expanseso

-inm

·
Two >
- Sexual and asexual
ways

Feature Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

yes wo
gametes produced
·

·
fertilization (male
yes no
nuclei
gamete fuse
with female
gamely
·
variation in no
yes
off springs
environment environment
Survival
·
Value Changing stable

·
Process involved meiosis + mitosis itosis only
-
actual reproduction
·
asexual reproduction produces genetically identical clones

Q) What is asexual
reproduction ? (4)
production off involvement of gameter and
offspring without
·
an

fertilization
identical t and No
other parent .
generically each
genetic
· to the
- ,

variations within the

offspring ,
and offspring is
only from
ONE Parent

·
result of cell
dividing by MITOSIS

Advantages
large of offsprings
·
no

·
quick process
involved
no
gametes
8

. if parents were able no survive in a

particular environment
,

and
offsprings get the same
genes ,
they will also be

Suited to that environment .

Disadvantages
·
no variation in
offspring ,
limiting variation of
offspring
lead to
competition as it is so fast
overcrowding
·

, ,

If parent doesn't have resistance to a

particular disease neither
any
·

will the offsprings .

Distribution limited (except when
·

of species likely to be
sport
involved)
asexual reproduction NOTE : asexual reproduction in

propagation'
I

1) Artificial of plants is also called

memod
vegerative vegetative
2) Natural method
of vegerative propagation propagation because in this ,
the

plant uses vegelative parts (roors ,

stems ,
leaves) to reproduce .

Systems in plants

I I

vegerative - reproductive
if plant
if
new
flowers
-

roots
-

-
new plan
using mese,

having seed
mese
,
-

stems using SEXUAL

-
fruits
-
leaves
ASEXUAL
-

branch of that and

· runner -
a main stem
lengmens creeps along the

surface the . Root will down from it intervals

of ground grow at

and
eventually the parts of the runner in between the roofs wither

away ,
and a row of new plants are produced
shourberries
eg D
:

>
-
Contains
xylem and phoems will water and mineral
.

Xylem cally
for
salts the
offspring ,
until offspring develops its own
system. Phloem
in runner will acids in solution
cally
the sucrose and amino for the

offspring ,
until offspring develops its own leaves
 terminal (grona Lamina

I
J flower /reproduce
a
veins

mid rid peride

>
- organ

SHOOT
stem
- lear (main
(supports leaves photosynthetic
and flowers) lateral & organ/sire
bud of photosyntesis)
(grows a

branch or

flower)

⑧
I
Inside
distancebe
a

roor

S
-

( 1-
&

-
anchors - root hairs
structures
-

absorbs (microscopic
that increase the SA
nutrients ,
warer ,
for absorptions
stores food

Tissue >
-
growth plant from small grp of cell
Culture
Technique of
·
It ism e
growth of the whole
Plans
from a
small
cells group of
and using growth hormone
done ,
nutrients
for bananas
oil palm , date palms ,

parer /

Jagan
plannels

I
Soil
·
· ·
·
↑ T
.

f
-
-

- T

-
=

·
>
-
-
↑

Le
·
 NOTE has a flower but does
nor use it for reproduction
Runner of Strawberry Plant
asexual ? ↓
Q) why
both a re
fusion of
leave of parent plant performs no
gameles possible
-

photosynthesis,
making glucose
is converted
, - no meiosis
rough
↓ which to sucrose no fertilisation
for wans portation
-

PARENT into
develop
&
PLANT
is
plantis
*
can er
produce runner
or
irhorde
LATERAL
a

