ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION LEVEL 6

What is safety?
REFERECE: Electrical installation by Brian
Scaddan
Is the behaviour undertaken to prevent injury to
Summary of Learning Outcomes people and damage to machines and equipment.
The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
1. Apply EHS Standards
2. Conduct site survey The purpose of the Health and Safety at Work Act
3. Design Electrical installation 1974 is to provide the legislative framework to
4. Perform system sizing promote, stimulate and encourage high standards of
5. Prepare working drawings health and safety at work.
6. Plan for logistics
7. Prepare list of tools, equipment and materials The various relevant clauses in appropriate Acts e.g.
8. Prepare installation work plan  Occupational safety and health act (OSHA)
9. Establish installation team  Work injury benefits act(WIBA)
10. Prepare work site  Environment management and coordination
11. Perform marking, pipe and fixing of accessories Act (EMCA)
12. Perform Electrical Installation  Health and Safety at Work Act
13. Terminate Electrical Installation
14. Test and Inspect Electrical Installation Relevant regulations:
15. Prepare Tenders and Service contract  IEE regulations
 KPLC by-laws
 County by-laws
TOPIC 1

APPLY ELECTRICAL HEALTH STANDARDS The following list indicates such regulations and,
(EHS) whilst all are important, those that are mostly relevant
to electrical installation work are the:
Specific areas to be covered
 Relevant clauses in appropriate Acts e.g. 1. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974
a. Occupational safety and health act (OSHA) (H&SWA) Management of Health and Safety
b. Work injury benefits act(WIBA) at Work Regulations 1999
c. Environment management and coordination Act 2. Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare)
(EMCA) Rmnegulations 1992
3. Provision and Use of Work Equipment
Relevant regulations: Regulations 1998
a. IEE regulations 4. Personal Protective Equipment Regulations
b. KPLC by-laws 1992 (PPE)
c. County by-laws 5. Manual Handling Operations
Regulations1992
 Causes of accidents and sources of danger e.g 6. Health and Safety (FirstAid)
burns, cuts, electric shock, falling from heights, Regulations1981
falling objects, noise, dust, chemicals 7. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and
Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995
 Meaning of term PPE 8. Ionizing Radiation Regulations 1999
1. Purpose of PPE 9. Noise at Work Regulations 1989
2. Types of PPE 10. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
3. Safe and correct handling, use, maintenance Regulations 2002 (COSHH)
and storage of different types of PPE 11. Electricity at Work Regulations 1989
4. Classes of fires and fire fighting equipment (EAWR)
12. Construction (Design and Management)
 First aid procedures Regulations 1994 (CDM)
1. Rescuing electric shock victim 13. The Building Regulations
2. Methods of resuscitation
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 persons, manufacturers and suppliers.
Duties of employers
Duties of employees
Employers must safeguard, the health, safety and
welfare of all the people who work for them. This Employees have a duty under the Act to take
applies in particular to the provision and maintenance reasonable care to avoid injury to themselves or to
of safe plant and systems of work, and covers all others by their work activities, and to co-operate with
machinery, equipment and appliances used. employers and others in meeting statutory
Some examples of the matters, which many employers requirements. The Act also requires employees not to
need to consider, are to ensure: interfere with or misuse anything provided to protect
i. All plants are up to the necessary standards their health, safety or welfare incompliance with the
with respect to safety and risk to health? Act.
ii. A new plant is installed in regard to health and
safety standards. Law Enforcement
iii. The systems of work safe? Thorough checks of
all operations, especially those operations If an inspector discovers a contravention of one of
the provisions of the existing Acts (Factory Acts,
carried out infrequently, will ensure that danger
etc.), he or she can:
of injury or to health is minimised. This may
i. Issue a prohibition notice to stop the activity.
require special safety systems, such as ‘permits to
ii. Issue an improvement notice to remedy the
work’. fault within a specified time.
iv. the work environment regularly monitored to iii. Prosecute any person instead of or in
ensure that, where known toxic contaminants are addition to serving notice
present, protection conforms to current hygiene
standards? The Health and Safety Commission
v. Monitoring also carried out to check the
adequacy of control measures. The Health and Safety Commission consists of
vi. Safety equipment regularly inspected. All representative of both sides of industry and the local
equipment and appliances for safety and health, authorities. It takes over from government
departments the responsibility for developing
such as personal protective equipment, dust and
policies in the health and safety field.
fume extraction, guards, safe access
arrangements, monitoring and testing devices,
need regular inspection The Health and Safety Executive

This is a separate statutory body appointed by the

Safety information and training Commission, which works in accordance with
It is now the duty of employers to provide any directions and guidance given by the Commission.
necessary information and training in safe The Executive enforce legal requirements, as well as
practices, including information on legal provide an advisory service to both sides of industry.
requirements.

Duties to others Electricity at Work Regulations 1989

Persons on whom duties are imposed by these
Employers must also have regard for the health and
Regulations
safety of the :
a. self- employed or (1)Except where otherwise expressly provided in
b. contractors’ these Regulations, it shall be the duty of every:
c. employees a. Employer and self-employed person to
comply with the provisions of these
who may be working close to their own employees;
Regulations in so far as they relate to
and for the health and safety of the public who may matters which are within his control
be affected by their firm’s activities. b. manager of a mine or quarry (within in
either case the meaning of section 180 of the
Similar responsibilities apply to self-employed
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 Mines and Quarries Act 1954) to ensure that under the Regulations to ensure that the Regulations
all requirements or prohibitions imposed by are complied with.
or under these Regulations are complied with A person may find himself responsible for causing
in so far as they relate to the mine quarry or danger to arise elsewhere in an electrical system, at a
part of a quarry of which he is the manager point beyond his own installation. This situation may
and to matters which are within his control. arise, for example, due to unauthorized or
unscheduled back feeding from his installation on to
(2)It shall be the duty of every employee while at work: the system, or to raising the fault power level on the
a. to co-operate with his employer so far as is system above rated and agreed maximum levels due to
necessary to enable any duty placed on that connecting extra generation capacity, etc. Because
employer by the provisions of these such circumstances are ‘within his control’, the effect
Regulations to be complied with of regulation 3 is to bring responsibilities for
b. to comply with the provisions of these
compliance with the rest of the regulations to that
Regulations in so far as they relate to matters
person, thus making him a duty holder.
which are within his control.

Personal Protective Equipment Regulations (PPE)

Employer
These regulations detail the requirements for safety
1)For the purposes of the Regulations, an employer is
any person or body who regarding protective clothing, tools, etc., for example
a) employs one or more individuals under a contract hard hats, protective footwear, rubber mats
of employment or apprenticeship; or [Link]
catetheneedforthe use of such equipment.
b) provides training under the schemes to which the
HSW Act applies through the Health and Safety
(Training for Employment) Regulations 1988 Construction (Design and Management)
(Statutory Instrument No.1988/1222). Regulations (CDM)

Whilst these regulations are important to all

Self-employed operatives ‘on-site’, they are the result of risk
2)A self-employed person is an individual who assessment made by architects, designers, planners
works for gain or reward otherwise than under a etc., at the initial design stage of a project. They have
contract of employment whether or not he employs to ensure that all safety matters are addressed and
others. followed for the duration of any contract.

Employee Control of Substances Hazardous to Health

Regulations (COSHH)
1)Regulation 3(2)
(a) Reiterates the duty placed on employees by In this case these regulations deal with the use,
section 7(b) of the HSWAct. storage, transportation and disposal of any substance
Regulation 3(2)(b) places duties on employees which may be dangerous to the health of persons
equivalent to those placed on employers and self- and/or livestock. These may include bottled gases,
employed persons where these are matters within flammable liquids, and corrosive materials: for
their control. This will include those trainees who example propane or oxyo-acetalyne for plumbing or
will be considered as employees under the welding; petrol or paraffin for motors or burners;
Regulations described in paragraph1. caustic soda for cleaning; paint strippers; and the
This arrangement recognises the level of powder in fluorescent tubes.
responsibility which many employees in the electrical Clearly, such substances must be stored somewhere on
trades and professions are expected to take on as part site and provision must be made to ensure that such
of their job. The ‘control’ which they exercise over storage is safe. In the case of the disposal of used
the electrical safety in any particular circumstances substances, once again such materials will need to be
will determine to what extent they hold responsibility- collected and stored ready for collection by an

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appropriate disposal company. In any event, different fittings or accessories. Those who carry out electrical
substances should not be stored in the same area (e.g. work in such areas must be competent and registered
toxic and explosive mate- rials). All dangerous materials with an authoritative body before certification can
should be housed and locked in a secure area away from legitimately be issued.
normal work activities. Records should be kept of the
movement and storage of materials and only authorised
personnel should have access GENERAL SAFETY

None of us enjoys the discomfort of injury. It is,

The Building Regulations therefore, clearly sensible to avoid such distress by
working in a safe manner and ensuring that our
Clearly these Regulations encompass all aspects of colleagues and employers do likewise.
building construction and are known as Approved
documents (Ads) or Parts. There are some Ads that If the situation or environment requires it, the PPE
are relevant to electrical installations. These are as must be used at all times. On ‘bona-fide’
follows: construction sites, signs and notices are displayed
Ad Part A. This, overall, deals with the building and all personnel are required to comply. Failure to
structure and, to some extent, on how the fabric of the do so will result in exclusion from the site.
building may be violated to accommodate electrical The CDM requirements for a site will include all the
systemsviachases,notching,drilling,etc.Seepages248 procedures for dealing with emergency situations
–266regardingjoists. such as fire, explosion and leakage of toxic
materials, and should be available for all to
Ad Part B. This concerns fire safety. All electrical aquaint themselves with. Everyone should know
systems should be constructed and installed to the basic common-sense actions to take together
prevent the start of and the spread of fire. Such with the specific requirements for each particular
considerations would include: heat resistant sleeving site.
on conductors, hoods over down lighters, fire Definition of Terms
barriers in trunking and sealing of holes made in
A hazard is something with the ‘potential’ to cause
the building fabric during the installation process.
harm, for example, chemicals, electricity or working
Added to this there is a requirement to provide smoke
and fire alarm detection systems. above ground.
Ad Part F. Ventilation is important, especially in A risk is the ‘likelihood’ of harm actually being
kitchens and bathrooms, and in consequence, done.
particular attention should be paid to the positioning
and effectiveness of extract fans and the number of Reasons for observing safety
appliances installed.  To prevent loss of human life and or disability
Ad Part L. This is about the efficient use of fuel and  To reduce occurrence of accidents
energy. Generally, in domestic dwellings, lighting is  To protect tools and equipment in the workshop
probably most abused and in consequence, the types
and control of luminaries have to be carefully Causes of accidents and sources of danger
considered.
Ad Part M. Disabled persons need access to buildings The various causes of accident in an electrical
and facilities and hence the position of sockets and workshop include:
i. Ignorance
switches are important. The Part M document
ii. Carelessness
indicates reasonable heights of such accessories
iii. Skylarking – Include all forms of practical
where there is access/use by the disabled.
jokes that may lead to accidents
iv. Poor wiring and installation
AdPartP. There is now the requirement to inform the v. Poor sizing of electrical components and
Local Authority Building Control (LABC) of any cables
electrical work carried out in a domestic dwelling. vi. Worn out insulation
This is generally confined to kitchens, bathrooms and vii. Naked wires/bare wires
gardens, where the risk of shock is considerably viii. Power surges
higher. This does not extend to changing old for new ix. Overconfidence

