24th Applied Aerodynamics Conference AIAA 2006-3327
5 - 8 June 2006, San Francisco, California
The Effects of Protuberances on Interactive Supersonic
Flowfield through CD-Nozzle
Salimuddin Zahir 1
PhD Candidate Aerospace Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, PRC
Member AIAA, cfdpak@[Link]
Ajmal Baig2, Ali Ahmed 3
2,3
Engineer NESCOM, Islamabad-44000, PAKISTAN
Zhengyin Ye 4
4
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, PRC
Secondary jets in supersonic and hypersonic flowfield have applications in aerospace technologies. In
supersonic nozzle flows, lateral jets cause an asymmetric pressure distribution on opposite surfaces of nozzle.
This variation of pressure distribution produces a usable side force lateral jets have been used for thrust
vectoring [1-3]. In analogous to the lateral secondary jets inside supersonic/hypersonic flowfields, the lateral
plates also behave similarly [4]. In the present study, the analogous behavior of a lateral plate interacting
with an incoming supersonic flow is established, by modeling jet of cold air as a rectangular plate in the CD-
nozzle.
Nomenclature
Dt = nozzle throat diameter
Pc = nozzle inlet pressure
Ps = static pressure
X = distance along nozzle wall
h = height of protuberance
I. Introduction
AEacROSPACE vehicles require some guidance or steering to ensure that the required flight trajectory will be
hieved. In addition, control is needed to compensate for flight disturbances e.g., winds) and for vehicle
imperfections (e.g., misalignment of thrust and center of gravity). To provide this control, vehicles are equipped
with a thrust vector control system. The vehicle flight-control system must perform two functions: fly the vehicle
along the commanded trajectory, and maintain vehicle flight stability in the atmosphere. It is desirable that these
disturbances be corrected with proper timing and amplitude so that control energy requirements, structural loads,
and aerodynamic heating are minimized. A number of force-producing mechanisms are being used to provide
attitude and trajectory control of aerospace vehicles. The available systems can be divided into two main groups:
movable nozzle systems, and fixed nozzle systems. Fixed nozzle systems consist of mechanical deflectors and
secondary injection. In case of mechanical deflectors, Jet avatars, Jet vanes, Jet tabs are subjected to high forces,
high heat transfer rate, uneven heating, flutter, deposition and erosion as well as causing a thrust loss. Fluid injection
is one method receiving considerable attention. This technique uses axisymmetric wall forces caused by lateral
injection of a fluid (gas or liquid) into the divergent portion of the rocket exhaust nozzle. In addition to the usual jet
reaction, local high pressures associated with an induced shock wave "amplify" the jet reaction .
Salimuddin Zahir 1 PhD Candidate Aerospace Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, PRCMember AIAA, cfdpak@[Link]
Ajmal Baig2, 2 Engineer NESCOM, Islamabad-44000, PAKISTAN
Ali Ahmed 3,3 Engineer NESCOM, Islamabad-44000, PAKISTAN
Zhengyin Ye 4 Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, PRC
1
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Copyright © 2006 by Salimuddin Zahir. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.
In the present study, analogous to the lateral jet a lateral plate is used. The jet reaction experienced due to lateral
jet injection is not present here. However the shock wave and boundary layer-shock wave reaction causes a
considerable static pressure variation on the nozzle wall in the vicinity of plate. The location and dimension of the
lateral jet directly affect the boundary layer-shock wave interaction and the static pressure distribution.
II. Geometry
The nozzle used in the study has an expansion ratio of ε=9.25. The rectangular plate has a width given as Dt/15=
3.5mm, where Dt is the diameter of nozzle throat. The plate is mounted at X/Dt =3.4, 4.3 and 5.0 on the divergent
section of nozzle wall, where ‘X’ is distance from nozzle inlet. The height of the plate was varied as h=Dt/5 and
h=Dt/10 where h is the height of the plate.
III. Grid Generation
A 3D-structured grid was made which consists of 3 blocks; comprising of the main nozzle and the plate
inserted. CFD study was done using coupled-implicit governing equations. The discritization scheme was second
order upwind and Spalart-Almaras was used for turbulence modeling.