BUD
roos
-

> OFFSPRING

Di b
runner -
& (side shoor) point whererunner

finally runner
touches me
ground can
roots
,

form adventilious
connection with me

parent plant rols

away
and offspring
will be a new plant

stem
grafting

bound
-
this part of plant (uppers gragt
is selected for fruir to
quality flower colour , by tape
waterproof the
,

disease resistant
and to
cur ,

prevent bac-
terial or
fungal
clean cur and infection. The

parts will
must be exact
to
march of size
and shape to grow logemer by
How of minosis into one
allow
and
-

water
plant which has
nutrients
Lower
part is selected qualities
for
providing good
noor
system
 la small piece of stem)
cutting
1)
plant
S pelargonium
2) African Violet

mana
parent
our at
-

il

3
↓
2

Gre - increasedin
angeoa ! put
Y
vaseline
no
below
block root
-

soil
Stomate
so vers
respiration ↑ humidity a transpiration
ARTIFICIAL METHOD OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1) A branch which is 2-6 inches is cut off just below the

mode at an
angle
2) Remove most of the leaves before planting to reduce excessive loss of water
by
transpiration(reduced number of stomata if less leaves
3) Cur stem lauxin) and will
is dipped into a
rooting hormone powder ,
this

that
promote growth of new cells into
roots transparent
so
cam

1) Our into
photosynthesis
stem is pur the soil
e occur

5) Cut Stem is covered in a TRANSPARENT POLYETHENE BAG ,

which will increase

humidity ,
as the water
vapors given by the leaves accumulate in the bag
,
and this will reduce manspiration

6) Artificial + asexual + clone of parent

Stem
grafting
·

Transplantation of the upper part of a plant onto a lower palt of another

plant of same species . The no parts will then into

grow together
one

plant . This technique carried out on froir plante

eg apples
can be :
, plums ets.

Tissue Culture Technique

parent plant / leaves
Take
fragments of plant from root ,

2 Sterilise to prevent contamination from microbes that can use nutrients

up
transferred to
3
The pieces are
agal
in the perri dish .
Agal has nutrients

amino acid for and glucose for respiration Temp Should be

eg :
growth . .

30 C will mineral salts

·

,
also have

4 cells
After some weeks ,
each
group of divide
by
 Sexual Reproduction In plants

Sexual Reproduction Formation of organism by the fusion of male

gameto
·

: new

the female form

nucleus with
gamete nucleus to
zygote and the offsprings
a
,

identical.
produced are NOT
generically

Advantage :

individuals combine
genee from two different ,
so
offsprings will have
genetic
variation ,
so some
offsprings will have
advantage over the owners when
surviving
changing
in a environment .

will which evolution

Those that survive their
offsprings quicken
pays their to
on
genes
-

Disadvantages
·
:

more not be found

may
-

Fertilization not be successful

may
-

-Faulty genes
from born
parents can be inherited
by
the
offsprings
*
Agents of pollination like bees,
may
not be available when flowers are
-

makre NOT insects

-
M

-Agents of fruit dispersal eg

: ANIMAL , WIND
May
not be available

Q) How to prove something

is a fruit ?

-cut open and there will be seeds

Flower
·

reproductive organ of me
plant . In some flowers female
only
>
-
, make or

part is present . These are called unisexual Howers In some ,

eg papaya
: .

both parts are

present These are called bisexual flowers hibiscus
eg
:
.
 Q) Name Gas and I
during daylight
H
Label C -
F

H -
CO2
C
style
+

D
5 -
02
+
petal
Q) Flower is pale pink and
E- anther Identify gasK and L
.
,

give explanation EXPLANATION.

7- fruit k + 02 pink so no
chlorophyll
-

photosynthesis
-
so no
L + CO2

D
-

only respiration
E

C I gask
-
L
>
- gas
It
gas F

X
gas

Hibiscus Flower

3 carpel-female
- Stigma
style part

(race() /)
ovary
colorful,
Peral-large
- ,

Finis : scented

nechar
guides

Sante i licament

ovule G ⑧
sepal
pouch like structures
called
pedicel nectary
↑
attached to
star
>
-
leaf like structure in a floue

-sepal
(can be
green)

- stamen

anner
①
A B

filament
 stamen

line of
-
anther

denisence
6
anter splits B

along misA
-

filament
lengen ,
rele-

asing pollen
graine

Cross section
/
along line AB

knowhow
draw
! -
wall
of anther
to
pollen grains
having
-

male
from filament garvetes
-
Vascular pollen sac

bundle
having xylem A POLLEN GRAIN :
and
phloem
male
gamete
Remember MADE

havinn id
mar
pollen
itself is NOT
grain THROUGH MELOSIS
the ⑨
gamete ,
it intine -

