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution loses water via osmosis and shrivel into pickle.
Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water. A carrot that has become limp because of water
loss into the atmosphere can be placed into the water making it firm once again. Water will move
into its cells through osmosis. When placed in water containing less than 0.9% (mass/volume) salt,
blood cells swell due to flow of water in them by osmosis.
(i) Why do people taking a lot of salt or salty food suffer from puffiness or edema?
(ii) How does the preservation of meat by salting and fruits by adding sugar protect against
bacterial action?
(iii) Why does the direction of osmosis get reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure
is applied to the solution side? Write one application.

Page I 24
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]
VERY SIMILAR SAMPLE PAPERS 2.0 ISC XII CHEMISTRY 2025

(iv) What care is generally taken during intravenous injections and why?
Ans.:
(i) Excess salt in the diet increases the salt concentration in body fluids, causing water retention
due to osmosis. Water moves from the surrounding cells into the bloodstream, leading to
puffiness or edema as tissues retain excess fluid.
(ii) Salting or adding sugar creates a hypertonic environment, drawing water out of bacterial cells
by osmosis. This dehydration inhibits bacterial growth and activity, preserving the meat or fruit.
(iii) When a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side, water
molecules are forced to move from the solution back into the pure solvent, reversing osmosis.
Application: This principle is used in reverse osmosis (RO) for purifying water by removing
dissolved salts and impurities.
(iv) The solution used for intravenous injections must be isotonic with blood plasma to prevent
osmotic imbalance. An isotonic solution ensures that blood cells do not swell or shrink,
maintaining the proper function of the cells.

**************************** The End ****************************

Page I 25
VSSPS2.0/SP4/SP [Link]