INSTA LEARN
CLASS 12 CBSE
PHYSICS
ATOMS
ATOMS
these alpha particle produce light flashes on
the screen so the number of alpha particle
scattered at different angles can be counted
SYLLABUS
SYLLABUS
Alpha-particle scattering experiment;
Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model of The most of alpha particle passed through
hydrogen atom, Expression for radius of nth the foil straight or with very small deviation
possible orbit, velocity and energy of electron About 0.14 percentage of incident α-particle
in nth orbit, hydrogen line spectra (qualitative scattered by more than 1°
treatment only). About one in 8000 get deflected through 90°
or more.
A very small fraction of incident alpha
SCATTERING OF ALPHA PARTICLE particle retraced its path
GEIGER MARSDEN EXPERIMENT
Vacuum
Gold foil
Screen
Source of
α-particles
SPACE FOR KEY NOTES
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
Radioactive source of alpha particle is kept
inside an lead cavity with a narrow opening
5.5 MeV α-particles emitted by the source are
made into a narrow well collimated beam
using led slits. Beam is allowed to fall on a
thin gold foil of thickness 2.1x10 m
The alpha particle scattered in different
direction can be absorbed by using the
rotatable Zinc sulphide screen and
microscope arrangement.
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Thin gold foil
Lead bricks
Small angle
scattering of some
Beam of
α-particles
Source of
α-particles
ZnS screen
Large angle
scattering of some
Backward scattering
of a very small Detector
fraction (1 in 8000 or so) (Microscope)
CONCLUSIONS IMPACT PARAMETER
Since most of the alpha particle passed Impact parameter is the perpendicular
through the foil undeflected, it is concluded distance of the initial velocity vector of the
that major part of an atom is empty. alpha particles from the centre of the nucleus.
A few of the alpha particle suffer a large
angle deviation and are very small fraction
retraced its path.
since the alpha particle itself 7350 times
heavier than the electron, neither an electron
nor similar positive charged particle could
cause such a large angle deviation.
Rutherford argued that, the alpha particle
b
must had encountered a very heavy positive Target nucleus
particle on its path.
The electrostatic force of repulsion between
the alpha particle and this heavy positive
core causes such a large angle deviation
This central positive core is named as α- particle trajectory
nucleus b
Very rarely an alpha particle travels head on ze
towards the nucleus. these alpha particle
re-traces its path.
The size of the nucleus is very small
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Those with small impact parameter sufferer From the conservation of energy
large scattering.
α- particle with large impact parameter get
scattered through smaller angles
In the case of head on collision, impact
parameter is zero and α particles rebound
back. Distance of closest approach
DISTANCE OF CLOSEST APPROACH
Consider an alpha particle of mass m and
initial velocity v moves towards the nucleus
of charge is Ze.
As it approaches the nucleus its velocity
(kinetic energy)progressively decreases due
to electrostatic force of repulsion from the
nucleus.
At some distance d from the nucleus the
alpha particle come to rest for moment and
An α-particle having a kinetic energy 5MeV is
then retraces its path.
found to be scattered by a gold nucleus
At the distance d, when the a particle is at
through 180°. Calculate the distance of
rest, it's kinetic energy is completely
closest approach. Z = 79 for gold
converted into the electrostatic potential
energy.
The distance d is called distance of closest
approach.
2e
ze
d
Initial kinetic energy of alpha particle
Potential energy of alpha particle nucleus
system when they are at a distance d.
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RUTHERFORD’S NUCLEAR MODEL OF DRAWBACKS OF RUTHERFORD’S ATOM
ATOM MODEL
On the basis of the alpha particle scattering In Rutherford’s atom model it is assumed that
experiment in 1911 Rutherford proposed his the electrons revolve around the nucleus in
nuclear model of an atom. nuclear model circular orbit and it experiences a centripetal
which is also known as planetary atom acceleration.
model. According to the electromagnetic theory, an
accelerated electric charge should emit
electromagnetic radiation therefore the
revolving electron should emit radiation.
If the radiation is continuously emitted it’s an
energy will decrease and electrons would
finally fall into the nucleus. That means an
atom cannot be stable.
The model does not explain how electrons
are arranged in their orbits
An atom maybe regarded as a sphere of The model failed to explain about the
size [Link] entire positive charge and hydrogen spectrum
most of the mass is concentrated at the
central core called nucleus.
The electrons have no place inside the BOHR ATOM MODEL
nucleus they revolve around the nucleus at
some distance away. The centripetal force In an atom the electrons cannot revolve
for the revolution is provided by the around the nucleus in all paths. They can only
electrostatic force of attraction between the Revolve through certain stationary orbit in
nucleus and electrons. which the angular momentum of the
The amount of positive charge of the nucleus revolving electron is an integer multiple
is exactly equal to the amount of negative of h/2π
charges on all the electrons of the atom.
