Define ecosystem.
"<div><span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Ecosystem</span> - all the interacting <b>living organisms</b> and the
<b>non-living conditions</b> in an area</div><div style=""text-align:
center;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div>"
Define community. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Community</span> - all the <b>populations of living organisms</b> in a
particular habitat<div><br></div><div style=""text-align: center;""><img
src=""[Link]""><br></div>"
Define habitat. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Habitat</span> - natural <b>home or environment</b> of a plant, animal or
other organism"
Define population. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Population</span> - group of individuals of the <b>same</b>
<b>species</b> in a habitat<div><br></div><div style=""text-align: center;""><img
src=""[Link]""><br></div>"
Define species. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Species</span> - group of organisms with similar features that able to
<b>breed together</b> and <b>produce fertile offspring</b>"
Define biodiversity. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Biodiversity</span> - <b>variety</b> of living organisms present in an
area"
Define habitat biodiversity. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Habitat biodiversity</span> - number of <b>different</b> <b>habitats</b>
found within an area"
Define species biodiversiy. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Species biodiversity</span> - two aspects:<div><ul><li>Species<b>
richness</b> - number of diff species living in a particular
area</li></ul><ul><li>Species<b> evenness</b> - comparison of the numbers of
individuals of each species living in a community </li></ul><div style=""text-
align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div></div>"
Define genetic biodiversity. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Genetic biodiversity</span> - variety of <b>genes</b> that make up a
species"
State the 3 levels of biodiversity. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Levels of biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li><b>Habitat</b>
biodiversity</li></ul><ul><li><b>Species</b>
biodiversity</li></ul><ul><li><b>Genetic</b> biodiversity</li></ul><div
style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div></div>"
Give 3 examples of different habitats. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183,
243, 127);"">Examples of habitats</span><div><ul><li>Woodland</li></ul><ul><li>Sand
dunes</li></ul><ul><li>Wild grassland</li></ul></div>"
Define sampling. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Sampling</span> - taking measurements of a <b>limited number</b> of
individual organisms present in a <b>particular</b> <b>area</b>"
State two ways sampling can be undertaken. "<span style=""background-color:
rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Types of
sampling:</span><div><ul><li>Random</li></ul><ul><li>Non-random</li></ul></div>"
Define random sampling. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Random sampling</span> - selecting individuals by
<b>chance</b> <div><ul><li>Each individual in a pop has <b>equal</b>
<b>likelihood</b> of selection</li></ul></div>"
Explain why sampling is important. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Importance of sampling</span><div><ul><li><div>Allows us to quantify diff
aspects of ecosystem and
make <b>generalisations</b> or <b>estimates</b> about the
number of organisms, <b>distribution</b> of species or measured
characteristic throughout the habitat</div></li></ul></div>"
Define non-random sampling. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Non-random sampling</span> - sample is not chosen at random"
Outline how to randomly sample an area. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183,
243, 127);"">Random sampling:</span><div><ul><li>Mark out <b>grid</b> on grass
using tape measures at right angles</li></ul><ul><li>Use <b>random numbes</b> to
determine the x and y coordinates on your grid</li></ul><ul><li>Take <b>sample</b>
at each of the coordinate pairs generated</li></ul></div>"
Name the three main techniques of non-random sampling. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Non-random
sampling:</span><div><ul><li>Opportunistic</li></ul><ul><li>Stratified</li></
ul><ul><li>Systematic</li></ul></div>"
Describe stratified sampling. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Stratified sampling</span> - populations divided into <b>strata</b> (sub-
groups) based on a characteristic<div><ul><li>Random sample taken from each strata
<b>proportional</b> to its size</li></ul></div>"
Describe systematic sampling. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Systematic sampling</span> - different areas within habitat are identified
and <b>sampled</b> <b>separately</b><div><ul><li>Often carried out using line or
belt transect</li></ul><ul><li>Example - studying how plant species change as you