I
CONTAINS no of
games (inner wall) I chromosomes
* Also note it contains
haploid exine
number of chromosomes loter wall cytoplasm
- Pollen Grain
(insect pollinated)

ourer
wall

inner
wall

spikes on
pollen grain
indicates that
pollen grain
is from insect pollinated flower

Peral-insect pollinated
-

* Wind pollinated do not have

, -large peral
or
have inconspicuous

nector
guides

-nectary-makes solution called

nectar as a reward for insect visit

Structure
of Ovule

after fertilisation,
&
turn inco
TESTA/
SEED COAT

integument
(thin wrappings X
around
embryo sac

that
protects it) X embryo
s ac

XD
ovum or cell
egg
containing haploid
no
. of chromosomes

ovary
sing carpe
 Features
1) anthers found
favoring self pollination :

close to
stigma or above in
2)
Usually bisexual
3) Anthers and
Sigma will manne at the same time to
encourage
self pollination

anther -
anther below , so
filament cross
pollination is

encouraged
-

·
Primrose :
- one tree on this 50 % have
,

longer style
a
so
stigma
above anther

HETEROSTYLY (different
lengm of
style
-
the other 50 % have

short with stamen

style
above
,
encouraging
self pollination
-self pollinated
· REASON : Cross for
self
b. anthers
variation ,
but above

in cause
agents of Stigma
pollination not
present short
style
-
Fernale Reproductive Plant

carpel

&
>
-

Stigma

style
-

carpel

ovule

ovary
-

embryo sac

haploid nucleus
(ovum) (female gamete

Male reproductive part called stamen

cur with
anther having
molobesO Sablade 4 - 5
D -

ing
Contain
- pollen sacs
pollen graine
filament

Vascular
bundle

-
oneof the
for pollen
>
- pollen grains
saus
released when
auther splits
open
group of
power
grains After
Denisence
Before Denisence

(bursting)
Parts flower
of
·
a

loutermost
Sepal layer)
b

peral
anther b
,

> Stauer
(
filament

(inner most
layer
Stira
1) sepal :

leaflike structures

chloropyll-being
due to able ho
they
are
usually green green
-

perform
Photosynthesis
OUTERMOST
layer
-

function
-
:

protects flower in bud

stage
·
me

2) pedicel
-
it is the flower stalk

function :

flower and it
supports the makes
easy
to be seem
by insects for pollination
·

and mineral iom to the Hower

supplies glucose amino acids
·

3) petal
to
-
can be
large brightly
,
colored ,
scented with nectar
guide guide the

insect to the base of the peral to obtain nectar ,

provided
it is an INSECT POLLINATED FLOWER

it wind pollinated peral may be if present would be

not
present Or
-

, ,

doll ,
small and scenters

function :
·
to attract insect for pollination
platform for insects to laud
To
landing
·

provide a
 4) part of flower
Male reproductive a

-
called STAMEN

stamen has ANTHER and FILAMENT

anther

has no lobes each lobe wo sacs

pollen
has
containing pollen grains.
·

line dehiscence(weaknes
There is a
of -
along
the anther . Anther

splits this line when to release pollen

open along mature
grains
filament

holds anther release the

the so that it can pollen grains
·

·
Also contains vascular bundles, that is XYLEM and PHLOEM .

and Phloem
xylem brings water mineral ions·
brings SucROSE IN SOLUTION,

which is used in respiration to release for cell division . It

energy
also
bring amino acids to make
cytoplasm ,
and protein synthesis
pollen grain
·
It contains male gametes ,
with half the number of chromosomes

than the other plant cells produced by

.
It
meiosis. Thus
is can we

say
Nuclei of pollen grain contains HAPLOID NO of chromosomes
·

5) Female
reproductive Part NOTE :
polen grains ale specific,
-
called CARDEL only germinates when lands on