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 v. Conceal all bare conductors
The potential accidents and their cause include: vi. Switch OFF any running machines and
1. Electric Shock – Exposed electrical power supply before leaving the workshop
conductors vii. Do not leave the machines and equipment
2. Burns – Heat producing electrical appliances ON even if the power supply is OFF
left un- attended to, or chemical effect viii. Do not operate any machine unless
3. Falls – Slippery floors, loose cables and authorised to do so
other lying objects on floor and blocking ix. Do not clean, oil, adjust, or repair any
walkways. machine while it is still running
4. Cuts – using sharp cutting tools wrongly x. Ensure work and cutting tools are clamped
5. Electric fires – Sparking from electrical securely.
contacts in flammable environment and xi. Keep the floor in the workshop clean and
heating of conductors from excess current clear from metal chips or curls and waste
resulting in fire outbreak pieces
xii. Defective guards should be replaced
Personal Electrical safety immediately
xiii. Do not put on loosely hanging rings, chains,
i. Never work on live equipment (unless a
necklace etc while in the workshop
special live test is required, for which you
xiv. Ensure tools and equipment are well
will need to be an experienced and fastened/screws tightened before using them
competent person). xv. Use correct tool and equipment for the right
ii. Always ensure, by using approved test job
instruments xvi. When working with a ladder ensure it is
iii. Never accept another person’s word that a properly supported
circuit is safe to work on; always check. xvii. Clear all pathways of any obstructions
iv. Ensure that all supplies to equipment to be xviii. Avoid loose clothing such as necktie
worked on are isolated at the appropriate
places and locked ‘OFF’ if possible, and
that all supply fuses are removed and PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
retained in a safe place. Place ‘CAUTION
Personal protective Equipment and their areas of
MEN AT WORK’ notices at positions of applications
isolation. NAME OF PPE PURPOSE
v. If work is to be carried out on dead Helmets/Head hats Protects the head
equipment which is adjacent to live from falling objects
supplies, ensure that barriers are used to
define safe areas, or ‘DANGER LIVE Overall/Protective Protects personal
APPARATUS’ notices are placed on all clothing clothing from dirt
adjacent live equipment.
vi. Use of appropriate clothing in the workshop Safety Boots Safeguarding the
i.e wear overall/googles, helmets, Boots and toes/feet from hard
gloves objects
vii. Observe rules in workshop regarding Googles or safety For protecting the eyes
powering projects before they put on Glasses from flying particles
viii. Use correct tools for correct jobs especially when
ix. Know where emergency stop buttons are grinding or from too
located in the workshop much bright light
Rubber gloves or Protects hands from
Safe working practices in an electrical workshop Leather gauntles injury
i. Do not run in the workshop, always walk Masks or faces shield Protecting Mount and
ii. Do not work on live circuits Nose from inhaling tiny
iii. Always ensure the circuit is checked for particles
correct functioning before connecting to To cover electric fire in
power supply
Insulation blanket
case of fire outbreak
iv. All slippery floors should be cleaned and
wiped
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 to familiarise themselves with basic first aid
SAFETY SIGNS skills.
These are rules and regulations of the The first aid box/kit is a collection of
working environment communicated supplies and equipment. All workshops
by written instructions, signs and must have a first aid kit which can be used
symbols. All signs in the working
to address cuts, burns etc.
environment are intended to inform.
They should give warning of possible Basic contents of the first aid box
dangers and must be obeyed.
i. Pair of scissors
They fall into four categories: ii. Adhesive plasters
[Link] signs: These are must iii. Pain killers
not do signs. These are circular white iv. Roller bandages
signs with a red border and red cross- v. Surgical spirits
bar. They indicate an activity which vi. Petroleum jelly
must not be done. vii. Eye drops
[Link] signs: These give safety viii. Sterilised dressings
information. These are triangular ix. Cotton wool
yellow signs with a black border and Symptoms First Aid Action
symbol. They give warning of a Shock Move casualty as little as
hazard or danger. possible. Loosen all tight
[Link] instructions: These are clothing (belts and Ties etc).
must do signs. These are circular blue If Possible, lay him?her down
signs with a white symbol. They give and raise legs over head level.
Keep casualty warm with
instructions which must be obeyed. Blanket or coats. Reasure
casualty. Send for medical
[Link] condition signs: These give help
safety information. These are square or Burn Immerse burnt areas in cold
rectangular green signs with a white water. Treat for shock. Do not
remove burn clothings. Do not
symbol. They give information about apply oil or grease to burns.
safety provision. Cover burns with clean dry
cloth. Arrange for medical
NOTE: Safety signs must be help if burns are severe
displayed in appropriate Cuts and Clean with antiseptic and
places where they can be grazes/Abrasions bandage to stop bleeding and
easily seen injection
If there`s heavy bleeding, lay
the patient down to reduce
First aid blood pressure while elevating
First Aid refers to Prompt or Immediate actions taken the bleeding spot
to save life or relieve a person from any pain Expose the wound in case of
,accident or hazard.
blood clots apply pressure
or with a thick pad, apply
First aid is the first treatment given to an dressing and then bandage
Seek medical attention
accident victim before regular medical
treatment is obtained. It is important for one Bruising Apply an ice bag or damp
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 cloth until the pain stops viii. Take the victim to hospital for further medical
Falling Make casualties lies till. check-up
Check for obvious injuries. If
necessary treat for shock. If in Holger-Nielsen method of
doubt, call for medical doctor artificial respiration
Contact with Wash affected areas with
chemicals water, cover with dry [Link] the casualty in prone position on a flat surface
dressing. Get Casualty to [Link] the casualty`s hands one over the other under
hospital his forehead
Contact with Remove casualty from gas- [Link] head must be turned slightly on one side
Toxic fumes laden or oxygen deficienct
[Link] and mouth must be un obstructed
area. Loosen tight clothing.
Apply resuscitation if [Link] one knee with its inner side in line with the
breathing as stopped. casualty`s cheek, a few inches from the top of his
head
Types of Electrical hazards [Link] the other foot with the head in line with the
i. Electric shock casualty`s elbow.
ii. Electrical Fire [Link] your hands on the casualty`s back on the
lower part of the shoulders back, fingers pointing at
[Link] SHOCK casualty`s feet
This is the passage of current through the human body [Link] the arms straight, rock forward gently
when the body becomes part of a conducting path. It until arms are vertical. The movement takes seconds
causes the body to tingle and /or when high currents counting one, two. This pressure causes expiration. ix.
are involved unconsciousness and/or paralysis is Then rock back counting “three” for one
experienced. second and slide your hand past the casualty`s
shoulder until you can grap his upper arms near the
Predetermining factors of the effect of electric
shock on the body are: elbows
i. State of the body i.e whether wet or dry [Link] and pull the arms until tension is felt for two
ii. Amount of current in the conducting path; heavy seconds counting “four, five”. Do not raise chest from
or light current ground. This movement causes inspiration.
iii. Path followed by the current through the body; [Link] hands should remain straight count “six” for
the most dangerous path is through the chest and one second
heart
Method of resuscitation
Procedure for helping a victim of electric shock
i. Do not touch the casualty with the hands The method is known as Cardiopulmonary
ii. Use a dry insulator to remove the victim from resuscitation (CPR)
electrical contact Place victim flat on back
iii. Take the victim away from the place where the on a hard surface and check the mouth for foreign
bodies, false teeth, etc. and remove any loose objects.
shock occurred
iv. If the victim has stopped breathing lay him or her What to do:
flat on the ground then apply first aid by kiss of What to do Diagrammatic
life method of artificial respiration as follows: explanation
v. Place a support below the neck and loosen the a)Open the air ways
clothing If unconscious and
vi. Clear all air passages. Pinch the nose and breath not breathing tilt
into the victim`s mouth until the chest rises head back and
vii. Release the nose and let the air rush out. support jaw
Continue with this process until the victim
breathes normally

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 b)Breathing fingers (wear disposable surgical gloves if they are
Look, Listen and feel available). If vomiting occurs, turn
for breathing. If not the person on his or her side and sweep out the mouth
breathing give with two fingers. Do not place
Mouth to Mouth your finger in the mouth if the person is rigid or is
resuscitation having a seizure.
Close nostril with Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway. Put
fingers and blow into upward pressure on the jaw to pull
mouth, make sure it forward.
there is no air leak Pinch the nostrils closed with thumb and index finger.
and the chest expans. Place your mouth tightly over
Give 2 Normal the person's mouth. Use a mouthpiece if one is
breaths available. Blow two quick breaths and
c) watch for the person's chest to rise.
Feel for Corotid Release the nostrils. Look for the person's chest to fall
pulse in neck if no as he or she exhales. Listen for
Pulse the sounds of breathing. Feel for the person's breath
on your cheek. If the person does
not start breathing on his or her own, repeat the
procedure

[Link] FIRE
d) - is a chemical reaction which will continue
Perform chest
compressions if fuel, oxygen and heat are present. To
Place both hands on eliminate a fire one of these components
the lowest third of
breastbone.
must be removed.
Depress sternum to Fire safety
one-third Fire prevention
of the depth of the Basically, in the event of discovering a fire:
patient’s chest at a 1. Raise the alarm by operating relevant alarm
rate of 100 call points and/or shouting fire;
compressions per 2. call emergency services;
minute. Alternate 2 3. make sure no-one ignores the alert and
breaths with evacuation is in process;
[Link] 4. Only if safe to do so and the fire is relatively
tinue cycle until the small, attempt to control using an
victim shows signs appropriate extinguisher.
of recovery by
coughing, vomiting When an explosion has occurred:
or making signs to 1. alert all personnel to evacuate the area;
move. 2. call emergency services;
3. do not attempt to approach the area as other
explosions may occur.

Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation
The following procedure should be followed when
applying the mouth to mouth
resuscitation
Make sure the person is lying on a hard, flat surface.
Look into the mouth and throat
to ensure that the airway is clear. If an object is
present, try to sweep it out with your

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Fire Triangle extinguishing media. It would be dangerous to use
water on a liquid fire as the burning fluid would only
In order for fire to exist, three properties must be be spread on the surface.
present (Fig. 12.16). These are fuel (oil, paper, wood,
etc.), oxygen and heat (naked flame, spark, etc.). It would also be hazardous to use water on an
electrical fire as water is a conductor of electricity

NB: Current legislation requires that all fire

extinguishers are coloured red but with a block or
band of colour denoting the type.

Type Most Clas Colou Band

of suited for s r Colour
exting.
Water Solid A Red

Fire detection and control

Detection of the outbreak of fire is normally confined
to three methods:
a) human detection Carbon Liquids, B Black
b) smoke detection and dioxide electrical
c) Heat detection. (𝐶𝑂2 )
Human detection is limited to an individual noticing
the fire and raising the alarm manually at a break-
glass call point. Both smoke and heat detection rely
Foam Solids, A, B Cream
on automatic means of sensing the fire and operating (AFFF) Liquids
the alarms.
The control of fire is limited to two methods, one
manual (hand-held extinguishers) and the other
automatic (sprinkler system). Both systems,
however, use the same substances (water, foam, etc.), Powder Solids,Liquids A,B,C Blue
depending on the type of fire. , Gases (All)

Classes of fire Vaporizin Electrical, A,B,C Green

g foam Motor vehicle and D
Fires may be divided into three classes depending on protection,Soli (All)
the location and the fuel: d. Liquid fuels

Class Type of Fire

A Solid fuel – i.e Wood,Paper, textiles etc
B Flammable liquids - Oil, Petrol, paint
etc
C Flammable Gasses – Acetylene,
butane, Methane, etc
D Metals – Magnesium, Sodium, etc
E Cooking Oil

Types of extinguisher
It is extremely important to understand that not all
fires can be extinguished by the same kind of

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 Sharp items should be moved pointing downwards
and away from the body. The movement should be
OR slowly. Never run when carrying sharp items. Always
warn other people when carrying sharp and/or long
objects

[Link] environment
The working area should be well ventilated and well
lit. the floor should be free from oil or any slippery
substance. Always wipe any liquid that is on the floor.