move inland</li></ul></div>"
Describe opportunitstic sampling. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Opportunistic sampling</span> - using organisms that are
<b>conveniently</b> available<div><ul><li>Weakest form - may not be representative
of population</li></ul></div>"
Define frame quadrat. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Frame quadrat</span> - square frame divided into grid of equal
sections<div><ul><li>Type and number of each species in quadrat is
recorded</li></ul><div style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div></div>"
Define point quadrat. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Point quadrat</span> - frame containing horizontal bar<div><ul><li>At set
intervals along the bar, long pins pushed through the bar to reach the
ground</li></ul><ul><li>Each species the pin touches is recorded</li></ul><div
style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div></div>"
Define line transect. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Line
transect</span> - marking a <b>line along the ground</b> between two poles and
taking samples at stratified points<div><ul><li>Describing all organisms that touch
the line OR</li></ul><ul><li>Measuring distances of samples from the
line</li></ul></div>"
Define belt transect. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Belt
transect</span> - two parallel lines are marked, samples taken from area between
two lines"
Define interrupted belt transect. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Interrupted belt transect</span> - record all species in quadrats placed at
certain intervals along a line<div><ul><li>Gives info on
abundance </li></ul></div>"
Outline how to sample an area using interrupted belt transect. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Interrupted belt
transect:</span><div><ol><li>Extend a <b>measuring</b> <b>tape</b> from one side of
the habitat to another. </li><li>Place a <b>quadrat</b> at 0m on the
tape.</li><li><b>Count</b> the numbers/estimate percentage cover of each
species. </li><li>Use a key to identify each species.</li><li><b>Record</b>
results in a table.</li><li><b>Move</b> the quadrat along the measuring
tape.</li><li>Repeat step 3-5 at <b>regular</b> <b>intervals</b> along the
measuring tape.</li><li>Continue until the full length of the measuring tape has
been sampled.</li><li>Calculate the average of each species.</li><li>A bar chart
can be drawn to show the data obtained.</li></ol></div>"
Explain when random sampling would be appropriate. "<span style=""background-
color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Random sampling</span> -<b> </b>the <b>population
size is small</b> or the size of the individual samples and their number are
relatively small"
Explain when systematic sampling is appropriate. "<span style=""background-
color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Systematic sampling</span> - when the habitat is
<b>non-uniform</b> and to measure how the vegetation or the kind of animals found,
changes gradually over a certain distance"
Name 5 ways of sampling animals. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Sampling animals:</span><div><ul><li>Pooter</li></ul><ul><li>Sweep
nets</li></ul><ul><li>Pitfall traps</li></ul><ul><li>Tree
beating</li></ul><ul><li>Kick sampling</li></ul></div>"
Describe the pooter method. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Pooter method:</span><br><ul><li>Catch small insects</li></ul><ul><li>By
sucking on mouthpiece, insect drawn into chamber via inlet tube, filter prevents it
from entering your mouth</li></ul><div style=""text-align: center;""><img
src=""[Link]""><br></div>"
Describe sweep net method. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Sweep net</span> - catch insects in areas of long grass<div style=""text-
align: center;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div>"
Describe pitfall trap method. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Pitfall trap</span> - catch small, crawling invertebrates (beetles,
spiders, slugs)<div><ul><li><b>Hole</b> dug in ground, insects fall into
it</li></ul><ul><li>Must be deep enough they do not crawl out, <b>covered</b> with
roof so it does not fill with rainwater</li></ul><div style=""text-align:
center;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div></div>"
Describe tree beating method. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Tree beating</span> - samples of invertebrates in trees or
bushes<div><ul><li>Large <b>white</b> <b>cloth</b> stretched out under the
tree</li></ul><ul><li>Tree is <b>shaken</b>/<b>beaten</b> to dislodge
invertebrates</li></ul><ul><li>Animals <b>fall</b> onto sheet, collected and
studied</li></ul><div style=""text-align: center;""><br></div><div style=""text-
align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div></div>"
Describe kick sampling method. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Kick sampling</span> - study organisms living in a river<div><ul><li>River
