MEIOSIS II

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- each of 2 cells divide into 2 more cells
- humans cannot survive without it - centromere breaks, giving separate chromosomes
- for development of structural and functional
differences of males and females, influence human FINAL RESULT OF MEIOSIS:
behavior, and produce offspring - 4 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each
- not necessary for survival of individual

FUNCTIONS

● PRODUCTION OF GAMETES
● FERTILIZATION
● DEVELOPMENT AND NOURISHMENT OF NEW
INDIVIDUAL
● PRODUCTION OF REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

GAMETES

- reproductive cells
- sperm in males
- oocytes (eggs) for females

MEIOSIS FROM FERTILIZATION TO FETUS

- special type of cell division FERTILIZATION

- leads to formation of gametes - union of sperm and oocyte

23 CHROMOSOMES - EACH SPERM AND OOCYTES ZYGOTE

- fertilized oocyte
● CHROMATIDS - develops after fertilization
○ identical copies from chromosomes - develops to embryo 3 to 14 days after fertilization
duplicated
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
AT BEGINNING - 46 CHROMOSOMES (2 CHROMATIDS
EACH CONNECTED BY CENTROMERE)
● SYNAPSIS - consist of testes, series of ducts, accessory glands,
○ process where chromosomes align as and supporting structures
pairs
DUCTS
- epididymis
MEIOSIS I - ducta deferens
- urethra
PRODUCES: ACCESSORY GLANDS
- 2 haploid cells, each has 23 chromosomes with 2 - seminal vesicles
chromatids joined at centromere - prostate glands
- bulbourethral glands
SUPPORTING STRUCTURES - seminiferous tubules enlarge and produce germ
- scrotum cells and sustentacular cells
- penis
PRODUCTION OF SPERM CELLS
1. GERM CELLS
2. SPERMATOGONIA
3. PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES
4. SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES
5. SPERMATIDS
6. SPERM CELLS

SPERM CELL STRUCTURE

● HEAD
○ contain nucleus and DNA
● MIDPIECE
○ contain mitochondria
● TAIL
○ flagellum for movement
DUCTS
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS ● EPIDIDYMIS
○ thread-like tubules on each side of testis
○ where seminiferous tubules empty new
● SCROTUM sperm
○ contain testes ○ where sperm continue to mature and
○ contains dartos muscle develop ability to swim and bind oocytes
■ moves scrotum and testes close ● DUCTUS DEFERENS
to and away from body ○ “vas deferens”
■ depends on temperature ○ extends from epididymis
○ joins seminal vesicle
Sperm must be developed at temp less than normal body ○ cut during vasectomy
temp ● SEMINAL VESICLE
CREMASTER MUSCLES ○ sac shaped gland near ampulla of each
- extension of abdominal muscles ductus deferens
- contract and pull testes nearer the body ○ join prostate gland to form ejaculatory
duct
● TESTES ● URETHRA
○ primary male reproductive system ○ from urinary bladder to end of penis
○ produce sperm ○ passageway for urine and male fluids
○ found in scrotum
○ has seminiferous tubules
■ where sperm is produced MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM GLANDS
○ contain interstitial cells
■ secrete testosterone ● PROSTATE GLANDS
○ contain germ cells ○ surrounds urethra
■ cells sperm arise from ○ walnut-size
○ contain sustentacular cells ● BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
■ nourish germ cells ○ small mucus secreting gland
■ produce hormones ○ near base of prostate gland
● PENIS
○ transfers sperm to female
○ excretes urine
○ corpus cavernosum, corpus
spongiosum, spongy urethra are three
columns of erectile tissue which fill with
blood for erection
○ GLANS PENIS - distal end of penis; cap
○ EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE -
where urethra opens to the exterior

SPERMATOGENESIS
- formation of sperm cells
- begins in puberty
- interstitial cells increase in number and size
STRUCTURE OF TESTIS AND SPERM CELL
SECRETIONS

● SEMEN
○ mixture sperm and secretions from glands
○ provide transport medium and nutrients to
protect and activate sperm
○ 60% fluid from seminal vesicles
○ 30% fluid from prostate gland
○ 5% fluid from bulbourethral gland
○ 5% fluid from testes
● SEMINAL VESICLES
○ provide fructose
○ has prostaglandins that decrease mucus
thickness around cervix and uterine tubes
and help sperm move in female repro tract
○ contain coagulants (help deliver semen to
female)
● PROSTATE GLAND
○ has enzymes to liquefy semen
○ neutralizes acidity of vagina
● BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
○ neutralize acidity of male urethra and
female vagina

