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LOAD–DEFLECTION BEHAVIOR OF A CONCRETE BEAM
MacGregor, J. G. & Wight, J. K.,(2012). Reinforced concrete: mechanics and design (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
FEU-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Civil Engineering Department
Deflection in Beams
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP2015)
FEU-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Civil Engineering Department
Deflection in Beams
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP2015)
FEU-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Civil Engineering Department
Deflection in Beams
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP2015)
FEU-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Civil Engineering Department
Deflection in Beams
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP2015)
FEU-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Civil Engineering Department
Deflection in Beams
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP2015)
FEU-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Civil Engineering Department
Deflection in Beams
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP2015)
FEU-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Civil Engineering Department
Deflection in Beams
National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP2015)
FEU-INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Civil Engineering Department
Example 1
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide and 500 mm deep. The beam
is cantilever over a span of 3 m and carries uniform deadload of 10 kN/m
including its own weight and a uniform live load of 5 kN/m. The beam is
reinforced for tension only with 3-28 mm diameter bars with an effective
depth of 420 mm, f’c=28 MPa, and fy=415 MPa.
a. Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.
Is the beam serviceable using allowable deflection of L/480?
b. Calculate the deflection for the same loads after 5 years assuming 50%
of the live load is sustained.
300
w kN/m
3-28 𝜙
500
3.0 m
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Example 1
a. Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.
Is the beam serviceable using allowable deflection of L/480?
w kN/m
𝛿𝑖
Maximum deflection
𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑖 =
8𝐸𝐼𝑒
Service load
𝑤 = 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 𝑤𝐿𝐿
𝑤 = 10 + 5
𝑤 = 15 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
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Example 1
Calculate the effective moment of inertia
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 < 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
Modulus of rupture, fr
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ; 𝜆 = 1.0 for normal concrete 300
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 1.0 28
𝑓𝑟 = 3.281 𝑀𝑃𝑎
500
Gross moment of inertia, Ig
1 1
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑏ℎ3 = 300 500 3
12 12
𝐼𝑔 = 3.125𝑥109 𝑚𝑚4
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Example 1
Distance of the section centroid from extreme tension fiber, yt
1 1
𝑦𝑡 = ℎ = 500 300
2 2
𝑦𝑡 = 250 mm
3-28 𝜙
yt
Cracking moment, Mcr
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 3.281 3.125𝑥109 500
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = =
𝑦𝑡 250
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 41.013 kN. m
Maximum moment, Ma
𝑤𝐿2 15 3 2
𝑀𝑎 = =
2 2
𝑀𝑎 = 67.5 kN. m > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 41.013 kN. m
∴ CRACKED SECTION
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Moment of inertia of the cracked section, Icr
300
Ac
3-28 𝜙
420 – c
500 NA
𝑐
420
2
c
Beam section Transformed/cracked section
Modular ratio, n
𝐸𝑠 200000
𝑛= = → 𝑛 = 8.042
𝐸𝑐 4700 28
𝜋
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 8.042 3 4 28 2
→ 𝐴𝑐 = 14855.673 mm2
Moment of areas about the neutral axis
𝑀𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 = 𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑐
𝐴𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 2
𝑐
14855.637 420 − 𝑐 = 300 𝑐 2
𝑐 = 160.357 𝑚𝑚
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Moment of inertia of the cracked section, Icr
300
Ac
3-28 𝜙
420 – c
500 NA 420
𝑐
2
c
Beam section Transformed/cracked section
2 1 3 𝑐 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑐 + 12𝑏𝑐 +𝐴 2
2 1 3 160.357 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 14855.637 420 − 160.357 + 12 300 160.357 + 300 160.357 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 1.414𝑥109 mm4
Effective moment of inertia, Ie
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
41.013 3 41.013 3
𝐼𝑒 = 67.5
3.125𝑥109 + 1 − 67.5
1.414𝑥109
𝐼𝑒 = 1.798𝑥109 mm4 < 𝐼𝑔 = 3.125𝑥109 mm4 OK!
Structural Design 1 (Concrete)
Serviceability
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a. Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.
Is the beam serviceable using allowable deflection of L/480?
15 kN/m
𝛿𝑖
Instantaneous deflection
𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑖 =
8𝐸𝐼𝑒
15 3000 4
𝛿𝑖 =
8 4700 28 1.798𝑥109
𝛿𝑖 = 3.397 mm
𝐿 3000
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = =
480 480
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 6.25 mm
𝛿𝑖 = 3.397 mm < 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 6.25 mm
The beam is serviceable!
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b. Calculate the deflection for the same loads after 5 years assuming 50%
of the live load is sustained.
w kN/m
𝛿𝑖
Deflection after 5 years
𝑤 = 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 0.5𝑤𝐿𝐿
𝑤 = 10 + 0.5(5)
𝑤 = 12.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑤𝐿4 12.5 3000 4
𝛿𝑖 = =
8𝐸𝐼𝑒 8 4700 28 1.798𝑥109
𝛿𝑖 = 2.83 𝑚𝑚
𝜉 2 𝜉 = 2.0
𝜆Δ = = =2 𝐴′𝑠
1 + 50𝜌′ 1 + 0 𝜌′ = = 0 singly reinforced
𝑏𝑑
𝛿5𝑦𝑟𝑠 = 𝜆Δ 𝛿𝑖 = 2(2.83)
𝛿5𝑦𝑟𝑠 = 5.66 mm
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Example 2
A reinforced concrete beam is 300 mm wide and 600 mm deep. The beam
is simply supported over a span of 5 m and carries uniform deadload of
30 kN/m including its own weight and a uniform live load of 35 kN/m.