IV. Governing Equations
A 3D coupled explicit model was used. The system of governing equations for a single-component fluid, written
to describe the mean flow properties, is cast in integral Cartesian form for an arbitrary control volume V with
differential surface area dA as follows:
∂
∂t
∫v [Link] + ∫ [F − G ].dA = ∫ [Link]
V
where the vectors W,F, and G are defined as :
ρ ρv 0
ρu ρvu + piˆ τ
xi
W = ρv , F = ρv + pˆj , G = τ yi
ρw ρvw + pkˆ τ
zi
ρE ρvE + pv τ ij v j + q
and the vector contains source terms such as body forces and energy sources. Here ρ, , , and p are the
density, velocity, total energy per unit mass, and pressure of the fluid, respectively. is the viscous stress tensor,
and q is the heat flux.
Turbulent Model
A single equation turbulent Spalart-Almaras was used. The transported variable in the Spalart-Almaras model,
, is identical to the turbulent kinematic viscosity except in the near-wall (viscous- affected) region. The
transportequation for is
2
∂ ~ ∂ 1 ∂ ∂v~ ∂v~
(ρv ) + (ρv ui ) = Gv +
~
( µ + ρv )
~
+ C b 2 ρ − Yv + Sv~
∂t ∂x i σ v~ ∂x j ∂x j j
∂ x
where Gν is the production of turbulent viscosity and Yν is the destruction of turbulent viscosity that occurs in
the near-wall region due to wall blocking and viscous damping. σy and Cb2 are constants and v is the molecular
kinematic viscosity. Sν is a user-defined source term.
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V. Solver Controls
The discretization for both flow and turbulent model was set at second degree with a initial CFL number of 0.1
which was gradually increased to 2.5 till convergence was achieved.
VI. Results and Discussion
Internal gas dynamic flow field behavior for supersonic free stream interaction with lateral plate configuration
was analyzed by calculating static pressure and Mach number distributions. Different locations of protuberance are
discussed as separate cases. Results for h=Dt/5 and h=Dt/10 are discussed separately for each case. Static pressure
values Ps/Pc were plotted against X/Dt along nozzle wall at z=0 iso-line for each case. A plot for the case without
protuberance is also plotted for the sake of comparison.
A. Case-I “X/Dt = 3.4”
The Mach and static pressure contours are shown in Fig. 2 and 3 for the case for h=Dt/10. The mach and static
pressure contours show formation of bow-shock
wave upstream of the rod. The bow shock interacts 0.4
with the boundary layer and causes a separated flow
regime that can be seen from Fig.2b. Downstream of 0.35
the flow there is a very small disturbance in the without protuberance
wake of plate which is followed by a sub sonic flow 0.3 with protuberance at h=Dth/10
as can be seen from the Mach contours in Fig. 2b. with protuberance at h=Dth/5
0.25
The other case discussed is for h=Dt/5 as shown in
Ps/Pc
figures 4 and 5. The effect seen is nearly similar to
0.2
the previous one but it can be clearly seen that the
separation upstream is nearer to the plate for 0.15
h=Dt/10 as compared to h=Dt /5, in other words,
increase in protuberance height causes an earlier 0.1
formation of separated region. As a result of
interaction of bow shock with the boundary layer, 0.05
the flow separates from the nozzle wall. This
separation causes a static pressure increase on the 0
adjacent nozzle’s wall as shown in Fig. 1. The 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
maximum value for static pressure for h=Dt/5 is
x/Dth
Ps/Pc= 0.3612 at x=3.35Dt. The maximum value for
static pressure for h=Dt/10 is Ps/Pc= 0.278 at
x=3.365Dt. Fig1:Effect of Protuberance at x/Dth=3.4
Fig2a:Mach distribution at X/Dt =3.4,h/Dt=1/10 Fig2b:Mach distribution at X/Dt=3.4, h/Dt=1/10 (close up)
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Fig3a:Pressure contours at X/Dt =3.4, h/Dt=1/10 Fig3b:Pressure contours at X/Dt=3.4,h/Dt=1/10(close up)
Fig 4a: Mach distribution a X/Dt=3.4, h/Dt=1/5 Fig4b:Mach distribution at X/Dt=3.4, h/Dt=1/5 (close up)
Fig 5a: Pressure contours at X/Dt =3.4, h/Dt=1/5 Fig 5:Pressure contours at X/Dt=3.4,h/Dt=1/5 (close up)
0.35
With Protuberance h=Dth/5
B. Case-II “X/Dt = 4.3”
0.3 Without Protuberance
The static pressure and Mach number
distributions for X/Dt=4.3 are shown in Fig. 7 0.25 With protuberance h=Dth/10
and 8 for the case h/Dt=1/5 and Fig. 9 and 10
Ps/Pc
for h/Dt=1/10. The mach and static pressure 0.2
contours is similar to the previous case.