Listed below are some important DOs and DON’Ts

associated with working conditions.
DO know the site procedures for evacuation in the
event of an emergency.
DO know where any emergency exits are located.
DO know where telephones are located in order to
contact emergency services.
DO wash hands after accidental contact with any
corrosive or irritant substance.
DO wear the correct protective clothing for the job,
Handling a victim of ELECTRICAL FIRE e.g. goggles when using a grind stone, safety helmet
i. Electrical fires are caused by short circuits and when working on a building site.
loose connections. DO adopt the correct posture when lifting.
ii. Raise the fire alarm DO use the correct access equipment, e.g. ladders
iii. De-energize the circuits by switching OFF and scaffolding.
DO ensure that any machinery is mechanically
power if possible
and electrically safe to work on or with.
iv. Leave the building/workshop in a briskly and DO report any unsafe situation that you
orderly manner and assemble at the fire personally cannot remedy.
assembly point DO ensure that when a job of work is completed,
v. Put OFF the fire using recommended fire everything is put back to normal, e.g. fixing
extinguishers which are carbon dioxide/foam/dry floorboards and tacking down carpets, and replacing
powder and other materials like dry sand and trunking covers,etc.
fire blanket DO know where first aid is available.
vi. Always alert fire experts/brigades
DON’T leave pools of liquid on floors, or objects
vii. Take roll call register to note the presence of
lying in access ways.
everyone
DON’T wear loose clothing that may catch or snag,
especially when using rotating machinery.
SAFE WORKING HABITS DON’T work in an untidy fashion.
DON’T misuse tools and equipment or use damaged
1. Handling of tools and equipment
tools.
All tools and equipment should be handled with care.
DON’T attempt to lift and carry objects that are too
They should be handled individually. They should
heavy, or that obstruct vision.
never be staked as a pile.
DON’T take short-cuts or take risks.
DON’T ignore warning signs or alarm bells.
[Link] of heavy loads
DON’T play the fool in a working environment.
Always ask for assistance. Carry heavy loads with the
back upright. If the load is too heavy use a crane or
other mechanical assistance

[Link] of sharp items

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TOPIC 2

CONDUCTING SITE SURVEY

Areas of Competency

[Link] of installations
 Domestic installations
 Industrial installations
 Commercial installations
[Link] of building e.g.
 Permanent building
 Semi-permanent buildings
[Link] available 1:Domestic installation
 Water This is wiring done in domestic premises (houses), for
 Electricity providing electrical power for lighting, fans and
 Communication e.g. Phones domestic appliances with all safety precautions
 Installation conditions e.g. temperature, followed .
humidity, moisture It may be single or three phase supply.
[Link] measurements on site
 Length e.g. conduits size Or
 Total area Involve majorly either single phase or three phase
 Temperature installation. The power supply for
 Humidity single phase is 240 V while power supply for the
three phase is 415 v. Residential
Types of Installation electrical wiring is sheath insulated to prevent users
1. Domestic installations form electrical shock. Appliances
2. Industrial Installations that use three phase include refrigerators and washing
3. Commercial installations machines.
[Link] Installaion
Sequence of Control at Consumer intake Is majorly a three-phase design (415V). The set up
point enables the individual work load
At the consumer intake point, a series of control while allowing a greater output while working
equipment are installed for protection and concurrently. In this type of wiring, there
is greater insulation called the TTHT (thermoplastic
control. The supply may :
high resistant nylon coated). It helps in protecting
a)Single phase electrical wiring against corrosive liquids and gases.
b)Three phase
3:Industrial Installations
Some of the equipment to be installed at the Is the installation intended for use in manufacturing or
consumer intake point include: processing of products including
 Cut –out systematic labor or habitual employment and includes
 Energy metre special installations in which the wiring systems are
 Main switch specially designed to handle the extreme
 Circuit breaker environments in terms of corrosion, high
temperatures, acids and humidity.
The sequence of connection of these equipment or
Installation done in industrial workshop,
are as shown below based on the type of Power
manufacturing industries etc
supply. Industrial installations differ basically from domestic
and commercial ones only in the size and type of
equipment used. The supplies are three-phase four-

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wire, and switchgear is usually metal clad. For Explanation
extremely heavy loads, switch-fuses are replaced by
circuit breakers, and much use is made of overhead  Fig. 15.20 Isometric drawing for
bus-bar trunking systems garage/workshop. 1, three-phase supply to
.Figs15.18and15.19show typical layouts ramp: 20 mm2 conduit;
 2, single- phase supply to double sockets: 20
mm2conduit;
 also 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13; 4, single-phase supply to
light switch in store: 20 mm2 conduit;
 7, single-phase supply to light switch in
compressor: 20 mm2 conduit;
 8,three-phase supply to compressor: 20 mm2
conduit;
 10, single-phase supply to heater in WC: 20 mm2
conduit;
 12, single-phase supply to light switch in WC:
20 mm2 conduit;
 14, single-phase supply to light switch in office:
20 mm2conduit;
 15, main intake position; 16,single-phase
Fig 5.18 supplies to switches for workshop lights: 20 mm2
conduit; 17, 50 mm x50 mm steel trunking;
 18, supplies to fluorescent fittings: 20 mm2
conduit

Fig 5.19 Distribution System

Figs 15.20–15.22 illustrate a simple but complete

scheme for a small garage/workshop. Fig. 15.20 is
an isometric drawing of the garage and the
installation, from which direct measurements for Figure 15:21 shows Floor plan for the
materials may be taken. garage/workshop

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 The rising-main system is similar to the ordinary
radial circuit in that one cable run supplies several
points. Hence the current flowing in the cable at the
far end will be less than that at the supply end and the
voltage drop will be greater at the far end with all
loads connected (Fig.15.24)
Hence the currents may be found in any part of a
radial distribution cable. Also, if the resistance per
metre of the cable is available and the position of the
loads along the cable is known, the voltage drop at
points along the cable may be calculated.

Figure 15.24

Figure 15:22 Details of connection diagram for

garage/workshop

3)Commercial installations
Multi-Story Commercial
In order to supply each floor or individual flat in a
block, it is necessary to run cables from the main
intake position. These cables are called risers, and the
sub-main cables which run from these to each
individual supply point are called laterals.
The majority of rising mains are in the form of bus-
bar trunking with either rectangular or circular
conductors; this enables easy tapping off of sub-main
[Link].15.23shows a typical system.

Figure: 15.23 –Rising main in a block of flats

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TOPIC 3 v)Ambient temperature-some wiring systems only
Design Electrical installation targets places or sites with high temperatures such as
Area of Competency Boiler houses
[Link] of terms vi)Appearance-The appearance of the finished
installation should be appealing to the eye or hidden
[Link] of wiring systems
vii)Durability and performance-it should be
[Link] to consider in designing Electrical permanet or last longer ie not changed frequently
installation e.g. viii)Design and Versality-Design versality of the
 Load size wiring system should be such that it can be easily
 Structure modified/versatile enough to be upgraded
 Clients need ix) Installation conditions: If the installation is likely
to be subjected to mechanical damage,
[Link] of supply moisture,fumes,weather,abnormal or subnormal
DC , Single phase and three phase temperature,inflammable or explosive dust,gas or
vapour.
Definition of terms.
[Link] breaker: An automatic device that stops TYPES OF WIRING SYSTEMS
current flow in an electric circuit 1)Conduit wiring system – Circular tubes through
which cables or conductors are drawn
[Link]: A closed path for the flow of electrons Example Steel/metallic conduit
from either a current or voltage source PVC
2)Trunking wiring system- Are rectangular tubes
[Link]: electric charge flow through a conductor. that carries electrical cables or conductors
Example Steel/metallic conduit
[Link]: A device consisting of a strip of wire of low PVC
melting point that melts and breaks to protect circuit 3)Sheathed surface wiring system
from excess current [Link] wiring system
4)Ducting wiring system
5)Catenary
Wiring Systems
It is an assembly of parts such as conductors and
a)Conduit wiring system
accessories used in the formation of one or more This type of wiring systems involves either steel or
electric circuits. PVC conduits . common sizes include 16mm, 20mm,
It consist of the conductors together with its 25mm and 32mm
insulation, its protection against mechanical damage
(sheathing or armouring) certain wiring accessories
IEEE requirements for conduits
for fixing the syatems, and joining and terminating i)all conduits must first be Erected before any cable
the conductors. is drawn in
ii)Conduits must be securely fixed and be protected
FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE OF WIRING from any mechanical damage
SYSTEM iii)Inspection boxes,draw boxes,bends,elbow etc
i) Safety-the type of wiring system must be safe from must be so isolated that they can remain accessible
any form of electrical hazards and the wires must for withdrawal of existing cables or additional ables
protect the equipment from damaging iv)End of Conduit lengths shall be reamed to reduce
ii)Wiring cost-inferior quality or poor wiring system abrasion of cables.
will lead to lowered performance of equipment and
poor electricity. It is also believed that the most b)Trunking Wiring System
expensive cost of wiring system is much safer than This uses the PVC rectangular tube for installation
less cost effective It has the advantage over conduits in that it can
iii) Flexibility-whether the wiring system will allow accommodate very many cables than conduits
expansion, easy to install, easy to bend and easy to
modify c)Sheathed wiring system.
iv)The type of building-whether the installation work This method of wiring system consist of an insulated
is for a permanent or temporary building or for conductors with a sheath which serves in some
extension to an existing building.

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degrees as a measure of protection against This plastic material was formed because neither
mechanical damage. The sheathing materials include: P.V.C nor rubber was quite suitable for farm wiring,
 lead where steam, Ammonia fumes , lastics acid and milk
 tough rubber, fate, Sulphur fumes, direct sunlight and heat have to
 plastic, be taken into account . The cable consists of
 aluminum and conductors insulated with valcanised rubber and
 textiles. sheathed with PCP. The installation methods are the
Some sheathed wiring systems are classified below. same as for PVC or TRS systems. Maximum
operating temperature is 550 𝐶
i)Tough Rubber sheathed (TRS)
this system is termed as ‘All insulated’ system iv) Paper-Insulated, lead-Covered)
because the sheath is an insulating material. The These cables are mainly used for external
insulation is vulcanized rubber and the tinned-brass underground distribution systems and internal
buckle clips fixed to the surfaces with braced steel distribution in factories and other industrial
pins. The accessories used with TRS systems should premises. The paper insulation is hygroscopic and
be as far as possible, be insulated (generally they are must therefore be protected against the ingress of
of backlite) moisture by use of cable sealing boxes. The current
carrying capacity of the cable is great than that of an
Advantages equivalent VRI cable. Bending of PILC cables must
a) The amount of metal associated with this be chosen very carefully in order not to change the
system is very small(or absent) and this lead covering. Further protection against mechanical
lessens the need for extensive earthing damage is provided by steel wire or tape. Fixing is
arrangement. normally by cleat.
b) It is cheap, flexible and easy to install
[Link] wiring system
Disadvantages Is made up of the normal VIR or PVC wires that are
a) Rubber is weak and cannot withstand insulated, braided and compounded
severe mechanical damages on the ceilings by use of porcelain cleats, wood or
b) The operating temperatures is low (less plastic.
than 550 𝐶)
Advantages of Cleat Wiring
ii) Polyvinylchloride Sheathed i. Inspection is easy and simple.
Another ‘All insulated’ system. The conductors are ii. It is cost effective
insulated with PVC and the sheath is PVC. Although iii. Faults on cables can easily be seen and repaired.
inferior to rubber in its elastic properties, its much
less affected by oils. The accessories used with this Disadvantages of Cleat Wiring:
systems and the methods of fixing are generally the i. It is not durable, reliable and sustainable.
same as those of TRS ii. It is only applicable on 250/440V at low
Advantages. temperatures
a) A cheap,flexible and easy to install system iii. Associated with other risks including electric
b) PVC is not affected by oils and chemical shock and fire
actions
c) An all insulated system, therefore less CONSUMER INSTALLATION
earthing. A consumer’s installation supply intake position is
Disadvantages determined by the most economical use of equipment
a) It tends to soften and melt at high for the supply authority and the consumer. The meters
temperatures (above 650 𝐶,) hardens , cracks and controls must also be easily accessible to the
at low temperatures (below 50 𝐶) meter reader and consumer.
b) It does not recover easily from stretching The supply cable is usually two-core PVC insulated
c) Has a lower insulation resistance than cable and may be armored, for underground supply,
rubber the cable may be paper –insulated with steel
d) Cannot withstand severe mechanical damage armoring. In rural areas with overhead lines
distribution, the house services cables are connected
iii) PCP (Polychloroprene Shearthed) to the line conductors by means of mechanical
connector called live taps. Whether overhead or
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underground services, 3-phase, 4 wire connections are
made in a similar manner to the two wire services.
Every installation, big or small , must have provision
for effective control and protection. IEE regulation
A1 indicates that every consumer installation must be
adequately controlled by specified equipment and
these equipment must be readily accessible to the
consumer and be as near as possible to the supply
intake cut-outs. The factories Acts says that ‘’efficient If overhead lines are used, there is a larger main fuse
means suitably located, shall be provided for cutting and neutral-connector block
of all pressure from every part of a system as may be If the line is underground, the line is terminated in a
necessary to present danger’’. sealing box if the cable is paper insulated, The sealing
The main switch gear in an installation must be box services to seal the end of the cable to prevent
able to: entry of moisture which may damage the insulation.
i) Isolate the complete installation of the The cut-out equipment contains the service fuse and
supply neutral link. The fuse rating depends on the load
ii) Protects the installation against excess (connected) and domestic installation may be 60A or
current, which may arise in say , ashort 80 A. The fuse can be re-wireable or cartridge type.
circuit. The neutral link is a solid flat tinned copper bar
iii) Cut-off current should a serious earth used where the supply neutral is earthed. If neutral
faults occur. is not earthed, two fuses are used. The cut-out is
usually sealed to prevent tempering.
The sequence of supply –control equipment at A meter is connected to record the amount of current
Consumer Intake point consumed. Where more than one tariff applies, then
The sequence of control equipment at consumer the meters may be more than one. The equipment
intake point in a single-phase installation is as shown described above belong to tribe supply authority.
below: From the meter, the main cables are taken to the main
switch or switch fuse or consumer unit. The main
switch must be of the double pole type which will
isolate the complete installation from the supply when
the swich is operated. If the supply is 3-phase or 3-
phase and neutral, then all poles and neutral must be
broken.
The consumers main fuse can be either rewireble or
cartridge type. The fuse is placed in the live conductor
and is of the same rating as the service fuse.
When the switch and fuse are combined in the unit, it
is known as Switch-fuse. If more than one metre is
fitted, then each meter must have its own switch-fuse.
The main switch gear must be fitted as close to main
cut-outs and must be fitted as close to the main cut-
out and meter as possible to reduce the length of the
cables from the metre (metre tails as much as
possible.)

