AM RADIO RECEIVER

CMC 707 AM RADIO RECIEVER KIT

INTRODUCTION…
A radio receiver is an electronic device that receive radio waves
and converts the information carried by them to a usable form.
DIFFERENT TYPE OF MODULATION

A. Amplitude Modulation
B. Frequency Modulation
C. In phase Modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
= The amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in
proportion to the message signal, and the audio frequency
remain constant.
Frequency Modulation (FM)
= Varies the frequency of the carrier in proportion to the
message signal, and maintain other parameters constant.
In Phase Modulation
= The carrier phase is changed, it also affects the
frequency so this modulation comes under frequency
modulation.
 TWO SECTIONS OF AM RECEIVER
TUNER = It receives radio frequency (RF) and
converts the selected carrier frequency to
audio frequency (AF)

AMPLIFIER = It amplify or strengthen or enlarge

the audio signal that comes from the tuner
section.
 Super heterodyne Receiver
A super heterodyne receiver converts all incoming radio
frequency (RF) signals to a lower frequency known as an
intermediate frequency (IF).
Super Heterodyne Receiver Stages
1. RF section 4. Audio detector Section
a. Pre-selector/ Tuning Capacitor a. Detector
b. RF Amplifier b. AGC/AVC
5. Audio amplifier Section
2. Mixer Converter section
a. Mixer
b. Local Oscillator
3. IF Section
a. Band pass filter
b. IF amplifier
Antenna

Collects the radio wave signal

From the broadcasting station

TWO WINDINGS
[Link] windings
[Link] windings
1. RF SECTION
a. Pre-selector/ Tuning Capacitor
= Used to tuned a desired frequency
or to select desired radio station
2 PLATES OF TUNING CAPACITOR
1. Rotator plate
2. Stator plate

b. RF Amplifier
= Is the first active device in the
network it is the primary contributor to
the noise. And it is the predominant
factor in determining the noise figure.
2. Mixer Converter section
a. Mixer Converter
=Heterodyning takes place in the mixer stage.
=Radio frequencies are down converted to
intermediate frequency

b. Local Oscillator (RED)

=It is the ability of the local oscillator in a
receiver to oscillate either above or below the
selected radio frequency carrier by an amount
equal to the IF frequency through the entire radio
frequency band.
 MIXER
CONVERTER

LOCAL
OSCILLATOR
Mixer Converter Section
 FREQUENCY CONVERSION
The difference between the RF and Local Oscillator
frequency is always constant IF

LO= 1,355 KHZ

RF = 900KHZ

IF = 455KHZ
3. IF Section (Black, white, yellow)
a. Band pass Filter = Allows signals
between two specific frequencies
to pass, but that discriminates
against signals at other frequencies.

b. IF amplifier = The main function is to

accept and amplify the 455khz IF
signal that comes from the mixer
converter.
IF SECTION
4. Audio Detector Section
Contain Detector and AGC or AVC

• Detector: Rectifies the modulated signal, then filters out

the 455 KHz. Leaving only the audio frequency or
intelligence of 50 Hz – 20 KHz Which is sent to the AF
amplifiers.
Demodulation = a process of reversing or recovering
information from the modulated signal.

• Automatic Volume Control or gain control = is taken at

the detector (demodulated and fed back to the first IF
amplifier base). Required to overcome atmospheric and
terrain conditions that adversely affect signal strength
between the transmitter & receiver.
DETECTOR
DIODE

AVC
AM RADIO STATION IN CAGAYAN VALLEY
Frequency Name Call Sign Covered Location

576 AM DZRH Nationwide DZHR Tuguegarao City

DZTG Radyo Ronda 612

612 AM DZTG Tuguegarao City
Tuguegarao

DZCV Radyo Sanggunian

684 AM DZCV Tuguegarao City
684 Tuguegarao

DWPE Radyo Pilipinas

729 AM DWPE Tuguegarao City
729

DZYT Sonshine Radio

765 AM DZYT Tuguegarao City
765 Tuguegarao

Bombo Radyo
891 AM DZGR Tuguegarao City
Tuguegarao
 TERMS USED
AM- Amplitude Modulation
FM- Frequency Modulation
RF – Radio Frequency
LO – Local Oscillator
IF – Intermediate Frequency
AF – Audio Frequency
AVC – Automatic Volume Control
AGC – Automatic Gain Control
AUDIO SECTION
AUDIO AMPLIFIER
• The resultant audio signal is amplified in this section and feed into the
loudspeaker.
• It have the ability to amplify a relatively small signal input voltage into
a much larger signal.

In this Section we have:

1. Pre-amp Stage/Voltage amplification stage
2. Driver Stage
3. Output Stage
Power amplifier stages.
• Different power amplifier stages are shown in the block diagram
below.
Voltage amplification Stage

• The input signal to the amplifier from the source will

be generally in the mill volt range and it is very weak
to drive the succeeding stages. The purpose of the
voltage amplification stage is to provide necessary
voltage amplification to the input signal for the
succeeding stages to process.
Driver stage.

• Driver stage is the stage that is standing between the

voltage amplification stage and the output stage. The
output stage will usually have low input impedance
and so the voltage amplification stage cannot drive
the output stage alone. The purpose of the driver
stage is to produce enough current gain in order to
drive the output stage. Since there is sufficient current
gain, the driver stage produces considerable amount
of power gain too.
Output stage.