-made of style ,
Stigma ovary ,
same species

Stigma (boi)
receives pollen grain during
·

germination

Sigma also flid that will

makes a
sugary cause me
·

pollen grain to
germinate on the
stigma. In
germination of pollen
grain ,
outer wall will burst ,
and inner wall will come out as

a libe like structure called POLLEN TUBE ,

which carries male

pollen like will style

gamere * pass through
ovary
b style
ourle Links the
stigma to
overy
·

embryos a. Pollen tube

grows through the style during fertilization
b

gamere ovary
has I ourles In oucle , their is and
embryo
·
or more .
each sac
,

called
within the
embryo sac there is a female
garde
ovum

MELOSIS HAPLOID
produced
by ,
containing no of chromosomes.
 · Pollination
-

transfer of pollen grains from anther to the

stigma.

· & self pollination

* self pollination
③ cross pollination
D no pollination

- NOTE
: still sexual reproduction

self pollination transfer of pollen grain from

stigma of
- anther to

same flower , of different flower on same

plant

cross pollination Transfer of pollen grain from anther to the

-
stigma
of another flower ANOTHER PLANT Of the SAME SPECIES
of

Advantages of self pollination :

·
In absence of agents of pollination like insects ,
it ensures that the plant
survives for another
generation
·

only one
parent required
·

greater chance of pollination (because anthers close to

Stigma ,
or above it
·
Less pollen grains are wasted than cross pollination

Disadvantages of self Pollination

NOTE : will
& generic variation in
offspring less adopted to be
change
&

, so species are

giveSome
not in the environment
variety ,
More competition in same area
·
zero. as
,

Advantages of Cross Pollination

generic variation offspring that allow plant to adapt to

·
more show in ,
can
changes
in the environment, so nor all te
variety of that species gets destroyed in

of in environment disease
case
changes , or

Disadvantages of Cross Pollination

wind
agents of pollination
depends which be absent
eg insect may
·
on :
, ,

grains being released

at the time of pollen
Two lower
parents required so chances than self poliation
·

,
 ·
more pollens are washed

If the plants are rare and from then pollination

growing far each other
·

,
away ,

not
may occur

NOTE : Self pollination is still Sexual Reproduction , because it

>
-

So
involves fusion of gameter .

offsprings will be
genetically different ,
but there would be less variation than cross pollination

Q) List the differences between insect pollinated and wind pollinated Howers.

Features Insect Pollinated Wind Pollinated

1) Perals coloured
large + scented + no
perals or dull +mall

rectal guide (for insect REASON : no requirement to

to
necraly easily
reach altract insects

+ special place for insects

to land called platform

2) Present insects for

Necraly
to attract nor
present

necrol so
they can
bring
-

about pollination

3) Stamen Inside the flower . Anther Large filament ,

so that

protected inside the petal anther can

hang outside

so that insects touch anther the flower ,

so is exposed
So that pollen can be to wind so that
poler

deposited be blown
on their
hairy can
away by
body Anther doesn't wind . Anthers
. swing are large
,
Ancher are small ,
stift with pendulous filament

Stamen to obstruct visiting

insect.

4)
Stigma Small surface a re a ,
stigma feathery stigma-large SA

inside flower ourside

+ non +
hanging to catch

callied by wind
feathery pollen

&
5) pollen
grains large +
heavy compared large amounts
of poder
no wind +
spikes pollen on
grains
are
produced

grain to attach to insects to compensate for wastage

hairy body +
rough
surface + smooth +
dry +
light
small
+
quantities due to more
weight
effective pollination

Q) Features that favor cross

pollination :

·
some flowers have either make or female flowers (unisexall
Anther and nature at different if a bisexual flower
Stigma times
·

while deadmettle
eg
:

and
different length of stigma anther
eg primrose
·
:

Q) What is
advantage of having only make or farmale parts I

To that valiation because there

encourage
cross
pollination gives
more
genetic
would be
gane
combination from 2 parents .
They would be more adapted to

changes in the environment . Also helps in colonization of deff . Habitats

9) Explain the of named insect

role a in
pollinating a named flower.
While dead nettle is pollinated by bumble bee . These bees are ableho

reach the at the The bee feeds the

nectary base of the petal .
on
sugaly
solution called nectar made the nectaries . The flower peral will
by act

as a
landing platform for the bee. .
The anters are
arranged in such a

that the
pollen grains bee's hairy
way from tran brushes
against me

back. As the bee its head down the petal while

pushes entering another

flower of white deed nettle of another plant with ripe

stigma ,
it will

brush This is called pollination.

some
of these pollem against sigma . cross

In this flower ripe avoid accidental self poliation

,
anthers before Sigma to
of the flower.
 >
- SPIKELET

Before flower opens

pollen falls
anstigma

Individual
Flowers

before flower opens it

will
encourage self
pollination because
anthers a re close to

the
stigma

After Flower Opens

Wind Pollinated style

Feathery Stigma
reproductive parts provides
large SA
are exposed
to air

in insect 's. but

poumaled orary
flower the -

reproducto
parts are
protected large anther
within the
petal
long , pendulous
filament
out
hanging
 Q) List 3 diff between from
pollen graine
A and B
species
A is smaller and B is largel
Pollen from species A
·

grain ·
A is smooth and B has spikes
dispersed by wind by animal
B
· A is ,

magnified X830

Pollen
grain from species B

magnified x 200
Q) Explainnow these species all pollinated ! (species Q)
Ans) Transfor of pollen
grains from anther to
stigma of SAME PLANT , So

self pollination

a) Which one will have more

genetic variation ?
Ans) species D

Q)
Likely memod
of pollination in P
Ans) cross pollination
by
SEC son :

large peral
-

feathery stigma
non
-

CROSS POLLINATION

parnrcea
BY INSECT
-

SELF POLLINATION

Plaut 1 Plant 2
Species Species p
Q
Q) What is
advantage of having only make or farmale parts ?
To because
encourage cross pollination ,
so more
genetic variation ,

There will be combination from two parents .

gave
- peral
nectar
guides

&
sepal -
sepal
anther
-

filament -
stigma
style

ovaly
-

-
orule

only
-
male flower
only
as
,
stance
is
present, not
carpe

a) method of pollination ? >

- female flower +
only carpet,

no
stament
INSECT
-

>
-
Why ? short anther short filament ,
,

non
feathery Sigma large
,
petals
Important
-

8
Stigma
&
(nor ripe yet)

style
pollen

>
-
anther

in
2
Stigma opens
position of
cross

insect
pollination -
 3

Stigma curves
S

they touch
over until
pollen of flower
meiraw
alca SELF POLLINATION

·
Basically ,
it prefols cross

pollination but
by insect,

due to its
chancy nature ,
if it does will
not occur , it

curl so it can do self pollination

Dandelion Flower
(composite true
floret -
one small flowed

ovary - Stigma

-
many
Ling flowers
grouped rogether no
give
appearance of one
alge
flower. Each
tiny flower is
called
thres
 flores
One
enlarged

Stigma

anther

-
peral

-
filament

-
Stigma

necraly
-

-
oualy
-
ovule
 WHITE DEAD
Male NETTLE
Stage (only more part maturel FLOWER

stigma -filament
(not manre) stiff anter
h S *A A
prevent
self pollination manres first and
style -

brush pollen on

bee's back

I
bumble bee
orale

o yellow or white peral

D
-

oraly
landing platform
act as a

for insect
to land

nectary

Female (female part is manuel

Stage
exhausted

m
anthers

forked
stigma
to
receive
pollen
from bee's
back

&

O
FERTILISATION

haploid male haploid female - diploid

zygote
-

gamete nucleus
gamete nucleus

is
It te
fusion of haploid
the male nucleus with haploid female
gamete
nucleus to form a diploid
gamete zygote