The wiring diagram or the connection of the control Consumer control unit
equipment’s at the consumer intake point is as shown In a small installation, the consumer’s linked
switch,main fuse and distribution board as separate
below
items can be combined in one case as a consumers
control unit. This makes for neatness, cheapness and
ease of installation.

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Single pole fusing table. A2 of the IEE regulations. No diversity
IEE regulations state that in a 2-wire installation is allowed except as shown in the table
connected to earth on one-pole, all fuses and single iii) A final circuit with rating exceeding 15A
pole control devices eg. Switches,circuit breakers etc, shall not supply more than one point except
shall be connected in the live conductor only. A 2- for exemptions in regards to cooking
wire non earthed installation will require double –pole appliances and ring and radial circuits.
linked devices in both conductors

Rating of Conductors and protective devices

The regulations requires that every conductor in an
installation shall be protected by a fuse or circuit
break fitted at the origin of the circuit of which the
conductor forms a past. The current rating of the fuse
used for the purpose shall not exceed the current
rating of the lowest rated conductor in the protected
circuit.

Diversity factor
This is a factor that takes into account that not all
loads connected in an installation will be on at the
same time. The diversity allowance is supplied to the
size of circuit conductors, other than those of a final
sub-circuit where conditions diversity (main and Sub-
main cables) it can also be applied to switchgear. This
The live and neutral should be connected to
means that smaller sizes of cables and lower ratings of
corresponding terminals in the C.C.U
switch gears can be used thereby reducing the cost of
the installation. Appendix 1 of the IEE regulations
GROUPS OF FINAL SUB_CIRCUIT
include a table with a guide values on diversity
Final sub-circuit are mainly Five groups.
allowances
a) Rating not Exceeding 15A
b) Rating exceeding 15A
Final sub-circuit
c) Rated for 13A fused plugs
A final sub- circuits may be define as:
d) Rated for feeding fluorescent and other
An out-going circuit that supply electrical power to
discharge lamps
the load.
e) Rated for feeding motor
Or
A circuit connected directly for current –using
1. Rating not exceeding 15A
equipment or to Lighting outlet or socket outlet or
Mainly used to supply domestic lighting circuits.
other outlets points for connections of such
Number of points supplied is limited by the
equipment.
aggregate demand and no diversity is allowed.
Domestic lighting circuit are normally rated 5A
The two main –Final sub circuit include;
and use 1.0mm2 cable with a fuse of 5A. In
1. Lighting final sub-circuit
industrial installation, lighting circuit may be
2. Power final sub-circuit
rated at 15A with cables 2.5mm2 or 4mm2.
The IEE regulation requires that :
2. Rating exceeding 15A
i) Where an installation comprises more than
These are used to feed cooker unit and water
one final sub-circuit , each shall be
heaters rated at 15/[Link] must feed more
connected to a separate way in the
than one point except where they feed 13A socket
distribution board. The wiring of each sub-
outlets with fused plugs or where they feed a
circuit shall be separate from that of any
cooker unit with an integral socket.
other
ii) The number of points supplied by a final
3. Rated for 13A fused plugs
circuit of rating not exceeding 15A is limited
13A sockets outlets with fused plugs should only
by their aggregate demands as given by
be used on arc system. The maximum numbers

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 of 13A sockets outlets connected in any one
circuit will depend on the estimated peak loading.
Table A3 in the IEE regulations shows how these
sockets should be connected.

4. Rated for feeding fluorescent and other

discharge lamps.
The main consideration here is switching the
inclusion of the circuit, the circuit should therefore be
capable of carrying the total steady current multiplied OR
by 1.8. the switches controlling such circuits should
have a rating of not less than twice the steady current
of the circuit it controls unless the switches is
specially designed to break an inductive load at its
full-rated capacity. The recommend switch is quick-
make/ show-break.

5. Rated for feeding motor

The current rating of cable feeding a motor should be
based on the full-load current taken by the motor. If
motor rating exceeds 15A then the circuit must supply
the motor only.
Any two or more lamps controlled by one switch are
a)Lighting Final sub-circuit connected in parallel.
The lighting cable is 1.5𝒎𝒎𝟐
Fuse rating is 5A b)Two-way switching
Lighting circuits should be at least two in number. -This is where a lamp or more lamps are controlled
This is because, should one circuit fail, the other independently from two position
circuit will supply the remainder of the lights in the - Mostly One gang two way switches are used in
house and give sufficient lighting to enable repairs to pair.
be carried out. Its also advisable to overlap the lights A two-way switch is a single pole change over switch.
in the house such that adjacent users are supplied Interconnected in pairs, two switches provide
from different circuits complete control from two positions.
The IEE regulations requires that an earth continuity Application
conductor, connected to the consumer earthing Can be installed in:
terminal in all insulated switch boxes. Every ceiling  bedrooms on landing,
rose must also have an earth terminal.  long halls,
 single flight stairways
Types Switch wiring
 in ant room with two doors.
a)One-way switch
This is used to control a lamp or lamps from one
position
Mainly One gang one way switch is used
For one way switching, the single pole switch is
connected in live conductor, for if connected in the
neutral, the circuit is still live up to the lamp point. A
double pole switch may be included in the circuit to
ensure that the conductors are isolated from the
supply. The principle purpose of a double pole switch
is for the main control of circuits and the local control
of the cooker, water heater, radiators and other fixed OR
apparatus.

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 same circuit. A double pole switch can be used to
control a whole lighting installation where each light
is controlled individually by a single-pole switch. The
double pole switch, the double pole switch may be
located near the main door of a house or flat and all
the lights controlled from that position (see fig
below). The master switch may be of a type of sweet
key.

c)Intermediate switching
Is where a lamp or lamps are controlled independently
from three different positions.
-It uses an intermediate switch placed between
two, one gang two way switches
Another form of master switching, gives the user
For safety and convenience, every access point should over-riding control of groups of lights independently
have its own lighting control switch, provided of and remote from the individual switches. The
economically and simple by installing intermediate schemes allows for a policeman or a watchman to
switches. flood momentarily certain areas with light without
Any number of these can be introduced in a two-way having to operate several separate switches. The lights
circuit. are controlled separately by two-way switches and the
common terminals are coupled to a single pole master
control device. This can be a switch or a bell push
with are tractive action

OR The veto master switch is usually specified to large

hotels stairway, restaurant, theatres and other public
places where un authorized extinction of stair lights
would endanger public safety and where complete
two-way control is required by staff. A one-way
switch is introduced in the two-way circuit and can be
used to short circuit the strapping wires and thus
prevent the lights being extinguished from either of
the two way switches

d)Master switch
The function of a master switch is to limit or vary the
scope of control afforded by other switches in the

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POWER FINAL SUB-CIRCUTS
Power circuits always connect loads through socket
outlet
The various power circuits include:
a)Radial socket outlet
b)Ring socket outlets
c)Spur

a)Radial circuits b)Domestic Ring Circuits

13A Single socket outlets are connected where the This always forms a complete loop.
next socket tap its power from the preceding socket.. The conductors from the finishing sockets are
A permanently connected stationary appliance shall returned directly to their respective connection point
be locally protected by a switch or circuit breaker to at the consumer supply point.
disconnect all like conductors. The switch should be
separate from the appliance and accessories

The switch should be separate from the appliance and

accessories

OR

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 The distribution board (single phase or 3-phase) is the
item which distributes electricity to the various
circuits which go to make up the complete electrical
installation. The circuit are provided with individual
fuses, placed in the live conductors. The block or bar
the same as the earth.
Industrial installation, with a 3-phase, 4-wire supply
often have rather more complicated arrangement at
their supply intake position (see figure below)
All switch gear for any installation must be of suitable
capacity. This means that the gear must be capable of
carrying without damage to itself or its associated
wiring, the current that will flow when the installation
is being operated in normal condutions.

c)Spur
A spur is a socket or sockets that are tapped from any
of those sockets within the ring circuits.

IEE regulations requires that

a)Each circuit conductor of a ring circuit shall be run
in the form of a ring, looping –in to socket-outlets and
join boxes, starting from and returning to the same
way in the distribution board. If the conductors are cut
instead of looped at the joint boxes and socket outlets,
they must be so jointed as to have electrical
continuity.

b)An earth continuity conductor shall also be run as a

ring and be earthed at the distribution board, unless
the circuit is ran throughout in a metallic conducts
ducts or trunking.
c)The number of spurs must not exceeds the total
number of socket outlets and stationary appliances
connected in the ring.
c)Fused spur must be connected through fused spur
boxes in which the fuse rating
d)Must not exceed the rating of the cable forming the
spurs, not be greater than 13A
e) Non fused spur must be connected to the terminals
of the socket outlets or joint boxes, not more than two
socket outlets or one stationary appliance are to be fed
from each non fused spur.
f) In house or flat with one ring circuit for each 100m2
of floor area, an unlimited number of 13A socket
outlets with fused plugs may be connected to one ring
circuit which is fused at 30A, and whose conductors
are of size 2.5mm2.

Three phase Supply Installation

The arrangement for 3-phase supply is the same and
is as shown below.

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Electrical circuit design c)Correction factors
This is simply an assessment of general circuit When a cable carries its full-load current, it can
characteristics. become warm. This is no problem unless its
The requirements of IEE Regulations make it clear temperature rises further due to other influences, in
that circuits must be designed and the design data which case the insulation could be damaged by
made readily available overheating. These other influences are: high ambient
temperature; cables grouped together closely;
Design procedures uncleared over currents; and contact with thermal
Basically there are eight stages in such a procedure. insulation.
These are the same whatever the type of installation, For each of these conditions there is a correction
be it a cooker circuit or a sub main cable feeding a factor (CF) which will respectively be called Ca, Cg,
distribution board in a factory Cf and Cl, and which derates cable current- carrying
1. Determine the design current Ib. capacity or conversely increases cable size.
2. Select the rating of the protection In.
3. Select the relevant correction factors (CFs). d)Current-carrying capacity
4. Divide In by the relevant CFs to give tabulated The required formula for tabulated current-carrying
cable current-carrying capacity It. capacity It is
5. Choose a cable size to suit It. 𝐼𝑛
𝐼𝑏 =
6. Check the voltage drop. 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝐹𝑠
7. Check for shock risk constraints.
8. Check for thermal constraints. Fig a

Let us now examine each stage in detail.

a) Design current
In many instances the design current Ib is quoted by
the manufacturer, but there are times when it has to be
calculated. In that case there are two formulae As in the above case, the current capacity is
involved, one for single-phase and one for three-phase
given by:
𝑰 𝑪 𝟑𝟎
Single Phase Three phase 𝑰𝒕 = 𝒇 𝒙𝒏 𝑪 = 𝟎.𝟕𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟎.𝟓 = 82.75
𝒊
𝑃 𝑃 Or
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑏 =
𝑉 √3𝑥𝑉𝐿 Without the BS 3036 fuse
Where V = 240V Where V = 415V 𝟑𝟎
although declared as 𝑰𝒕 = 𝟎.𝟓 = 60A
although declared as
230 400
Fig: b
If an item of equipment has a power factor (PF)
and/or has moving parts, efficiency (eff) will have
to be taken into account. Hence:

𝑃𝑥 100 𝑃 𝑥 100
𝐼𝑏 = 𝐼𝑏 =
𝑉 𝑥 𝑃𝑓 𝑥 𝑒𝑓𝑓 √3𝑥 𝑉𝐿 𝑥 𝑒𝑓𝑓
In fig b
The 𝐶𝑎 𝐶𝑔 = 0.97 x 0.5 = 0.485 which is worse
b)Nominal setting of protection than 𝐶1 (0.5). Hence:
Having determined Ib we must now select the nominal 𝐼 𝐶 30
setting of the protection In such that InIb. This value 𝐼𝑡 = 𝐶 𝑛𝐶 𝐶 = 0.725 𝑥 0.485 = 85.3A
𝑓 𝑎 𝑔
may be taken from IEE Regulations. Tables 41B1, B2 Or
or D, or from manufacturers’ charts. The choice of Without the BS 3036 fuse
fuse or MCB type is also important and may have to 30
be changed if cable sizes or loop impedances are too 𝐼𝑡 = = 61.85A
0.485
high.
22 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775
 9.2 𝑥 1000
e) Choice of cable size = = 143m
2.8 𝑥 23
Having established the tabulated current-carrying
capacity It of the cable to be used, it now remains to
choose a cable to suit that value. The tables in g)Shock risk
Appendix 4 of the IEE Regulations list all the cable This topic has already been discussed in full in
sizes, current-carrying capacities and voltage drops of Chapter 17. To recap, the actual loop impedance Zs
the various types of cable. For example, for PVC- should not exceed those values given in Tables 41B1,
insulated singles, single phase, in conduit, having a B2 and D of the IEE Regulations. This ensures that
current-carrying capacity of 45 A, the installation is circuits feeding socket outlets, bathrooms and
by reference method 3 (Table 4A), the cable table is equipment outside the equipotential zone will
4DIA and the column is 4. Hence the cable size is bedisconnected,intheeventofanearthfault,inlessthan0.4
10.0 mm2(column1). s,andthat fixed
equipmentwillbedisconnectedinlessthan5s.
Remember: Zs = Ze + R1 + R2.
f)Voltage drop
The resistance of a conductor increases as the length
h)Thermal constraints
increases and/or the cross-sectional area decreases.
The IEE Regulations require that we either select or
Associated with an increased resistance is a drop in
check the size of a CPC against Table 54G, or
voltage, which means that a load at the end of a long
calculate its size using an adiabatic equation.
thin cable will not have the full supply voltage
available
Selection of CPC using table 54G, IEE regulations
Table 54G simply tells us that
For phase conductors up to and including 16 mm2, the
CPC should be at least the samesize.
For sizes between 16 mm2 and 35 mm2, the CPC
should be at least 16mm.
For sizes of phase conductor over 35 mm2, the CPC
should be at least half this size.
The IEE Regulations require that the voltage drop Vc This is all very well, but for large sizes of phase
should not be so excessive that equipment does not conductor the CPC is also
function safely. They further indicate that a drop of no [Link],composit
more than 4% of the nominal voltage at the origin of ecablessuchasthe typical twin with CPC 6242Y type
the circuit will satisfy. This means that: have CPCs smaller than the phase conductor and
hence do not comply with Table 54G.
[Link] single-phase 230 V, the voltage drop should
not exceed 4% of 230 = 9.2V.
Calculation of CPC using the adiabatic equation
[Link] three-phase 400 V, the voltage drop should
The adiabatic equation
not exceed 4% of 400 = 16V.
s =(I2t)/k
For example, the voltage drop on a circuit supplied enables us to check on a selected size of cable, or on
from a 230 V source by a 16.0 mm two-core copper an actual size in a multicore cable. In order to apply
cable 23 m long, clipped direct and carrying a design the equation we need first to calculate the earth fault
current of 33 A, will be: current from
𝑚𝑉 𝑥 𝐼𝑏 𝑥 𝐿 I = U0c/Zs
𝑉𝑐 = (mV from Table 4D2B)
1000
2.8 𝑥 33 𝑥 23
Factors to consider in designing Electrical
= 1000
= 2.125V installation e.g.
 Load size
As we know that the maximum voltage drop in this  Structure
instance (230 V) is 9.2 V, we can determine the  Clients need
maximum length by transposing the formula:
𝑉𝑐 𝑥 1000
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = mV x 𝐼𝑏

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CALLS AND ALARM CIRCUITS
Objectives BELLS AND BUZZERS
By the end of the sub unit, the trainee should be able a) BELLS
to: Bells and Buzzers are electronic devices widely used
1)Explain the operation of the Burglar, fire and call where a sound is required to attract attention of
circuit’s components personnel to a situation or circumstances
i)Operation of a)Single stroke bell
b)Trembler bell Types of Electric bells
c) Continuous ringing bell There are four types of electric bells:
d) Relevant IEE regulations i. The single stroke
e)Bell accessories ii. The trembler
f)Indicator board iii. The continuous ringing
g)Bell pushes iv. The polarized
h)bell transformers 1) Single-stroke Bell
i)Bell relays The single –stroke bells sounds a single note.
j)IEE Regulations It is mainly used for signalling purposes i.e in:
k)Sounders -Buses
l)Buzzers -Mines
m)Bells
n)Hooters
o)Sirens

2) Describe the construction of microphones and

receivers
a)Construction of microphones and receivers
b)Operations of two way telephone system for gate to
house communication
3) Explain the operation of a two-way
communication system
Types:
a. Closed alarm systems
b. Open alarm systems
Detectors
i. Movement detectors Operation of Single-Stroke Bells
ii. Sound detectors When the electromagnetic becomes energised, the
iii. Infrared detectors armature and its striker is attracted, causing a
iv. Noise detectors movement which brings the striker against the Gong.
v. Light detectors Note: For correct operations, the bell push must be
vi. Heat detectors pressed ON and realised OFF in a quick movement.
Sensors Otherwise, the sound of the note produced will be
i. Thermo-sensors muffled(Muted) by the striker being held against the
ii. Temperature sensors Gong.
Proximity switches Immediately the Push is released, the armature returns
Wiring requirements to its original position.
Typical circuits
Call points 2) The trembler
Fire-alarm equipment It is the most widely used type.
IEE regulations It has the same basic constructions as the single –
4) Describe burglar and fire alarm system stroke, except the additional terminal which is an
5) Describe safety requirements for burglar, fire and adjustable screw contacts.
call installations.
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 Application
Continues –Ringing bell is mainly used in Alarm
systems
4) The Polarised
This operates from an A.C supply, obtained from a
hand magneto of the kind found in certain types of
telephone circuit. It is at times called Magneto bells
It consist of a three –limbed permanent magnet with
its two outside limbs surrounded by coils wound in
opposite sense. The moving systems of the bell is a
centre-pivoted armature which carries a striker
There are two gongs. The alternating current in the
coils strengthens or weakens the field of the
Operation of A trembler Bells permanent magnet to cause the armature to pivot and
When current flows, it energizes the electromagnet as strike each gong in turn.
it passes through the additional contact.
As the armature with its striker is attracted away b) BUZZERS
from this contact, the circuit is Brocken. The The buzzers have the same constructions as the
electromagnet becomes de-energised and the armature trembler bell except there is no gong or striker
falls back to its original position against the contact to It produces a low – toned buzzing sound and is used
re-make the circuit. This movement occurs rapidly where the shrill sound of trembler bell might be
and for as long as the bell push is continuously objectionable
pressed i.e still on.
The resulting sound is continuous ring(Trembing), BELL INDICATORS
The tone which can be altered by changing the When a bell or buzzer is operated from any one, at
settling of the adjustable contacts screw. two or more positions, it becomes necessary to
install an indicator to show which bell-push has been
3) The Continuous –Ringing bell operated.
This is basically a trembler bell which is modified
with either a mechanical or electrical arrangements
to make the bell continue to ring after the bell push
has been released.

Bell indicators simply show or indicate the position

of the ringing or the bell or a buzzer, which has been
operated.
The figure above shows three bell-pushes ringing one
bell through an indicator boards Containing three
flags

Operation of Continuous-ringing Bell

A small lever is placed below the contact screw. On
the first movement or stroke of the a rmature,this TYPES OF INDICATORS
lever drops automatically and as it drops,it short- There are three types of indicators
Circuits the bellpush to cause the bell to ring 1) Pendulum
continuously. The lever can be reset to stop the sound. 2) Mechanical-replacement
3)Electrical -replacement

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1)The pendulum type from right to left resets the indicator mechanically,
Its elements comprise a singl e-pole electromagnet the flag arm returns to its original position.
with armature. The armature is pivoted to swing
freely and coloured flag is attached to the lower end. 3) The electrical replacement Type
This is the modern type
This has the separate electromagnetics
One coil is in series with the appropriate call bell-
push
The second coil i.e the other coil is connected in the
replacement circuit. The armature is pivoted at its
centre about which it will rock. The flag arm is
attached to the armature

Operation:
When the bell ring ,current flows in the circuit and
through the magnetic coil. The armature is drawn up
to magnet pole and released on the circuit being
opened. The armature is so weighted and balanced as
to swing for a considerable time. No replacement is
needed in this type of indicators
Operation
Disadvantage; When the current passes through the alarm circuit,
If the person called is absent when the bell rings, the one end of the armature is attracted, causing the flag
pendulum may have stopped swinging by the time the to overbalance and fall to one side. To restore the
person returns to look at the indicator flag, current is passed through the replacement coil,
which restore the flag to its original position.
ii)The mechanical replacement type The element is suitable for either A.C or D.C current
It consists of a single –core electromagnet with an Below is a bell circuit showing electrical replacement
armature in the form of a lever pivoted at A and held circuit
in a normal position by a spring S. The armature is
pivoted with a catch C which holds the flag in the
‘off’ position.
The arm is pivoted at p and is so weighted as to drop
when released.

BELL RELAYS
Relay is a pair of electrical contacts operated by an
electromagnet to switch on a high voltage.
It consist of a coil of insulated wire wound round soft
Operation
iron core.
When the bell is rung, current flows in the magnet,
causing the armature to be attracted. The catch
releases the flag arm, which falls into the alarm
position. Horizontal movement of the resetting bar

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Operation The figure below how a class A bell transformer
When the coil is energised the hinged armature is can be used to supply a four way bell indicator
attracted to the electromagnet and presses the two circuit
contacts together.
In the normally open (NO) type, the contacts are open
until the coil is energised.
In the Normally closed (NC) type, the contact remains
closed until the coil is energised.
When the coil ids de-energised, the contact close.

Applications
Relays are used in industry to control heavy current
from distance so that the power losses P = 𝐼 2 R in the
b)CLASS B BELL TRANSFORMER
cable are minimized. The operating current in relay is
This provide a single secondary voltage of 6V
very small.
THE IEE REGULATIONS REGARDING BELL
Examples of relay operated circuits
TRNASFORMERS
i)control of circuit in power stations
i. The transformer must be double wound
ii)control panel for industrial machines
ii. One point of the secondary windings, the iron
iii)The car starter circuits
core of the transformer, and the metal casing
(if used) must be earthed
iii. Transformer should preferably be connected
to a separate way in the distribution board.
Otherwise, it should have a separate control
switch.
iv. The cables used to supply the transformer
should be of an insulation grade suitable for
the supply voltages in use.
BELL SUPPLIES v. The secondary wiring need to be insulated for
The bell transformer is a double is a double wound extra-low voltage only, provided that it can be
transformer whose primary winding is supplied with completely segregated from mains-voltage
240V a.c. The output of the secondary varies with the power and lighting cable.
type of transformer.
TYPES OF BELL TRANSFORMERS ALARM CIRCUITS
i. Class A In its simplest form, an electronic alarm system is
ii. Class B a low-voltage electrical circuit with sensors on
entry doors and windows. When a door or window
a) CLASS A BELL TRANSFORMERS is opened, its sensor detects the interruption in the
These provide a choice of three secondary voltages: flow of electricity and triggers a warning signal
4V, 8V or 12V. such as a siren or strobe light.

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 TYPES OF ALARM CIRCUITS
a)Closed circuit
b)Open circuits

1)Closed burglar alarm systems

A simple circuit diagram is as shown below.

In closed circuit alarm, The call points are Normally

closed (NC) .
The opening of any detector point de-energises the
relay and opening of its contacts sounds the alarm

Advantages
i. The circuit is simple
ii. No-current is consumed on stand by
iii. A broken connections or conductor will not
Operation of Closed –Alarm circuit results in a false alarm.
In closed circuit, all the contacts are closed. A series
relay with normally-open contacts is energised by Bell-Pushes and Contacts
circulating current. When a contact set is opened, this a)Bell pushes
current ceases to flow, de-energises the relay and Bells are operated by means of bell –pushes, in
closes the relay contacts to ring the bell. preference to use of switches, which are liable to be
Some alarms operate from photo-electric cells which left on.
work when an invisible light beam is broken.
In a closed-circuit system, the electric circuit is closed
when the door is shut. This means that as long as the
door is closed, electricity can flow from one end of
the circuit to the other. But if somebody opens the
door, the circuit is opened, and electricity can't flow.
This triggers an alarm.

Advantages The above diagrams show two types of bell push.

i. The circuit is simple One suitable for indoor use and the other suitable for
ii. The detector points are monitored outdoor use.
The push contains two contacts, one fixed and one
Open – Circuit alarm systems movable. The movable contact is either spring
In Open – circuit, the call points are normally open. controlled or is itself in the form of spring, and is
The closing of any detector points sounds the alarm operated by a press-knob or button.

