Experiment

An operation
which produce
rome well-defined outcome a
on

: >
-
can i

chance which is
Random Experiment :
The outcome
of
each trial depends on ,

beyond our control ,

and as such can not be predicted with
certainity .

sample Space
posible
-set of outcomein
randomexperiment in a
The all

Each element
of sample space is called
a a
sample point .

Event
Every subset sample space is called event
:->
of a an .

die
Ex . In a
single throw
of
a

prime no

E =
42 ,
3
, 53
event F odd
The
getting
no
of
F =
41 ,
3
,
53
Event
Impossible :>
-

o CS
die
getting throw
Ex in
T of
.
no . a a

Sure Event-> SIS

lie
Less them I in
a vo r
f
a

getting
Ex .
a no.

simpleEventenolaminatingleelement thesample on
spe
of
-

sample point
. Ex .

Mitually Exchuine Events: - Two events E ,& E2 a re

said to be
mutually exchimne

if E
, REz =
0

If
E
,
nE#q ,
then E
, & E
,
are called compatible events
he these
getting ano
E+
die 41 5)
throwing
In S 2 3 4 5
Ex 1)
: a =
, , , , ,

getting
E even no.
than
E-getting
=
a no more
,

odd 43 4 , 33
getting
an no 5

E = ,
,

: E
,
Ezfo
nEz 0
compatible
· E =

, "F SE are
, ,

enchurine
·: F &E
mutually
.

a re
, ,
 Exhaustine exerilit
Exclusive &
Mitually It E Er Ez
,
,
.
--- ·

En be subsets of a
sample space

Independent Meanin
Pentative
Events - In
P(E NEz)
random experiment
,
= P(E) XP(Ez)
lits be the sample and
Complementary space
a
,

let E be an event .
Then ECS

Now E'or EorECS

-

is called complement of E

E-> occurses

E'- > does not .

occur

in throw die
getting
En E- of
.
even no. a a

E'- odd
getting
Probability : -

PCE) =

no on
offavourable
set

(oxP(E)X)

2) A
can once .
Sand the
probability of getting a head
head <1)
getting
E
E a
n(E) 1
=
=

S =
(H T) ,
n(S) = 2

P(E) = =
t
Find the probabilita

To coriantomed
once .

head
(3)
getting
no

head I tail
getting
I I
()

S =
[HH ,
HT, TH
,
TT3 n(s) =
E
(3) Ey =
[TT3 u(Es) =
1

()EHMS
nE
P(Ez) =
t
(9) Ea
=
SHT Th3
(2) E =
SUT ,
TH
, HHS nEL) = S ,

P(Ez) = P(Ea) =
z =
t
 SeLH)
unbiased coins tossed What is
3) Three are once . the 3)
probability of getting
1) [HH43

auwhena
E
,
=
n(E , ) =

P(E) = Y

a n(E2) 3
2) E G4HT THUS
=
=
HTH
, ,

P(E2) =
/
is What is the probability of
4) A die tossed once .

3) SUTT TTHY
Ez = TUT,

gettingmembermen
,

P(Ez) =
3/8

a 4) En =

P(Ea) =
7/8
less than 8
A number
Wil 5) E5 =
GHHT THH HTH ,
HHH3
5)Inasingle howof die what tea
,
i ,

P(E5) =
5=
6) Two dice are thrown simultaneously Find the probability getting
()
.

of
Y 41 63

m
1) S =
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
,

2) 36 =
/2
3) 46 = 23

4)6 = "3
5) o

numbered from 1 to 20 . One card is then

7. 20 cards are
6) 66
7

that the
drawn at random. What is the probability o =
1
is :
number on the card drawn

i
5) S=
Lyn ] -
<(2 6) (3 5) (4 4)(5 3)(6 2)3 N/E) 5
=

E = ,
, , , ,

probability of getting
drawn at random . Find the
p(E) =

· address
Cards

Total
(i)
9)
huffled deck
From well
the
a rd
red and
a

words acarda
drawn is

red King
characta a

Baga red
Aking (ii) either
Total 12 cards
10) A and 12 white balls
face
.
One
ball is drawn at

=Li
random Find the
probability
.

that
the ball drawn is ...
red
x52
I
And 1452. 2
=

Y
233)(a) is ,

Ibay 2 white
I P(E)) =36
 4)
I If 30 is the probability that an event will happen ,
what

is the probability that it will not happen

.