• Output stage is the stage that is connected to

the loudspeaker. The output stage gives further
improvement to the power gain and transfers
this power to the loud speaker with minimum
loss.
Power amplifier stages in a real circuit.
• Circuit diagram of a three stage practical audio power
amplifier is shown in the figure below.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF AM RECEIVER
ADVANTAGES:
1. Easy to implement
2. Can be demodulated using a few components
3. Very cheap component needed

DISADVANTAGES:
1. In efficient in terms of its power usage
2. In efficient in terms of its used of bandwidth equal to
twice that of the highest frequency
3. High level of noise because most noise is amplitude
based and AM detectors are sensitive
 RADIO RECEIVER
ALIGHNMENT PROCEDURE
 Radio Receiver Alignment
The alignment of an amplitude modulated radio receiver
consists of two types of adjustments of the different tuned
circuits present in the receiver.
The first part is to align the I.F. transformers to the correct
intermediate frequency of the receiver. This is called the I.F.
alignment.
The second part is to align the input tuned circuits to match
with the scale/dial markings such that the wanted station
(frequency) is producing the correct value of I.F. when tuned on
the dial to the frequency marked on the dial. This is called the
R.F. alignment. The R.F. alignment is also called TRACKING.
 Goals of Alignment
The goals of super heterodyne receiver alignment are
threefold:
1. Maximize Sensitivity
2. Optimize Selectivity
3. Achieve Proper Dial Tracking
IF ALIGNMENT PROCEDURE BY THE USE OF
SIGNAL GENERATOR
1. Disable the local oscillator
2. Set the signal generator to the fundamental IF
frequency of 455khz and feed into the 1st IF
transformer.
3. Adjust the tuning core of the third IF (black)
transformer for maximum signal.
4. Adjust the tuning core of the second IF and first IF
(white and yellow) transformer for maximum signal
5. Allow the local oscillator to function
TRACKING ALLIGNMENT PROCEDURE BY THE
USE OF SIGNAL GENERATOR
 TRACKING ALLIGNMENT PROCEDURE BY THE USE OF
SIGNAL GENERATOR
1. Set signal generator to 535khz while radio dial setting to 535khz and
fashion loop of several turns of wire and radiate into antenna or receiver.
2. Adjust turning core of OSC. For maximum signal.
3. Set signal generator 1605khz while radio dial signal setting to 1605khz.
4. Adjust variable capacitor trimmer OSC side by maximum signal
5. Repeat tracking procedure from 1 to 4 three times.
6. Tune to one station adjust trimmer capacitor at antenna side to
maximum reception and adjust antenna to a ferrite bar for maximum
signal.
ELECTRONICS
SAFETY RULES
• Never work on a circuit while power is applied.
• Do not connect power to a circuit until the circuit is finished and you have
carefully checked your work.
• If you smell anything burning, immediately disconnect the power and examine
your circuit to find out what went wrong.
• Keep your work area dry.
• Always wear safety goggles.
• Be careful around large capacitors; they can continue to hold voltage long after
they are disconnected from power.
• Be especially careful when you solder because a hot soldering iron can easily
burn you.
• Always work in a well-ventilated space.
• Have safety equipment such as a fire extinguisher, a first-aid kit, and a phone
nearby.
 RULES IN
TROUBLESHOOTING
 Repair is mainly ... “setting the device back to the
condition of normal operation.
TROUBLESHOOTING STEPS
1. Verify that a problem actually exists.
2. Isolate the cause of the problem.
3. Correct the cause of the problem.
4. Verify that the problem has been corrected.
5. Follow up to prevent future problems.
6. Work safely and exercise safety precautions
 AM RADIO RECEIVER TROUBLE SYMTOMS
AND CAUSES
1. NO POWER
a. DIFFECTIVE POWER SUPPLY
b. DIFFECTIVE ON/OFF SWITCH
c. TRACE PAD DEFFECTS
2. NO/WEAK AUDIO OUTPUT
a. DIFFECTIVE/BAD SPEAKER
b. DIFFECTIVE /BAD OUTPUT TRANSISTOR, DRIVER TRANSISITOR
OR PRE-AMP STAGE TRANSISTOR
c. DIFFECTIVE/BAD RESISTOR AND CAPACITOR IN THE AUDIO SECTION
d. TRACE PAD DEFFECTS
 AM RADIO RECEIVER TROUBLE SYMTOMS
AND CAUSES
3. NO NOISE OR WEAK RECEPTION SIGNAL
a. MISALIGNMENT OF IF TRANSFORMER
b. MISALIGNMENT OF OSCILLATOR TRANSFORMER
c. OPEN ANTENNA COIL WINDINGS
d. DIFFECTIVE/BAD IF TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
e. OPEN IF TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
f. OPEN OSC WINDINGS
g. DIFFECTIVE/BAD RF AMP/MIXER TRANSISTOR
h. TRACE PAD DIFFECT
TROUBLE SHOOTING DOCUMENTATION
SYMTOMS CAUSES CORRECTIVE ACTION
GOOD LUCK