The beam is reinforced with 2-25 mm diameter top bars and 4-25 mm
diameter bottom bars, f’c=28 MPa, fy=415 Mpa, concrete cover=50mm and
stirrups diameter=10mm.
a. Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.
Is the beam serviceable using allowable deflection of L/480?
b. Calculate the deflection for the same loads after 5 years assuming 70%
of the live load is sustained.
300
w kN/m
2-25 𝜙
600
5.0 m 4-25 𝜙
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Example 2
a. Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.
Is the beam serviceable using allowable deflection of L/480?
w kN/m
𝛿𝑖
Maximum deflection
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑖 =
384𝐸𝐼𝑒
Service load
𝑤 = 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 𝑤𝐿𝐿
𝑤 = 30 + 35
𝑤 = 65 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
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Example 2
Calculate the effective moment of inertia
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟 < 𝐼𝑔
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
Modulus of rupture, fr
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ; 𝜆 = 1.0 for normal concrete 300
𝑓𝑟 = 0.62 1.0 28
𝑓𝑟 = 3.281 𝑀𝑃𝑎
600
Gross moment of inertia, Ig
1 1
𝐼𝑔 = 𝑏ℎ3 = 300 600 3
12 12
𝐼𝑔 = 5.40𝑥109 𝑚𝑚4
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Example 2
Distance of the section centroid from extreme tension fiber, yt
1 1
𝑦𝑡 = ℎ = 600 300
2 2
𝑦𝑡 = 300 mm
Cracking moment, Mcr
𝑓𝑟 𝐼𝑔 3.281 5.4𝑥109 600
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = =
𝑦𝑡 300 yt
𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 59.058 kN. m
Maximum moment, Ma
𝑤𝐿2 65 5 2
𝑀𝑎 = =
8 8
𝑀𝑎 = 203.125 kN. m > 𝑀𝑐𝑟 = 59.058 kN. m
∴ CRACKED SECTION
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Moment of inertia of the cracked section, Icr
300
d’ A’c
c
2-25 𝜙 c - d’ 𝑐
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝜙𝑠 − 𝜙2𝑏
2
d 𝑑 = 527.5 mm
600 NA
d–c 𝑑 ′ = 𝑐𝑐 + 𝜙𝑠 + 𝜙2𝑏
4-25 𝜙 Ac 𝑑 ′ = 72.5 mm
Beam section Transformed/cracked section
Modular ratio, n
𝐸𝑠 200000
𝑛= = → 𝑛 = 8.042
𝐸𝑐 4700 28
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 = 8.042 4𝜋4 25 2
→ 𝐴𝑐 = 15790.43 mm2
𝐴′𝑐 = 𝑛 − 1 𝐴′𝑠 = 8.042 − 1 2𝜋4 25 2 → 𝐴′𝑐 = 6913.467 mm2
Moment of areas about the neutral axis
𝑀𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 𝑀𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
𝑐
𝐴𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 2
+ 𝐴′𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑐
15790.43 527.5 − 𝑐 = 300 𝑐 2
+6913.467 𝑐 − 72.5
𝑐 = 178.483 𝑚𝑚
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Moment of inertia of the cracked section, Icr
300
72.5 A’c
𝑐
c
2-25 𝜙 c - d’
2
NA 527.5
600
d–c
4-25 𝜙 Ac
Beam section Transformed/cracked section
2 1 3 𝑐 2 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 𝐴𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑐 + 12𝑏𝑐 +𝐴 2 + 𝐴′𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑑′
2 1 3 178.483 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 15790.53 527.5 − 178.483 + 12 300 178.483 + 300 178.483 2
+ 6913.467 178.483 − 72.5 2
𝐼𝑐𝑟 = 2.57𝑥109 mm4
Effective moment of inertia, Ie
3 3
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑟
𝐼𝑒 = 𝐼𝑔 + 1 − 𝐼𝑐𝑟
𝑀𝑎 𝑀𝑎
59.058 3 59.058 3
𝐼𝑒 = 203.125
5.40𝑥109 + 1 − 203.125
2.57𝑥109
𝐼𝑒 = 2.64𝑥109 mm4 < 𝐼𝑔 = 5.40𝑥109 mm4 OK!
Structural Design 1 (Concrete)
Serviceability
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a. Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection due to service loads.
Is the beam serviceable using allowable deflection of L/480?
w kN/m
𝛿𝑖
Instantaneous deflection
5𝑤𝐿4
𝛿𝑖 =
384𝐸𝐼𝑒
5 65 5000 4
𝛿𝑖 =
384 4700 28 2.64𝑥109
𝛿𝑖 = 8.057 mm
𝐿 5000
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = =
480 480
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 10.417 mm
𝛿𝑖 = 8.057 mm < 𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 10.417 mm
The beam is serviceable!
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b. Calculate the deflection for the same loads after 5 years assuming 70%
of the live load is sustained.
w kN/m
𝛿𝑖
Deflection after 5 years
𝑤 = 𝑤𝐷𝐿 + 0.7𝑤𝐿𝐿
𝑤 = 30 + 0.7(35)
𝑤 = 54.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
5𝑤𝐿4 5 54.5 5000 4
𝛿𝑖 = =
384𝐸𝐼𝑒 384 4700 28 2.64𝑥109
𝛿𝑖 = 6.755 𝑚𝑚
𝜉 2 𝜉 = 2.0
𝜆Δ = = = 1.527 2𝜋4 25 2
1 + 50𝜌′ 1 + 0.00620 ′
𝐴′𝑠
𝜌 = =
𝑏𝑑 300(527.5)
𝛿5𝑦𝑟𝑠 = 𝜆Δ 𝛿𝑖 = 1.527(6.755)
𝜌′ = 0.00620
𝛿5𝑦𝑟𝑠 = 10.315 mm
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Structural Design 1 (Concrete)
Serviceability