Find the probability of

&E0
12) Three dice are thrown together .

getting a total of atlast 6

=
E- > Sum of at most ( < b) 3)

ZeCCG n za

,
13) Two cards are drawn at random from a
pack of
?
32 cards .
What is the probability that both cards are aces

g waye
52 carde selected 52 cards
n(s) = no
from
=
.

~
(E) = (2 = no .

of ways of seting cocr

from

=
PLE

-I
A die is .
rolled Let I be the event "die showed" and
F be the event "die shows even no "
. Are E & F
mutually
exclusive ?

S =
41 ,
2 3
, ,
4
,
563
E =
44]
F =
42 ,
4 63,

EnF =
443 70
ECF a re not
minually
lossed. Describe
exchisine .

) Three coins a re

churiand a
erwhitaMutually
enhaue

which exclusive but not exhusistine

5) Three events a re
mutually
 Probability
·PEEEE
Results on
:

PEO 3
S - sample space
event
Et
Any =

)
(P(E ) ,
=
0 .
65

exclusive
4) If
E &E
, ,
are
mitually 2)

= doubti s
(1) PCE nE) = 0 OR PlE , and Ez) =
o !
,

P(E , UEz) P(E , ) + P(Ez)

(11)
=

·tal,a
P(E O2Ez)
= P(E , ) + P(Ez)
,

VEn) P(E) + P(Ez) +

- ...
+ P(En) n(Ez) 5
UELUEz
=

(111) P(E , =
-
- -

where E
, F2 ,
. . . .
En a re
pairwise disjoint
Addition theorem two events :
for
For two events E & E2
P(E ,
02Ez) = P(E , VEz)
any
,

= PEPEET
- For
any
thre events E
,
E2 ,
Es =
P(E) + P(En) + P(Es) PlE , nEr)
P(E VELVEs)
- -
=

,
Sn(s) =
36

P(EzMEs) -

PlEgnE ) + ,
P(E nEznEs) doublet )=
,

getting (F
E - n
,

mitually
,

E ,& F two exchisive extastine

Ip
a re
total of
4) n/E2)E
,
Est 10
events then
/P(E) + P(E2) = 1
4( 55 5) , 16 )=

·
6) ,

E
, , ,

event
Complement of
an
Ple and Er) ,
= P(EE) =
P(FE)
(P(E) P(E) =
1 -

compatible events
PER
two E, E
For
any
1 P(E , -

Ez) =
P(E)) -

P(E , REz)

=
1) If E , and Es are two events associated with a random
experiment
such that PLEz) 0 85 and PLE , and E2) 0 15
PLEOrE2)
0 35
,
= . = .

= .

find PCE , ) .
f

2) Two dice are tossed together . Find the

probability of getting
a doublet or a total 66 .
n(s) = 500

3) In a
single throw of two dice , find the probability that E +
,
divisible
by 3 =
43 ,
6
,
9
, ..... 598]
neither a doublet nor a total to 10 will appear.

d
4) A natural number is chosen at random from among

thefirst500Whattheprobability
that the numbe a b
u(E ),
=
166

Ainawmuffing 16/52

E
Ent

1Ez
n(Ez)
(15
= 100

30 45. . . . . 4953
...

495 =
o

15 + (n -

1)15

boombment
=
, ,
,
n =
33

n(E , nEz) = 33

PE
PLE , VE)
rusted =
 I Two falle are drawn at random with replacement
5n(S
↑
space n(E) 1
bose to black balls & a se
containing
=
a

from a

Est
King /E2) 4

probability
=

balls Find the

- . .