0.15
However from the graph in Fig.6 we can see
that the effect is reduced compared to X=3.4Dt. 0.1
The maximum value for static pressure for
h=Dt/5 is Ps/Pc= 0.2055 at x=4.2989Dt. The 0.05
maximum value for static pressure for h=Dt/10 0
is Ps/Pc= 0.1591 at x=4.2989Dt.
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
X/Dth
Fig6: Effect of Protuberance at X/Dth = 4.3
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Fig 7a: Mach distribution at X/Dt=4.3,h/Dt=1/10 Fig7b:Mach distribution at X/Dt=4.3,h/Dt=1/10(close up)
Fig 8a: Pressure contours at X/Dt =4.3, h/Dt=1/10 Fig8b:Pressure contours at X/Dt=4.3,h/Dt=1/10(close up)
Fig 9a: Mach distribution at X/Dt=4.3,h/Dt=1/5 Fig9b:Mach distribution at X/Dt=4.3,h/Dt=1/5(close up)
Fig 10a: Pressure contours at X/Dt =4.3, h/Dt=1/5 Fig10b:Pressure contours at X/Dt=4.3,h/Dt=1/5 (close up)
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0.4
C. Case-III “X/Dt = 5.0” 0.35 with protuberance h=Dth/5
The static pressure and Mach number without protuberance
distributions for X/Dt=5.0 are shown in Fig. 12 0.3
with protuberance h=Dth/10
and 13 for the case h/Dt=1/5 and Fig. 14 and 15 0.25
Ps/Pc
for h/Dt=1/10. The mach and static pressure
contours is similar to the previous case. However 0.2
from the graph in Fig.11 we can see that the effect
is reduced compared to both X=3.4Dt and X= 0.15
4.3Dt. The maximum value for static pressure for 0.1
h=Dt/5 is Ps/Pc= 0.1444 at x=5.01Dt. The
maximum value for static pressure for h=Dt/10 is 0.05
Ps/Pc= 0.1213 at x=5.01Dt. This differential of
static pressure on the opposite planes of the 0
nozzle may be utilized for the maneuvering of the 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5
space vehicles. X/Dth
Fig 11:Effect of Protuberance at X/Dth = 5.0
Fig12a: Mach distribution at X/Dt=5,h/Dt=1/10 Fig12b:Mach distribution at X/Dt=5,h/Dt=1/10(close up)
Fig 13a: Pressure contours at X/Dt =5, h/Dt=1/10 Fig13b:Pressure contours at X/Dt=5,h/Dt=1/10 (close up)
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Fig14a: Mach distribution at X/Dt=5,h/Dt=1/5 Fig14b:Mach distribution at X/Dt=5,h/Dt=1/5(close up)
Fig 15a: Pressure contours at X/Dt =5, h/Dt=1/10 Fig15b:Pressure contours at X/Dt=5,h/Dt=1/10 (close up)
VII. Conclusion
A CFD study on shock wave /boundary layer interaction in the divergent section of a supersonic nozzle by
a set of rectangular protuberances was performed. Various locations (X/Dt) and heights (h/Dt) of the protuberance
were used.
The CFD results in the form of Mach and static pressure distributions were studied and static pressure
values (Ps/Pc) were plotted against the length of nozzle wall at z=0 iso-line. The following conclusions were
obtained:
1) increase in protuberance height causes an earlier formation of separated
region.
2) increase in static pressure is greatest for the case X=3.4 Dt and least for
X=5.0Dt. Therefore as the protuberance is moved away from the throat the
increase in pressure reduces.
3) increases in pressure for h=Dt/5 was greater than h=Dt/10 for all three cases.
.
References
Reports, Theses, and Individual Papers
1
Hausmann, G. F., “Thrust axis control of supersonic nozzles by air jet shock interference,” United Aircraft Corp. Rept.
R- 63143-24 (May 2, 1952).
2
Green C.J. and Foy McCullough Jr.,” Liquid Injection Thrust Vector Control.”AIAA Journal Vol.1, No.3, March1963.
3
NASA report, “Solid Rocket Thrust Vector Control”, NASA SP 8114.
4
Sun-xun Li, Yue-ding Shi and Yong-kang Chen “The Effects of the Short Protuberances on Interactive Flowfield at
Hypersonic Speed,” AIAA-95-1829-CP.
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