bank is kicked for period of time to cause
<b>disturbance</b></li></ul><ul><li><b>Net</b> <b>held</b> downstream for set
period of time to capture organisms released</li></ul><div style=""text-align:
center;""><img
src=""[Link]""><br></div></div>"
Give 2 ways of sampling plants (over very slow moving animals) "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Sampling
plants:</span><div><ul><li>Point quadrat</li></ul><ul><li>Frame
quadrat</li></ul></div>"
Describe 3 ways of collecting data using a frame quadrat. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Using a frame
quadrat:</span><div><ul><li>Count number of individuals in a 1
m<sup>2</sup> quadrat - gives <b>density</b> per square meter - absolute
measure</li></ul><ul><li>Using small grids - count number of squares a particular
species is present in, express as percentage of total squares -
<b>frequency</b></li></ul><ul><li>Percentage cover - for when species is abundant
or hard to count - estimete by eye the <b>percentage</b> area
<b>cover</b></li></ul></div>"
Define biotic factor. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Biotic factors</span> - <b>living</b> components of an
ecosystem <div><br></div><div style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div>"
Define abiotic factor. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Abiotic factors</span> - <b>non</b>-<b>living</b> components of an
ecosystem<div style=""text-align: center;""><br></div><div style=""text-align:
center;""><img
src=""[Link]""><br></div>"
Give 6 examples of abiotic factors. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Abiotic factors:</span><div><ul><li>Wind speed</li></ul><ul><li>Light
intensity</li></ul><ul><li>Relative
humidity</li></ul><ul><li>pH</li></ul><ul><li>Temperature</li></ul><ul><li>Oxygen
content in water</li></ul><div style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div></div>"
Explain why the use of data loggers and sensors is advantageous. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Using data loggers &
sensors:</span><div><ul><li><b>Rapid</b> <b>changes</b> can be
detected</li></ul><ul><li><b>Human</b> <b>error</b> reduced</li></ul><ul><li>High
degree of <b>precision</b></li></ul><ul><li>Data stored and tracked on
computer</li></ul></div>"
Name & describe two ways of measuring species diversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Meausring species
diversity:</span><div><ul><li>Measure species <b>richness</b> - use combination of
sampling techniques to identify all the species present in a habitat, compile list
and calculate total number of species</li></ul><ul><li>Measure species
<b>evenness</b> - use sampling techniques to count the number of organisms of each
species and compare</li></ul></div>"
"<font color=""#090104"">State the information needed to determine the species
richness and evenness of an area.</font>" "<font color=""#090104""><span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Species richness</span> - number of
different species<br></font><div><font
color=""#090104""><br></font></div><div><font color=""#090104""><span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Species evenness</span> - number of
organisms for each species</font></div>"
Suggest how the population size of plants can be estimated."<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Estimating plant population
size:</span><div><ul><li>Take <b>samples</b> at number of different
points</li></ul><ul><li>Calculate <b>mean</b> number of plant per quadrat
(m<sup>2</sup>)</li></ul><ul><li><b>Multiply</b> mean value per
m<sup>2</sup> by the total area</li></ul></div>"
Suggest how the population size of animals can be estimated. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Estimating animal population
size:</span><br><ul><li><b>Capture</b> as many individuals of a species in an area
as possible</li></ul><ul><li><b>Mark</b> them, release into
community</li></ul><ul><li>Allow time for organisms to <b>redistribute</b>
themselves throughout habitat</li></ul><ul><li><b>Collect</b> same number of
individuals </li></ul><ul><li><b>Count</b> number of marked invidiuals, using
this, <b>estimate</b> the population</li></ul><div style=""text-align:
center;""><img
src=""[Link]""><br></div>"
Explain why measuring species diversity allows us to obtain info about the
stability of an ecosystem or the degree of pollution in an ecosystem. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Importance of measuring species
diversity:</span><div><ul><li>Diversity is often proportional to <b>stability</b>
of ecosystem - most stable have evenly distributed species in good sized
pops</li></ul><ul><li><b>Pollution</b> causes harsh conditions where few species
dominate so high pollution - low diversity</li></ul></div>"
Name one measure of species diversity that takes into account both species richness
and species evenness. Simpson's index
Describe the meaning of each of the symbols in the equation for calculating