- 2 to 5 milliliters of semen ejaculated each time

- 1 milliliter semen has 100 million sperm
- Sperm can live for 72 hrs inside a female

PATH OF SPERM

1. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules (testes)

2. Epididymis
3. Ductus deferens
4. Receive secretions from seminal
vesicles,prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
5. Urethra where semen (sperm) exits body

MALE SEX HORMONES

● Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH)

○ by hypothalamus
○ stimulate secretion of LH and FSH
● Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
○ by anterior pituitary
○ stimulates secretion of testosterone
● Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
○ by anterior pituitary
○ prompts spermatogenesis

MALE PUBERTY

- boy begins to produce ale hormones and sperm

cells
- at 12 to 14 and ends around 18
- secondary sexual characteristics develop:
- skin texture, fat distribution, hair growth,
skeletal muscle growth, larynx changes
 - cause reproductive ducts to contract and stimulate
MALE SEX HORMONES
seminal vesicles and prostate glands to release
secretions
● TESTOSTERONE
○ major male hormone
○ produced in interstitial cells in testes PENILE EJACULATION
○ for development and maintenance of
reproductive organs EJACULATION
● INHIBIN - results from contraction of smooth muscle sa wall
○ secreted by cells in seminiferous tubules ng urethra and skeletal muscles surrounding the
○ inhibits FSH secretion base of penis

● Before ejaculation, AP are sent to skeletal muscles

MALE SEX ACT
at base of penis
● Rhythmic contractions are produced that force
- complex series of reflexes semen out of urethra that results to ejaculation
- result to erection of penis, emission and ejaculation ● Muscle tension increase in the body

● EMISSION
○ movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
secretion, and seminal vesicle secretions
to prostatic, membranous, and spongy - consist of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina,
urethra external genitalia, and mammary glands
● EJACULATION INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
○ forceful expulsion of secretions that - located within pelvis, between urinary bladder and
accumulated in urethra to exterior rectum
- held in place within pelvis by ligaments
SENSATIONS BROAD LIGAMENT
- pleasureable - spreads out on both sides of uterus
- during male sex act - attaches to ovaries and uterine tubes
- result in an intense sensation called orgasm
FEMALE PELVIS
RESOLUTION
- phase that occurs after ejaculation
- penis becomes flaccid
- overall feeling of satisfaction exists
- male is unable to achieve erection and second
ejaculation

PENILE ERECTION

ERECTION
- first major component of male sex act

NEURAL STIMULI FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

- cause penis to enlarge and become firm

PARASYMPATHETIC AP FROM SACRAL REGION OF

SPINAL CORD
- cause arteries that supply blood to erectile tissues
to dilate
- blood then fills small venous sinuses called
sinusoids in erectile tissue then compress veins
which reduces blood flow from penis

EMISSION

- accumulation of sperm cells and semen in urethra

- stimulated by sympathetic AP from lumbar region of
the spinal cord
 UTERINE WALL LAYERS:
OVARIES
PERIMETRIUM (SEROUS)
○ outermost layer
- primary female reproductive organ MYOMETRIUM
- produce oocytes and sex hormones ○ middle layer
- on each side of uterus ○ composed of smooth muscle
ENDOMETRIUM
● OVARIAN LIGAMENTS ○ innermost layer
○ anchor ovaries to uterus ○ sloughed during menstruation
● SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS
○ anchor ovaries to pelvic cavity ● VAGINA
● MESOVARIUM ○ from uterus to outside of body
○ attach ovaries to broad ligament ○ receives penis during intercourse
● OVARIAN FOLLICLE ○ allow menstrual flow
○ group of cells in ovaries ○ involved in childbirth
○ contain oocytes ○ has very muscular walls and mucous
membrane
○ very acidic to keep bacteria out
OOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION

OOGENESIS EXTERNAL FEMALE GENITALIA

- process of gamete production
- begin before female is born ● VULVA
- b fourth month of development, ovaries has 5 ○ external female sex organ
million oogonia (cells oocytes develop) ○ MONS PUBIS
■ fatty layer
● Females are born with all their oogonia (2 million) ■ skin covering pubic symphysis
● At puberty, 300,000 to 400,000 oogonia are left ○ LABIA MAJORA
● Puberty to menopause, FSH stimulates several ■ larger
follicle to begin developing during each menstrual ■ outer folds of skin surrounding
cycle but only 1 follicle should be ovulated entrance of vagina
● Oocytes are swept into one uterine tubes by ○ LABIA MINORA
fimbriae during ovulation ■ thin
● If sperm present in uterine tube during ovulation, it ■ inner folds of skin surrounding
can be fertilized entrance of vagina
● If fertilization occurs, zygote implants in uterus ○ CLITORIS
● Oocytes only live for 24 hours; if no sperm is ■ small erectile in vestibule
present in ovulation, no zygote develops, oocyte ■ equivalent to male penis
dies ○ PREPUCE
■ where 2 labia minora unite over
clitoris
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
○ VESTIBULE
■ space in which vagina and
● UTERINE (FALLOPIAN) TUBES urethra are located
○ part of uterus
○ extends towards ovaries
○ receive oocytes
○ FIMBRIAE - fringe-like structures; around
opening of uterine tubes; help sweep
oocyte to uterine tubes
○ AMPULLA - where fertilization occurs;
near the ovary, part of uterine tube
● UTERUS
○ pear sized structure
○ in pelvic cavity
○ receive, retain, and provide nourishment
for fertilized oocyte, where embryo resides
and develops
○ BODY - main part
○ FUNDUS - superior to entrance of uterine
tubes
○ CERVIX - narrow region; leads to vagina
 - estrogen and progesterone levels are low
MAMMARY GLANDS
- follicle begin to mature

- organ of milk production in breast DAY 6 TO 13 PROLIFERATIVE (BETWEEN END OF

- modified sweat glands MENSES AND OVULATION)
- has lobes covered with adipose tissue - endometrium rebuilds
- estrogen levels begin to increase
- progesterone level remain low
FEMALE PUBERTY
- follicle matures

- begins between 11 to 13 years of age; completed DAY 14 OVULATION

by age 16 - oocyte released due to LH
- estrogen - high
MENARCHE - progesterone - increasing
- first episode of menstrual bleeding - cervical mucus thins
- corpus luteum mature follicle after ovulation
FEMALE SEX HORMONES - degenerates if egg is not fertilized

DAY 15 TO 28 SECRETORY (BETWEEN OVULATION AND

● GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE NEXT MENSES)
(GnRH) - endometrium is preparing for implantation
○ produced in hypothalamus - estrogen levels decrease (low)
○ stimulate secretion of LH and FSH - progesterone - high
● LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) - cervical mucus thickens
○ produced in anterior pituitary
○ cause ovulation
● FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) MENOPAUSE
○ produced in anterior pituitary
○ prompts follicle in ovaries to begin - time when ovaries secrete less hormones
development - low number of follicles in ovaries
● ESTROGEN - less regular menstrual cycle and ovulation
○ proliferation of endometrial cells - hot flashes, fatigue, irritability may occur
○ development of mammary glands - estrogen replacement therapy may be used to
(especially duct system) decrease side effects
○ control LH and FSH secretion
○ development and maintenance of
secondary sex characteristics FEMALE SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
● PROGESTERONE
○ enlargement of endometrial cells - sexual drive of both male and females are
○ secretion of fluid from uterine glands dependent on hormones
○ maintenance of pregnancy state - testosterone-like hormones and estrogen, affect
○ development of mammary glands brain cells (especially area of hypothalamus)
(especially alveoli) influence sexual behavior
○ control estrogen, FSH, and LH secretion - psychological factors play role in sexual behavior
○ development of secondary sex
characteristics TESTOSTERONE-LIKE HORMONES
- produced in adrenal cortex
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
CONTRACEPTION
- series of changes
- occur in sexually mature, nonpregnant females - preventing fertilization

MENSES SIX MAIN TYPES OF BIRTH CONTROL: (MOST TO

- time LEAST EFFECTIVE)
- when endometrium shed from uterus ● LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTION
- average: 28 days; results from cyclical changes that ● STERILIZATION
occur in endometrium ● HORMONAL METHODS
● BARRIER METHODS
● FERTILITY AWARENESS
STAGES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
● EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION

DAY 1 TO 5 MENSES (SHEDDING OF ENDOMETRIUM)

- menstrual bleeding