& if compatible pollen lands the successful pollination

a
grain on
Sigma ,

is said to have taken place

A produced forms medium
sugary
solution on the
Stigma , a nutrient
in which the pollen grain will
germinate
* the inner the
In the
germination of the pollen grain , wall of poller
grows form pollen tube. Then the male will enter
to a
gamete
the tibe
pollen
* tip of pollen tube will release digest the
The the
digestive enzymes to

cells of the
style towards the
orally
* The pollen tube the orule and then enters the in
enters
opening
ovule wall called micropyle . They the tip of the pollen rube absorbs

sap
and bursts to release male gamele . The pollen tube release

enzymes to
digest embryo sac as well.

Finally the haploid nucleus of fuses

* male the with
gamete
the female to form diploid
haploid
the nucleus of games
a

THIS IS CALLED FERTILIZATION

zygote .

MITOSIS
EmbrYO
zygote ->
 mirosis form
The
zygote will then
through to
embryo and men
·

go

on
plumle and cotyledon . These will be found within

After Fertilisation

Petals and
style Shi
·
,

gra
help with seed dispersal later

Integuments alound ovule holden to form TESTA (seed coal

·
Micropyle WILL REMAIN

zygore will continue to divide by mirose's

·

· Ourle will turn into seed

will become fruit
ovely
·

Parts of a seed :

1) Testa >
- seed
coating of
outer

Function protects
embryo from mechanical injuries
:

2) Hilum-Scar which shows where seed was attached to fruit

wall

3)
Micropyle ->
It is a hole in the seed coat close to hilum

Functions ① important route for water

:
entry of
② allows
gaseous exchange
4) A plant within the seed
Embryo - miniature

Parts of an EMPRYO (within Seed) :

1) Radicle 2) Plumule ) Cotyledon

& Jo to
will develop into
will develop into

Root
system of plant Stoot
system of
plant ·
Contains

protease lipase
,
amylase ,
9) How does filled with stored food ? (5)
a
cotyledon get
- The leaves of parent plant perform photosynthesis no make

glucose
* Glucose converted into with ENZYMES which
sucrose
help of ;
is the TRANSLOCATED to
IN SOLUTION via phloem the

cotyledon
* In the cotyledon ,
some sucrose is converted into
glucose and
stored statch + some converted into fat for
as
storage
(like in
soya beau seeds/sunflower seeds) ·

Whereas some

is used to make amino acids and amino acide

sugal ,

are used as protein

NOTE - It is for this reason seed needs no nutrients from

As the fruit material
the soil . is
already present in the

wool
cotyledon . Seed can
germinate an cotton ,
blotting paper

NOTE When cotyledon gets filled with shared food,

- the

parent plant absorbs most of the water from the seed and
food makes the
makes the stored
completely dry and this
seed inactive

little internal
Dormancy ->
embryo goes
to
sleep with metabolic
·

activity
>
-
ADVANTAGE :

seed can survive in harsh conditions , eg extreme

:

hear or cold . It
only germinates when conditions
are suirable
> One to make seed active
way
:

add
-

water

Conditions Essential For

germination :

⑦
Boxygen & water Suitable temp. .
viability

-
SUITABLE TEMP
in presence of
enzymes are present in cotyledon that work
efficiently
and these will
Suitable temp .

enzymes bring about chanical digestion

 of stored food
the in
cotyledon ,
with start of germination
* STARCH H20 amybese simple sugals chemical
digestio
+ >
- ·

lipase
* FATS + H20 >
-
fatty acide and glycerol cannot occur
protecte
* PROTEIN + H20 >
-
amino acids withar water