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b)Bell Contacts Automatic Fire detectors
Bell contacts are used for such purposes as ringing a An automatic detector will operate at any time, day or
bell upon the opening of a shop door. night. Briefly, a detector comprises of a bi-metal strip
which bends when heated to a predetermined
temperature of about 660 C. Alath is released which
allow mercury switch to tilt, and thus close the alarm
circuit. The detectors are normally fixed to ceiling
away from accidental or other damage at about 6m
intervals. They must be carefully sited away from
direct sunlight, hot pipes or heating appliances.
b)Heat Detectors
Automatic call-points are known as Detectors and are
They may be fixed above the door, with the contacts heat sensitive.
so arranged that they are pressed together when the
door opens, closing the circuits and ringing the bell. Types of heat Detectors
In other cases they are arranged below apportion of 1)Point detectors – As the name suggest is relatively
loose flooring so that the contacts are closed when a small
caller stands upon the door 2)Line detectors – has long continuous sensitive
Applications of Bells and Alarms detecting element, extended over a large area of
1. Time- bells are used in schools and factories to indicate the ceiling.
beginning or end of a time or period (break, class change, Sensing elements in Heat detectors
lunch time etc) 1)Metal strips,rods, wires or coils which expands
when heated
2. Alarms (Burglar –alarms) – can be mounted at doors 2)Fusible alloys
and windows to give an alert on intruders 3)Conductors whose electrical resistance changes
with arise with arise in temperature
DETECTORS 4)Hollow tubes containing a fluid which expands on
a)Fire-Alarms Systems heating and applies the resultant pressure to a
Defination diaphragm
It is an arangment of of call- points, 5)Thermocouples
detectors,sounders and other equipment for the
transmission of alarm and supervisory signals, for the Cases where Heat and smoke detectors may give
testing of circuits,and where required,for the false alarms
operation of auxiliary services. On certai conditions:
A fire- alarm system consists of anumber of press- iHeat detectors- May give false alarms may be
buttons or call points which operates ‘’Sounders’’ caused by abnormal increases in temperature owing
such as Bells, sirens or hooters. to space – heating equipment, industrial process
On very large premises, additional circuitry is 2)Smoke detectors – May give false alarms in case
included in fire-Alarm systems to give an indication of fumes, dusts, fibres and steam produced by normal
of the location of the fire. process and activities, or passing road vehicle.
The closed –circuit type of system is used so that
circuit failure or breakage will at once be indicated by c)Light-detectors – these are of light sensitive type,
an audible alarm. photo –electric cells which operate when a beam of
Manual call points which if broken in the event of light illuminating the cells is scattered and absorbed
fire,will cause the contacts to separate and, through by smoke particles.
arelay,energise abell circuit. NOTE: Illuminating a photo- electric cell may also
All call points are required to: give false alarms if the beam is accidentally
a)be coloured red obstructed
b)Method of operation to be clearly indicated i.e In
case of fire, break the glass

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TELEPHONE SYSTEMS diaphragm is vibrated and sets up pressure waves in
A telephone system converts sound waves into the air to produce the sounds at the transmitter.
electrical impulses, carries these through wires for
long distances and then converts them back to sound
again.
The devices used to change sound waves into Sound distribution systems
electrical currents are; Sound distribution systems consist essentially of
1. Microphone loudspeakers permanently installed in suitable
2. Telephone transmitter (The mouthpiece of positions in buildings or in open spaces associated
the telephone handset) with buildings. They are essentially part of the
telecommunications systems of buildings. The
Principle Operations of Telephone receiver currents which operate such systems are derived from
The principle operation is based on the fact that the a microphone, gramophone, radio receiver or other
resistance of amass of tiny carbon granules will vary devices or from a wire broadcasting service. These
with changes in pressure applied to it. If the pressure currents are very small order and so require to be a
is increased, the resistance decreases and vice versa. mplified.
Therefore if the mass is connected into the circuit,the
current in the circuit will vary as the carbon resistance
changes.
The figure below show Two-way telephone circuit
calling facilities.

NOTE: The Modern telephone receiver consist of

two flat discs of solid carbon. One disc is fixed, the
other is attached to the reverse side of thin aluminium
disc known as the diaphragm. When noise is directed
towards the diaphragm, the resultant sound waves
produced travel through the air to impinge on it. The
diaphragm vibrates according to the pressures of the
sound waves and the resistance of the contacting
surfaces of the carbon discs changes to produce a
varying current.
The receiver converts the varying electric current
back into sound waves again. It consists of a
permanent magnet wound with coils of very fine wire.
A thin diaphragm of magnetic material is held in
position very close to the poles of electromagnet but
not touching them. When the current from the
transmitter flows through the coils, the resultant
magnetic field (that of permanent magnet plus that of
the coils) varies in strength as the current varies. The
30 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775
TOPIC 4 C) Low conductivity of the metal vapours
Perform system sizing formed, when the fuse is blown off.
Areas of Competency
1. Introduction to standards 2. Miniature Circuit Breaker
 IEE regulations. It operates on the principle of magneto thermic
 Kenya bureau of standards (KEBS) release. Its connection is made
 British standards between the load and the supply.
 KPLC by-laws
 ERC regulations Advantages of MCB
 County by-laws Fast mode of operation (less than 5 ms)
 National Construction Authority (NCA ) It needs no replacement
 Reference to relevant IEE regulation tables
2. Load Estimation e.g. 3. Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
 Factor of simultaneity (Ks) It is a safety device that trips in case of any small
 Factor of utilization (Ku) leakage to the earth hence protecting operator from
[Link] cable : accidents and shocks.
 Types
 Ratings [Link] current device
 sizes Is a device that detects problems in power supply and
 Insulation type cuts the current flow within 10 to 15 ms. It is
[Link] devices important to note that it neither gives safety against
 Types overload or short circuit. It is possible to test and rest
 Ratings the residual current device.
5. Reference to relevant regulations

Circuit protective Devices

Circuit conditions requiring protection devices
The conditions that require circuit protection include;
Short circuits.
Excessive Current
Excessive Heat
Types of Circuit Protective Device
The following are the typical circuit proactive devises
commonly used in electrical installation designs
1. Fuse
2. MCB – Miniature circuit breaker
3. ELCB – Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker Cable size calculations
4. ELCB & MCB General methodology for sizing cables is presented in
5. Earthing or Grounding this element of learning.
6. Residual Current Device The proper sizing of an electrical cable is essential to
ensure that the cable can:
1. Fuse - Operate nonstop under full load without being
A fuse is a short length of wire of low melting point injured
that melts and breaks the circuit in case of excessive -Survive the worst short circuits currents flowing
current. through the cable
- Deliver the load with a suitable voltage (and avoid
Characteristics of a good fuse wire excessive voltage drops)
A good fuse wire should possess the following - Ensure operation of protective devices during an
characteristics earth fault
a) Low resistivity
b) Low melting point

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The general methodology is to follow the Installation Conditions
following steps How the cable will be installed, which includes:
Collecting data about the cable, its installation Above ground or underground
conditions and the load that it will Installation / arrangement - e.g. for underground
carry. cables, is it directly buried or
Determine the minimum cable size based on buried in conduit? For above ground cables, is it
continuous current carrying capacity installed on cable tray / ladder,
Determine the minimum cable size based on voltage against a wall, in air, etc.
drop considerations Ambient or soil temperature of the installation site
Determine the minimum cable size based on short Cable bunching, i.e. the number of cables that are
circuit temperature rise bunched together
Determine the minimum cable size based on earth Cable spacing, i.e. whether cables are installed
fault loop impedance touching or spaced
Select the cable based on the sizes calculated. Soil thermal resistivity (for underground cables)
Depth of laying (for underground cables)
Step 1: Data collection For single core three-phase cables, are the cables
The first step is to collate the relevant information that installed in trefoil or laid flat?
is required to perform the
sizing calculation. Typically, you will need to obtain Step 2: Cable Selection Based on Current Rating
the following data: Cables have varying current carrying capacity. It is
the maximum current that can continuously flow
Load Details through a particular cable with no damage to its
The characteristics of the load that the cable will insulation.
supply, which includes:
 Load type: motor or feeder
 Power Three phase, single phase or DC
 System / source voltage
 Full load current (A) - or calculate this if the
load is defined in terms of power
 (kW)
 Full load power factor (pu)
 Locked rotor or load starting current (A)
 Starting power factor (pu)
 Distance / length of cable run from source to
load - this length should be as close as possible to
the actual route of the cable and include enough
contingency for Vertical drops / rises and
termination of the cable tails

Cable Construction
The basic characteristics of the cable's
physical construction, which includes:
Conductor material - normally copper or
aluminium
Conductor shape - e.g. circular or shaped
Conductor type - e.g. stranded or solid
Conductor surface coating - e.g. plain (no
coating), tinned, silver or nickel
Insulation type - e.g. PVC, XLPE, EPR
Number of cores - single core or multicore
(e.g. 2C, 3C or 4C)
32 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775
TOPIC 5 If the plane is kept in a vertical position, then it is
Prepare working drawing called the vertical plane.
If the plane is kept in a horizontal position, then it is
Areas of competency called the horizontal plane.
 Working drawings The following views are formed of an object in
 Meaning of working drawings Orthographic Projection.
 Identification and care of drawing instruments 1. Front View.
and equipment 2. Top View.
 Identification of drawing paper sizes 3. Back View.
 Drawing various types of lines 4. Bottom View.
 Drawing title block 5. Right Side View.
 Drawing standard electrical symbols 6. Left Side View.
 Conversion of scales
 Interpretation of orthographic projections
 Dimensioning of drawings
 Drawing of electrical diagrams
 Block
 Circuits
 Schematic
 Wiring
 Line
 Reading and Interpretation of architectural
drawings
 Reading and Interpretation of electrical
drawings
 Use of Computer Aided Design (CAD)
applications e.g. AutoCAD
[Link] diagrams
A block diagram is a diagram of a system which uses
basic geometric shapes, boxes and circles. The
The following lines are used in technical drawing. principal parts and functions are represented by
They are shown in Fig, TL below. blocks connected by straight and segmented
lines illustrating relationships
Orthographic Projection.
Involves parallel projection applied in preparing
drawing of an object. The lines are
perpendicular to the plane. This plane is faced toward
the object whose view is to be
prepared as indicated below.

[Link] diagram
A circuit diagram is a visual display of an electrical
circuit using either basic images of parts or industry
standard symbols. Symbol usage depends on the
audience viewing the diagram.

[Link] Diagram
A wiring diagram is a simple visual representation of
the physical connections and physical layout of an
electrical system or circuit.

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[Link] diagram
A schematic is defined as a picture that shows
something in a simple way, using
symbols.

Line diagram
In electrical Engineering, a one-line diagram also
called a single-line diagram is a simplified notation
for representing a three-phase power system.