That means the atom is electrically neutral. Where h is the Plank’s constant
n = 1,2,3,.. is the principal quantum numbers
m = mass of the electron
v = orbital velocity of electron
r = radius of the orbit
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As far as the electrons revolve through the THE LINE SPECTRA OF HYDROGEN ATOM
stationary orbit an atom will not radiate
energy. According to bohr postulate, when an
In an atom, the radiation of energy takes electron make a transition from the outer
place when an electron jumps from an orbit orbit ni of the energy Ei to inner orbit nf of
of higher energy to an orbit of lower energy. energy Ef a photon of energy Ei - Ef is emitted
If an electron jumps from an outer orbit of
higher energy Ei to inner orbit of lower
energy Ef
Energy of the emitted photon
Frequency of the emitted photon For Lyman series, nf = 1, ni = 2,3,4 …
For Balmer series, nf = 2, ni = 3,4,5…
For Paschen series, nf =3, ni = 4,5,6…
For Brackett series, nf = 4 , ni = 5,6,7
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RADIUS OF NTH ORBIT VELOCITY AND ENERGY OF NTH ORBIT
Velocity
r = n2 h2 ε0
π m e2 e2
V=
2 ε0 n h
ENERGY OF NTH ORBIT
-13.6
Which means the radii of the stationary orbit En =
n2
are in the ratio 1:4:9:16..
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FIRST EXCITATION ENERGY OF THE de Broglie suggested that the electron in their
HYDROGEN ATOM permitted orbits should be seen as a particle
wave. Just like waves travelling on a string.
SECOND EXCITATION ENERGY OF THE
HYDROGEN ATOM
Therefore the circumference of the orbit must
be an integral multiple of the particle
wavelength.
DE BROGLIE EXPLANATION OF BOHR
POSTULATE OF QUANTISATION
From Bohr’s postulate the angular momentum
of orbiting electron is
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If alpha particle collide head-on with a In Bohr’s atom model the orbit radii are in the
nucleus , what is the value of impact ratio
parameter ?
a) 1:2:3
b)1:3:5
c)1:4:9
d) 2:4:6
An electron is revolving around the nucleus of
hydrogen atom in an orbit of radius 9 times
the radius of the first orbit. Angular
momentum of the electron in this orbit is...
In bore model of hydrogen atom which of the
following is quantised ?
a) Linear momentum of the electron
b)Angular momentum of the electron
c) Linear velocity of the electron
d)Angular velocity of the electron Which region belongs to visible spectrum ?
In the Bohr’s hydrogen atom model, the radius If radius of first electron orbit of hydrogen is
of the stationary orbit is directly proportional a0, radius of second electron orbit of
to the principal quantum number n as hydrogen is _______.
a) n-2
b) n2
c) n
d) n-
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CBSE 2023 CBSE 2023
The radius of nth orbital of hydrogen atom is The diagram shows four energy level of
proportional to electron in Bohr model of hydrogen atom.
Identify the transition in which the emitted
a) n²
photon will have the highest energy.
b) 1/n²
c) n
n=4
d) 1/n
n=3
b
n=2
d
n=1
a c
CBSE 2023
The potential energy of an electron in the
second excited state in hydrogen atom is ….
a) -3.4eV
b) -3.02 eV
c) -1.51 eV
d) -6.8 eV
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SQP 22-23 SQP 20-21
The radius of innermost electron orbit of What is the value of angular momentum of
hydrogen atom is 5.3 x10 -¹¹ m. The radius electron in the second orbit of Bohr model of
of n = 3rd orbit is … hydrogen atom ?
a) 1.01x10 -10
b) 1.59x10 -10
c) 2.12x10 -10
d) 4.77x10 -10
SQP 2019 - 2020 All India 2010
The photon beam of energy 12.1 eV is incident The ground state energy of hydrogen atom
on a hydrogen atom. The orbit to which is -13.6 eV. What is the kinetic energy and
electron of H atom be excited is … potential energy of the electron in this state ?
a) 2nd
b) 3rd
c) 4th
d) 5th
All India 2020
In the α particle scattering experiment, the
shape of the trajectory of the scattered α
particle depends upon
a) Only impact parameter
b) Only the source Delhi 2012
c) Both impact parameter and source Why Rutherford model of an atom not able to
d) Impact parameter and the screen explain the atomic structure?
materially the detector
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The electron revolving around the nucleus are
accelerated and emits energy as the result CBSE 2023
the radius of the circular path continuously Write 2 limitations of Rutherford’s model of
decreasing. Ultimately electron fall in the atom
nucleus which is not practically possible.
Delhi 2010
What is the ratio of radii of the orbits
corresponding to first excited state and
ground state in the hydrogen atom ?
CBSE 2022
a) Define the terms impact parameter and
distance of closest approach.
b) What will be the value of impact
parameter for the scattering angle 00 and 1800.
Delhi 2010
The radius of the innermost electron orbit of
hydrogen atom is 5.3x10 -¹¹ m. What is the
radius of the orbit in the second excited state ?
Delhi 2020
Write the drawbacks of Rutherford’s atom
model,how these were overcome by postulate
CBSE 2023
of Bohr atomic model ?
What is meant by ionisation energy? Write its
value for hydrogen atom.
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Delhi 2019 CBSE 2023
Explain briefly how alpha scattering Determine the distance of closest approach
experiment provide information on the size when an alpha particle of kinetic energy
of nucleus. 3.95MeV approaches a nuclei of Z = 79
stops and reverses its direction.
Delhi 2019
Obtain the expression for the ratio of de
Broglie wavelengths associated with the
electron orbiting in second and third excited
states of hydrogen atom
CBSE 2023
a) State 3 postulates of Bohr theory of
hydrogen atom
b) Find the angular momentum of an electron
revolving in the second orbit of hydrogen
atom.
Delhi 2023
Briefly explain Geiger Marsden experiment.
Show variation of number of particles
scattered with scattering angle. Write the
conclusions of this experiment.
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