- enters from micropyle

WATER :

helps break which ends

testa
dormancy
1
,

.
2 Activates enzymes present
the in the cotyledon
food in the
.
3 Will bring about
digestion of the stored
cotyledon ,
which is called hydrolysis
As to
4 .
a solvent transpor simple sugals ,
amino acids in solution

from radidle and

cotyledon to
embryo's plumule

Q) What is the function of sugars amino acids fatty acids ,

simple , ,

glycerol made
by hydrolys of stored food in the cotyledon during
germination ?
Ans)· Simple like be used release
glucose will respiration
in
sugals to

for growth
energy
Amino Acids will used to build proteins in the and
be
cytoplasm
·

for
enzyme synthesis
fattyocids and will recombine to form fats that used
glycerol be
·

can

S
as
energy reserves + 10 make components of well membrane
Oxy
&

EN Required for aerobic respiration ,

that will
supply energy for

growth , protein synthesis , for cell division

by
mitosis

VIABILITY
It is the likelihood
of the of
embryo developing into
·

measure

age of
an adult plant ,
and this decreases with the the seed.

&)
Suggest why some seeds
may
not
germinate even
though they
have all the condition for germination
necessary
1) May have lost viability
2) May have disease
9) Name two conditions not required for process of germination ?
D Sunlight
2) Soil

Experiment
·
These rest tubes were left for 2
days
Control
-

1 4
Key
Test tube no
2 3 :

- -- X :
Oxygen yes
no : X
Water v -xv D :
germination
& : no
germination
Suitable -
temp .
-X-

germination

Observations in Test Tube 1 :

·
seeds would have sprouted our radicles and plumules

Conclusion :
·
suitable temp. water and are ALL NECESSARY for
oxygen
,

germination to occur

Seed It
:
develops from an ale after fertilisation . In contains

embryo
fruit
overy after
that
: It is a structure develops from an

fertilisation , and it contains seeds .

Q) What is ?
germination
seed
conversion of a into
seedling
·
a
9) What is
drymass !
All the chemicals protein fars and animo
including excluding
·
,
acids ,

ware

seed
Graph of
changes in
dryman
as
undergoes
 a
Stage

Dar
3/02/24

Self Dispersal :

·
In this pericarp dries up
producing tension
, .
As a result ,
the

pericalp splits open ,

ejecting the seeds

Advantage dependence of dispersal

no on
agens
-
-

fall
Disadvantage -> short distance, seeds close to each
-

other

Reproduction in Humans

Q) What are the

adaptive features of and sperm
egg
Sperm
swim that drives sperm
- has ability with help of flage
to
hm
forward
-

large no.
of mitochondria in the middle piece test supplies

energy for
swimming
It has called protease
containing digestive enzymes
-

acrosome

to breakdown/digest the membrane around me

egg
to penetrate
me over laye of the
egg

Egg
for
-

jelly coar that acts as

protection ovum

which its nature after fertilisation and

membrane
changes
-

His would be a barrier for of other sperms

entry
has stored food in the form of fats and protim in the
cytoplasm ,
to nourish cells from the time is released until it arrives
egg
at the uterus

① List differences between

egg
and sperm
nucleus contains X Nucleus
·
of
egg only chromosomes. of sperm contains

X or Y chromosome

sperms which
very small 10 05mm) out of 80 % is tail .
·

are .

,
a

Eggs arc
larger (0 . 1 mm)
 sperm + fluid >
- semen
6
sugars like

tructose

sperm has little stored food because it mainly depends on

sugars in Seminal tid for respiration. has abundant

Egg
cytoplasm containing proteins + fats . Just enough to nourish the

eggs

Sperms are mortile to swim on their

able + more own .
Eggs
·

cannot move on their own . Passive movement ,

which means

my are moved
along oride with help of cilia and peristalsis
17/01/25

Hormone Site of Production Functions /Uses

I .
FSH Pitritely gland stimulate development of follides
in we
ovely ,
also promotes ripening
of the
egg
.
2 It
pinitally gland It works with FSH to cause

ovulation. Development of corpus

When

3 .

Destrogen Oraly It causes repair and growth of

after
uterine
lining menstruation

and after orulation

4 .

Progesteron Ovaly/Corpus Worm It is secreted after ovulation to

the
maintain uteline
lining throughout
the It also causes the
pregnancy .
high cone of progesterone . It stops
ovcelation
by inhibiting release of
FSH and LH