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TOPIC 6 destination
Plan for logistics project identification
 Transport for order number
-Materials and their safety Case number.
-Personnel Contents of the packages should not be included to
 Storage of materials on site discourage theft and pilferage.
 Site security
 Human resource Modes of transportation
 Skills required The mode of transporting the materials and equipment
 Communication Purpose should be decided and planned
 Modes in advance. The type of transport will depend on the
nature of the installation project.
Logistics is defined as the process of planning,
implementing and controlling the Insurance during transportation
efficient and cost-effective flow and storage of raw During transportation and storage, all cargo is
materials, goods, equipment and vulnerable to a range of risks, such as
personnel from the point of origin until the damage,pilferage and theft, breakage, non-receipt of
completion of an activity, in accordance part of or an entire consignment.
with end-user’s requirements. Cargo insurance provides protection against potential
In this respect, logistics will involve the following. financial losses resulting from
1. Transporting materials to the site. such risks.
2. Transporting tools to the site. 
3. Planning for the storage of the equipment, tools Transportation documents
and materials once they arrive on Complete and appropriate Transportation documents
site are of critical importance for the
4. Making safety arrangements for the materials and Timely delivery of goods. The supplier needs
tools once they are on site. documents to move the order from its
premises,and to receive payment from the buyer. The
The following logistical requirements should be transporter requires documents
considered for the transportation of to contract carriage, the consignee requires documents
materials, equipment and tools to the construction to claim the goods at arrival.
site: While the particular documents required vary from
Packing the consignment case to case, every consignment
-The nature of the goods together with the mode of should have documented evidence of:
transportation 1. contents of the shipment
- climatic conditions during transit and at the 2. weight and volume of contents
destination, 3. origin of goods (if required)
- the required packaging. 4. price of the goods
-The durability, size and weight of the packages 5. Evidence of transport of the goods.
Packing & transportation instructions
Climatic conditions on transit and at the dispatch end, Site storage
should be considered to ensure Once the installation consignment arrives at the
the packaging can withstand installation site, offloading is done and
- heat storage arrangements made.
-cold Human resource requirements are also done to
-rain identify the tasks and the personnel to
- humidity execute those tasks. This includes
-mould i. Management of the project
-dust ii. Remunerations
-salt water spray,etc. iii. Technical assignments
iv. Risk evaluation
Labelling and marking the consignment Mode of communication is put in place to ensure
The labelling and shipping marks should include: efficient and effective execution of
consignee the installation project.
35 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775
TOPIC 7 with a longer handle. The same precautions should be
Prepare list of tools, equipment and materials taken as for bolsters.
[Link] hammer and combs. These tools are used
Areas of Competency for chasing brickwork.
[Link] chisels (a selection of various sizes). These are
 Identification of tools and materials e.g.
for use on brickwork and concrete. The same
 Cutting tools
precautions should be taken as for bolsters.
 Measuring tools
 Measuring equipment [Link] saw and pad-saw. For cutting floor boards
 Cables and conductors etc. (special floorboard cutters are available).They
 Crimping tools must be kept sharp, and greased when not in use.
 Conduits [Link] and wood [Link] are used for drilling
 Trunking joists etc
 Consumables
 Types, application, care, maintenance and [Link] hammer. For de-nailing joists and
storage of: floorboards. The precautions to be taken are the same
 Tools e.g. as those for a club hammer.
 Cable strippers [Link] plug tool and bits. These are for making holes
 Pliers in brickwork and concrete in order to insert Rawl
 Screw drivers plugs. Watch for mushrooming of the head.
 Hammers
 Chisels [Link] drill and electric drill. These are for use
 Allen keys with metal drills and masonry drills. An electric drill
 Electrician knives should preferably have two speeds and a hammer
 Crimping tools action.
 Bending springs Second fix
 Steel tapes
 Draw wires These tools are used for fitting accessories such as
 Hack saws sockets, etc.
 Drills [Link] cabinet-maker’s screwdriver. This tool is
 Equipment e.g. for use in fixing screws.
 Stock and die
[Link] and small electrician’s screwdriver. Used
 Vice
 Materials e.g. for most screws in
 Cables
 Fittings [Link] cutters and strippers. Used for preparing
 Accessories cable ends. They should be kept clean and sharp.
 Assemble tools, equipment and materials [Link] and sidecutters, insulated; junior hacksaw
 Inventory management and blades; Stanley knife and blades. These are used
for general work.
TOOLS [Link] of tools for termination of m.i.m.s. cable.
A tool refers to any device that perform useful work Cutting tools should be kept sharp and all surplus
but does not form part of the final product. compound removed.
First fix [Link] for use on conduit and trunking. These
include a bending machine with a pipe vice, designed
These tools are used for chasing walls, lifting
for use with most sizes of conduit. They should be
floorboards, etc.
17.A selection of files. Files are used for removing
[Link] hammer. This is for use with cold chisels and
sharp edges and [Link] use a handle on a file.
bolsters.
[Link] (large and small). This tool is used for [Link] tool -For removing burrs from the inside
chasing walls and brickwork and for making holes edge of the conduit.
for metal boxes. Ensure no mushrooming. [Link] and dies. These tools are used for cutting
[Link] chisel. This is similar to a bolster but
36 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775
threads. A recommended lubricant such as tallow
should be used. Dies must be kept clean; do not allow [Link] punch. For marking metal prior to drilling.
a build-up of tallow and metal.
[Link] pipe wrench and Stillson. Used for [Link] saw. This type of saw is used for cutting
tightening and untightening conduit. holes in trunking. It should be used only with a hand
drill or a low-speed electric drill.
21. Bush spanner-. This tool is for use on inaccessible
bush nuts. [Link] knife and pointing trowel. For making good
[Link] tape. Used for pulling cables through conduit. the plasterwork, etc.
Measuring tape. Steel tapes must not be used near live
equipment. [Link] springs. Used for PVC conduit.
[Link], soldering iron, blowlamp. These are used
[Link].C for all general electrical soldering.
uttingedgesshould be kept sharp. A hot drill must
never be quenched in water. [Link] test lamp. Used on live circuits.
[Link] of spanners. For general use. Moisture must be kept away.
25. Spirit level. For Horizontal and vertical levelling
[Link]-aid kit. This must be kept stocked at all
[Link]-square. For use in marking out trunking. times.

[Link]. Used for marking metal. The points

should be kept sharp

ELECTRICAL TOOLS
Uses of electrical tools
NO NAME OF DIAGRAM USE/FUNCTION
TOOL
1 Combination -Cutting and
plier twisting ,bending,
gripping, holding
round and flat
cables

2 Electrician Used for removing

Knife insulation from
/Stripping wires
Knife

3 Plumb Bob Used for marking

and Line out and
ascertaining
vertical lines on
installation
working table

37 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775

 4 Spirit Level Checking for the
levelness of
mounted
components
5 Screw driver To drive in or out
i)Flat screw screws
driver
ii)Star screw
driver

6 Side cutter To cut wires and

the leads (or legs)
of components
inelectronics.
-Can also be used
to strip the
insulation from
wire

7 Bradawl To make
indentations in
wood or other
materials in order
to ease the
insertion of a nail
or screw

38 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775

 8 Phase Tester A phase or line
tester is an
electrical testing
device used
to detect the
presence of
voltage in the
electrical circuit.

9 Hacksaw A hacksaw is a
type of hand tool
designed
specifically
for cutting
through
materials such as
plastic, steel, and
other metals.
10 Wire Used to remove
stripper insulation of both
small and medium
sized wires.

11 Wrench Used to turn nuts

or hold the pieces
of stock when
tightening screws,
nuts and Bolts

39 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775

 12 Club
Hammer

Soldering
Gun

Tape
measure

Multimeter

Care and Maintenance Tools

1. Tools should be stored in their racks or kits
2. Sharpening of cutting tools and removal of all surplus compound from time to time.
3. Regular cleaning after use.
4. Wipe them to be free from dust
5. Regular greasing, Oiling and Lubrication certain tools when after in use
6. Fixing and tightening the lose handles and heads -Ensure that the of handle for harmer, pliers are in good
condition. Do not use the hammer or pliers if the handle or head is loose

40 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775

TOPIC 8  Saves installation time
Prepare installation work plan  Prevent accidents
Areas of Competency
 Identification of scope of installation work b) Identify installation team
 Identify installation team Once again, the team will comprise one or more
 Meaning of terms people, depending on the contract.
 Preparation of work schedules -Responsibilities of carrying out installation work
 Bar charts must be done at this stage
 Gantt charts -A good electrician will have a reasonable
knowledge of the basic principles of the other
 Critical path networks
trades involved in the building and servicing of the
 Raise the necessary permit and licences
house, and in this respect, the electrician will often
 Permit to work need to discuss, competently, problems which may
 Types of permit e.g. Gate pass, Name occur due to the location of his or her materials in
tags relation to those of different trades. The electrician
 Sources and application procedures in must, of course, be familiar with the symbols in BS
acquiring the permits 3939, and be able to communicate intelligently
 Classes of ERC licences with the client or their representative.
C2, C1, B, A2, A1

c) Create a detailed project plan and

a)Identification of scope of installation work. schedule
Before you start any electrical installation project, Once you have assessed the project scope and
you need to assess the scope and requirements of requirements, you need to create a detailed project
the project. plan and schedule. This means you need to:

This means you need to understand the: i. break down the project into manageable
tasks,
a. Purpose of installation – I.e domestic ii. assign responsibilities
installation, Street lighting, installation of iii. set deadlines
machines in industry, Flood lighting etc iv. Allocate resources.
b. Goals of installation – To restore the
You should also communicate the project plan and
lighting system, power system or new
schedule to all the stakeholders, including the:
installation
c. Specifications – The standard of material  Client
and equipment to be used  the team
d. Expectations of the project.- To serve  the suppliers,
the intended purpose
 Sub-contractors.
You also need to identify the
d) Prepare the site and the materials
a. Resources
i. This involve inspect the site,
b. Materials
ii. Clearing the site from any obstruction
c. tools,
iii. Mark any hazardous area
d. equipment, and
iv. Secure the access points
e. Personnel needed for the project.
v. Checking the availability of the materials
f. site conditions
and verify the quantities, quality, and
g. safety hazards
compatibility
h. codes and regulations
vi. Ensuring safe storage of the available
i. Permits that apply to the project.
material and equipment
vii. Testing the tools, equipment, and safety
Some of the activities that may be done at this devices, and make sure they are in good
stage include: working condition.

Reasons for carrying project scope e)Follow the installation instructions and
standards
By assessing the project scope and requirements, it
help an electrician to: During the installation work, you need to follow
the installation instructions and standards. This
 Have proper planning in advance means you need to :
 avoid surprises
 misunderstandings, and conflicts later on i. Follow safety rules

41 | P a g e
 ii. follow the manufacturer's guidelines, o Demonstrate the value, quality, and
iii. the client's specifications, professionalism of your electrical installation
iv. the industry's best practices when service.
installing the electrical components and
systems Preparation of Work schedule
v. code requirements, and the quality The gate passes or tags for entry are issued if the
standards when performing the area for the project is restricted or
installation work. needs such permits.
Reasons for following installation instructions The various gate passes are:
and standards  Gate/Access passes
 Name tags
By following the installation instructions and  ERC license
standards, you can ensure the:  Kenya power license
i. Accuracy
ii. functionality, Work schedule is prepared based on the scope and
iii. reliability the working drawing
An employee's work schedule includes the days
f)Check and test the installation work and times that he or she is expected to
be working. In most cases, this will be a set number
After the installation work, you need to check and of days and hours.
test the installation work. This means you need to:
inspect the installation work, Work Schedule
The most common work schedule requires
i. Look for any errors, Defects, or employees to work from Monday to Friday,
deviations, and correct them if needed. from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
You also need to test the installation
work, Shift Work Schedule
ii. measure the performance, Shift work schedules happen when a company
iii. functionality, and efficiency of the divides the day into shifts and assigns
electrical components and systems, employees to work set periods of time.
iv. and verify that they meet the expectations
and requirements. Flexible Work Schedule
Other work schedules are flexible. Flexible
Reasons for carrying out installation test
schedules allow employees to vary their
To ensure the arrival and departure, and sometimes even choose
the days that they work. For example,
 Satisfaction, a company might allow employees to come in any
 Compliance, time they want, as long as they
 functionality complete 8 hours of work every day.
 and safety of the electrical installation.
Part-Time and Full-Time Schedules
Document and report the installation work A standard definition of a full-time employee is
someone who works a 40-hour week, but there is
After the installation work, you also need no official, legal guideline. Similarly, there is no
to document and report the installation work. legal guideline for the number of hours worked by
This means you need to: part-time employees in a week – it's simply defined
as someone who works fewer hours per week than
i. record the installation work, document any a full-time employee at the same company.
changes, issues, or incidents that occurred
during the project,
ii. Collect any feedback or suggestions from
Bar charts
the stakeholders. In order that a job may be carried out in the most
iii. report the installation work efficient manner, some job programmers use a bar
iv. communicate the results, outcomes, and chart. This is simply a method of showing
achievements of the project, graphically each stage of work to be completed on
v. Provide any recommendations or follow- a job. This is best illustrated by an example, though
ups for future improvements. it should be borne in mind that there are several
Reasons for documenting and reporting ways of drawing a bar chart, this being only one of
the possible methods.
the installation work
By documenting and reporting the installation Example
work, you can: An electrical contracting firm has the job of

42 | P a g e
rewiring an old three-storey ,and for connection to a three phase supply at low
dwelling,eachfloorofwhichistobeconvertedintoasel voltage to up to four storey
[Link] pairs of men will do the work buildings not used as factories or places of public
and the estimated time for each stage per pair is as entertainment.
follows:
Class B
 Removal of old wiring per floor – 3 days This class allows the electrician to carry out
 Installing new wiring per floor – 1 week electrical installation work as in Class C-1, but
 Testing and inspection per floor – 1 day without limitation as to number of storeys in the
buildings and whether used as factories or places of
By using a bar chart (Fig. 13.2) estimate the public entertainment or otherwise, and for
least time in which the work may be connection to supply metered at voltages not
exceeding medium.
completed.
Class A-1
This class allows the electrician to carry out all
kinds of electrical installation

Class A-2
This class allows the electrician to carry out
specialized electrical installation work.