E nEz 1
sed
=

,
(1) both a re

P(EVEr)
is black second is red
( first
() them is black and other is sed
of
one

drawing
cards 12
#
n(s)
I n(s) =

of ways of
= no .

P(F) =

·
E
,
-
getting both a re red

n(E , ) =
2
E-
getting
both
kings
n(E2) =

n (E , 1E2) =
2

7)n(s) = 150c
n(E , ) =

10 C2

- n(E2)

n(E 1E2)
=

152

52c 5022
=
,

· #

=
 eg21) A throws die
Greports

l
=
P(FIA)

Axiomatic Approach to
Probability -

Let S =3 W
,, Wa Wa
, ,
. - .

Wh] be the sample space associated to a random experiment.

probabilitypra real
The valuedfunctionwhosedomain
is a
power set of
-
sand
is
rang
Set all subset
1 0xP(Wi)X) all WiES
of
for
.

.
2 P(s)
P(w ),
=

+
1

P(wz) + P(wz) +... + P(wn) =

/
En ,
s
is
3 For event ACS PCA) EPCWS the number PCMC
any
=
.

, ,

called the
protability of elementary event

·
S =

EHHHH , HHHT
,
HA TH , HHTT
,

LTHH ,M

S
#canoe
1.
25
A(S) =
60Cs

ne l

nF
.
2

> 1 + 1 + +=
GRe
HHHH
< Heads
-

.SE2
3 , 2 s
5 Re
1 + 1-1
.
5 = 1 .

: 1 +
34 & /T
1-15-1 5 - 1Rs

isEgelngazegettingsT
.
=

2122T : 1 +
3.
: -15-15-5
=

P(E) =
316
- 15-1 5-15-1 5 = GRe
<
-

T :
.

/2
.
=

<Re) 116
P(getting
=
4
. not getting prize
us
1- p(getting prize) 1 Re) 4/16
P(getting
.
5 =

(i)
=1-oc
(i)
I 1Re) 5/16
P(getting
-
=

Rl) 4/16

m
P(getting
=
-
-
3 .
5

1/16
P(getting-JRs)
=

=C 3-

a
20x3750XT
=

(5) :
6. Sample space

per
letter in proper
envelope

=H
PLE)

,
.
7
P(A) = 0 54
.

PCB) =
0 69
.

P(A1B) = 0 35
.

P(B)-PLAUB) (Ili) PLANBI) PLA)-P(AnB)

(i) P(AUB)
=
=
P(A) +

#
0 35
0 34 + 0 69
.
-
= .
.

=
1 23
.
-
0 35.

0 88
=

/
.

(ii) PCA'nB') =
PCAB
=
0 .

12/ a
(iv) PLBnAl)
= PCB-PCAB
=
0 34,
.

a male gender or above 35

yeaoa e
. picking person
8 a

n(s) = 5

P(E)
=
4/51.

9. 4 digit no . 5000 , divisible by 5

i
(ii)

3
n(s) =
2 x 5 x 5x5 =
250

(but 5000 is not 5000)

1x4X3x2
= 24

:. 250-1 = 249
24
36
=
12 +
n(E) =

=9
P(E)
 9/1/25 -

Probability
100211 - Test

14/1/25 - Revision + Test

16/ - Revision + Test

170218 -

Test

21/) -
Revision + Nest

23/)
-

28/1 -
1 Mock Paper (Section 1+B + E)

30/1 -
1 Mock (C + D)

5/2-2Mock

6/2 -
2 Mock

Fri or Sat-3 hous paper

=]
↑
S

34) =o
⑦
P(getting
P(getting-
④ I (at most 24) =
7/8

⑤ P (no head) 18
=

18
⑧ P(3T)
=

%
① p
(exactly (T) =

⑧ P (no tail) =
Y8
⑨ P (at most 2T) =

1/8