Gantt charts
Gantt chart is a graphical representation of
activities against time. It helps project professional
monitor progress. They are essentially task
scheduling tools: Project management timelines
and tasks are converted into horizontal bars (also
called Gantt bars) to form a bar chart
A Gantt chart, is commonly used in project
management.
On the left of the chart is a list of the activities and
along the top is a suitable time scale.
Each activity is represented by a bar; the position
and length of the bar reflects the start
date, duration and end date of the activity

Classes of ERC licences

Energy Regulatory commission (ERC) – Kenya

Class C-2
This class allows the electrician to carry out
electrical installation work for connection
to a single phase supply at low voltage to up to two
storey residential and commercial
Buildings not used as factories or places of
public entertainment;

Class C-1
This class allows the electrician to carry out
electrical installation work as in Class C-2

43 | P a g e
TOPIC 9 TOPIC 10
Establish installation team Prepare work site
Areas of Competency
Areas of competency  Identification of hazards and safety
 Team building requirements for the site
 Team members familiarization  Reference to relevant regulations e.g.
 Collaboration  Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
 Task distribution  County by-laws
 Communication protocol  Utilities
 Access roads
Team building  Water
The purpose of team building is to increase trust,  Electricity
improve communication, increase collaboration
and increase or maintain motivation. The important Identification of hazards and safety
thing in team building is to make time and space requirements for the site
for co-workers to bond.
Electrical Hazards and related safety issues and
The following is the process of team mitigation ways as per the Occupational safety and
formation. Health Act

[Link] – The initial stage is when your team Overhead Power Lines
forms. A work team is brought together to achieve Overhead powered and energized electrical lines
a goal. Two important aspects of forming are have high voltages which can cause
getting to know the co-workers on your team and major burns and electrocution to workers.
getting familiar with your team’s purpose as you
discuss and plan mission, goals and workflow. Tools and Equipment
Exposure to damaged electrical tools and
[Link] – As you can guess, the storming stage equipment can be very dangerous. Do not fix
can be turbulent as team members assess each anything unless you are qualified to do so.
other’s personalities, strengths and weaknesses.
During the storming period, it may be a good idea Inadequate Wiring and Overloaded Circuits
to engage in a team building program. It’s vital to Using wires with inappropriate size for the current
come out of this stage successfully; with a good can cause overheating and fires to
appreciation of your team occur.
members.
Exposed Electrical Parts
[Link] – How will your team function on an Examples of exposed electrical parts include
ongoing basis? Do you acknowledge there may be temporary lighting, open power
competition and differences within your team? Can distribution units, and detached insulation parts on
everyone accept colleague’s strengths and electrical cords.
weaknesses? It’s vital to find a path
forward in which you all work in a complementary Improper Grounding
fashion. The most common electrical violation as per the
 OSHA standards is improper
[Link] – Every team’s goal is to perform as grounding of equipment.
a high functioning team with energy and purpose.
This comes when there’s mutual respect among Damaged Insulation
team members with boundaries that respect each Defective or inadequate insulation is a hazard. Be
other’s roles. It’s important that everyone trusts in aware of damaged insulation and report it
each other’s competence and expertise.
immediately.

Wet Conditions
Never operate electrical equipment in wet
locations. Water greatly increases the risk of
electrocution especially if the equipment has
damaged insulation. Have a qualified electrician
inspect electrical equipment that has gotten wet
before energizing it. Electricity supply
arrangements at the construction site
Electricity can be supplied to the installation
construction site through a temporary
or permanent connection.

44 | P a g e
A builder’s temporary provides an electricity
supply at a worksite where there is no existing
connection. Only a licensed electrical worker can
install, connect, modify or move a builder’s
temporary.
An electrician can install a permanent connection
to a mains supply at the beginning of the project.
Electrical work on properties being renovated
typically feeds off the existing
permanent switchboard, rather than a builder’s
[Link] working on the same site must,
so far as is reasonably practicable, work
together (consult, cooperate and coordinate
activities) to manage electrical safety risks
where you have the same health and safety duty.
Talk with the people on the construction site
about how electricity will be supplied
and used in areas where your health and safety
duties overlap. This will help to
prevent any gaps in managing health and safety
risks.
All contractors who use the electrical supply at
the site must make sure their
equipment is safe to use and without risks to others.
All electrical equipment should be protected by a
Residual Current Device
Hiring companies must not hire out equipment
that is electrically unsafe.
They are responsible for testing and tagging hire
equipment before you hire it. Temporary supply
switchboard
Temporary supply switchboard gives the
electrical technicians at the installation
site an electricity supply on a worksite where there
is no existing connection to an electricity network
Temporary supply switchboard functions as a main
switchboard and has one or more
Residual current device protected outlets.

Before using a Temporary supply switchboard, an

electrician must give you:
A Certificate of Compliance
A Record of Inspection
An Electrical Safety Certificate.
All these certificates should come from the
Electricity power supply authority, Kenya
power.

45 | P a g e
 TOPIC 11 insertion of a
nail or screw.
Perform marking, piping and fixing of used in
Marking
accessories gauge or woodworking
and
AREAS OF COMPETENCY Scratch metalworking
gauge to mark out
 Meaning of marking, piping, fixing and lines for
accessories in electrical installation cutting or other
 Importance of marking operations
 Tools used in marking Claw used for
driving nails
 Accessories used in Electrical installation e.g. hammer
into, or pulling
 Lamp holders nails from,
 Conduits some other
object.
 Ceiling roses It is used to
Marking
 Patress scribe a line to
Knife be
followed by a
Marking Piping fixing and accessories in hand saw or
Electrical installation. chisel when
making
woodworking
Marking, piping and fixing accessories is done joints and other
when the Concealed Conduit Wiring operations
system is chosen.
In Concealed Conduit Wiring, PVC conduit pipes Other tools needed to carry out the concealed
are placed inside the chiselled brick/block wall conduit installation and other types of
before plaster. The wall is later completely installation include.
plastered and painted. Electrical wires are laid Combinational plies
inside the conduits. This type of wiring are
Stock-and-die set
beautifully appealing since they are no electrical
Measuring tape
wires/conduits seen on the top of the wall.
Drill machine
Screw range
Pipe range
Side cutter
Nose plier
Hack saw
Wood saw
Electricians knife
Hammer
File

Electrical accessories
Include all those devices used in electrical
A photograph showing the conduit lay out in installation but do not consume the electrical
concealed conduit wiring system. energy

Marking, piping and fixing accessories, Switch

The following procedures show how marking, A switch is used to make or break the electric
piping and fixing of accessories is done in circuit. Or it is used to switch “ON or
concealed conduit systems. OFF” the electric supply.
i. Marking the positions for accessories on the .
wall and floor. Lamp Holder
ii. The positions for installing the accessories are A lamp holder is used to hold the lamp, and
located and marked. connect it electrically to supply terminals,
iii. Place the PVC pipes from the given entry required for lighting purposes.
holes only.
Ceiling Rose
These are fixed on walls near the ceiling. Normally
Marking tools these are used to provide tapping
Name Diagram Function to the pendent lamp holder, ceiling fan and
A bradawl to make fluorescent tube etc through the flexible
hollows in
wood or other
wire.
materials in
order to ease
the

46 | P a g e
Socket Straight
The sockets have insulated base with moulded base batten
having three terminal sleeves. The lamp
two terminal sleeves having same cross-section are holder
used to connect phase and neural
wire whereas the third having greater cross-section
is used to connect with earth wire.

Main Switch
This switch is used to switch “on or off” the main Lamp
supply. These switches are used to holder
control the whole supply for a house, office and
machine. In single-phase circuit
I.C.D.P. main switches are used, where as in three-
phase circuits I.C.T.P. main switches
are used to control the supply.

Fuse Junction
It is the most common and important type of safety Box
device used for domestic and
Commercial installations.

Miniature Circuit Breaker (M.C.B.)

A miniature circuit breaker is an electro-
mechanical safety device which operate and Surface
disconnect the circuit supply, when the current Pattress
drawn from the circuit increases to a pre-
determined value.

NAME DIAGRAM
Pattress
box

Socket
outlet

Water
proof
switch

Industrial
plug

Ceiling
Rose

47 | P a g e
TOPIC 12  Ohmmeter
Perform electrical installation Importance of installation testing
 Meaning of terms
 Single phase and three phase installation TOPIC 15
 Domestic Installation Areas of Competency
 Industrial Installation  Sources of law
 Commercial Installation  Law of tort
 Phase/load balancing  Laws of contract and tendering
 Cables and cable joints  Types and forms of contract
 Wiring systems and accessories  Types of tenders
 Meaning of terms
 Tender estimation and costing
 Types and applications e.g. Statutory documents in contracts and
 Conduits tendering
 Cable trays
 Cable ducts
 Trunkings
 Preparation of wiring systems
 Marking out, cutting, bending, threading,
chiselling, trenching
 Draw –in/Lay of cables routes
 Cable Identification
 Installation of final circuits
 Lighting circuits
 One way, two way, intermediate
 Dimmer switches
 Looping in methods at ceiling
rose, joint boxes, switches
 Power circuits
 Radial circuits, ring circuits
 Water heating circuits
 Electric cooker circuits
 Call and alarm circuits
 Bell circuits
 Intruder alarm circuits
 Fire alarm circuits

TOPIC 13
Terminate Electrical installation
Areas of Competency
 Meaning of Terms
 Importance of termination
 Cable labelling
 Cable lugging
 Tools used in cable termination e.g.
 Crimping tool
 Strip Knife

TOPIC 14
2.
Test and inspect Electrical installation
Areas of Competency
 Meaning of terms
 Types of tests e.g.
 Earth continuity tests
 Ring circuit test
 Insulation tests
 Short circuit tests
 Open circuit test
 Testing tools e.g.
 Multimeter
 Insulation tester

48 | P a g e
49 | P a g e
50 | P a g e
 Learning Outcome Content Suggested Assessment
Methods
3. Establish installation team  Team building  Written tests
 Team members familiarization  Oral questioning
 Collaboration
 Task distribution
 Communication protocol

4. Prepare work site  Identification of hazards and safety requirements  Written tests
for the site  Oral questioning
 Reference to relevant regulations e.g.
 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
 County by-laws
 Utilities
 Access roads
 Water
 Electricity
5. Perform marking, piping  Meaning of marking, piping, fixing and  Written tests
and fixing of accessories accessories in electrical installation  Observation
 Importance of marking  Oral questioning
 Tools used in marking  Practical tests
 Accessories used in Electrical installation e.g.
 Lamp holders
 Conduits
 Ceiling roses
 Patress

6. Perform electrical  Meaning of terms  Written tests

installation  Single phase and three phase installation  Observation
 Domestic Installation  Oral questioning
 Industrial Installation  Practical test
 Commercial Installation
 Phase/load balancing
 Cables and cable joints
 Wiring systems and accessories
 Meaning of terms
 Types and applications e.g.
 Conduits
 Cable trays
 Cable ducts
 Trunkings
 Preparation of wiring systems
 Marking out, cutting, bending, threading,
chiselling, trenching
 Draw –in/Lay of cables routes
 Cable Identification
 Installation of final circuits
 Lighting circuits
 One way, two way, intermediate
 Dimmer switches
 Looping in methods at ceiling rose,
joint boxes, switches
 Power circuits
 Radial circuits, ring circuits
 Water heating circuits
51 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775
 Learning Outcome Content Suggested Assessment
Methods
 Electric cooker circuits
 Call and alarm circuits
 Bell circuits
 Intruder alarm circuits
 Fire alarm circuits
7. Terminate Electrical  Meaning of Terms  Written tests
installation  Importance of termination  Oral questioning
 Cable labelling  Practical tests
 Cable lugging  Observation
 Tools used in cable termination e.g.
 Crimping tool
 Strip Knife

8. Test and inspect Electrical  Meaning of terms  Written tests

installation  Types of tests e.g.  Oral questioning
 Earth continuity tests  Observation
 Ring circuit test
 Insulation tests
 Short circuit tests
 Open circuit test
 Testing tools e.g.
 Multimeter
 Insulation tester
 Ohmmeter
 Importance of installation testing
9. Prepare tenders and  Sources of law  Written tests
service contracts  Law of tort  Observation
 Laws of contract and tendering  Oral questioning
 Types and forms of contract
 Types of tenders
 Tender estimation and costing
 Statutory documents in contracts and tendering

..

52 | P a g e BY: J. ODIPO 0729692775