Simpson's index of diversity. "<div style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""></div>"
Describe the range of values that Simpson's index of diversity can take and explain
how to interpret the value calculated. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183,
243, 127);"">Simpson's index values:</span><div><ul><li>Range from 0 to
1</li></ul><ul><li>0 - no diversity</li></ul><ul><li>1 - infinite
diversity</li></ul><ul><li>Greater index - greater diversity<br></li></ul></div>"
Explain why a greater genetic biodiversity increases a species chances for long-
term survival. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Importance
of genetic biodiveristy:</span><br><ul><li>Species w greater genetic biodiveristy -
more likely to <b>adapt</b> to changes in environment</li></ul><ul><li>This bc
there are likely to be some organisms that carry an <b>advantageous</b>
<b>allele</b> which enables survival, they then
reproduce</li></ul><ul><li>Therefore species survives</li></ul>"
Name and describe two ways in which genetic biodiversity of a population can be
increased. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Increasing
genetic biodiversity</span> - increase number of possible
alleles<div><ul><li><b>Mutations</b> in DNA creating new
alleles</li></ul><ul><li><b>Interbreeding</b> between populations - allele transfer
from one population to another</li></ul></div>"
List 8 factors that can lead to decrease in genetic biodiveristy. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Decreasing genetic
biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li>Selective breeding</li></ul><ul><li>Captive
breeding</li></ul><ul><li>Rare breeds</li></ul><ul><li>Artificial
cloning</li></ul><ul><li>Natural selection</li></ul><ul><li>Genetic
bottlenecks</li></ul><ul><li>Founder effect</li></ul><ul><li>Genetic
drift</li></ul></div>"
Describe how selective breeding reduces genetic biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Selective breedng &
biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li><b>Few</b> <b>individuals</b> within population
<b>selected</b> for advantageous characteristics are
bred</li></ul><ul><li>Population's alleles will be dominated by those ones, others
will be lost</li></ul></div>"
Describe how captive breeding programmes reduce genetic biodiveristy. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Captive breeding &
biodiversity:</span><br><ul><li>Small number of <b>captive</b> individuals
available for breeding </li></ul><ul><li>There is no gene flow</li></ul>"
Describe how rare breeds reduce genetic biodiversity. "<span style=""background-
color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Rare breeds & biodiversity:</span><br><ul><li>They
have been <b>produced</b> <b>domestically</b> using selective
breeding</li></ul><ul><li>Their characteristics become <b>unpopular</b> so number
of individuals falls</li></ul><ul><li><b>Small</b> <b>number</b> of individuals
with low genetic diversity - gets even lower</li></ul>"
Describe how artificial cloning reduces genetic biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Artificial cloning & genetic
biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li>Creates individuals with <b>identical</b>
<b>alleles</b> - reduced genetic diversity</li></ul></div>"
Describe how natural selection reduces genetic biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Natural selection &
biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li>Species evolves to contain <b>particular</b>
advantageous <b>alleles</b></li></ul><ul><li>Over time other less advantageous ones
are lost - mostly advantageous ones</li></ul></div>"
Describe how genetic bottlenecks reduce genetic biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Genetic bottlenecks &
biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li>Few individuals <b>survive</b> <b>event</b> or
change (disease, environmental change, etc)</li></ul><ul><li>This reduces the gene
pool - only alleles of surviving members available to be </li></ul></div>"
Describe how the founder effect reduces genetic biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Founder effect &
biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li>Small number of individuals create new
<b>colony</b>, isolated geographically from original</li></ul><ul><li>Gene pool for
new population is small</li></ul></div>"
Describe how genetic drift reduces genetic biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Genetic
drift:</span><div><ul><li>Random nature of alleles passed onto offspring -
<b>frequency</b> of occurence of an allele <b>varies</b></li></ul><ul><li>Existence
of an allele <b>can</b> <b>disappear</b> from population by
chance</li></ul><ul><li>More pronounced in pops with low genetic
biodiversity</li></ul><div style=""text-align: center;""><br></div><div
style=""text-align: center;""><img src=""paste-
[Link]""><br></div></div>"
Define polymorphic allele. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Polymporphic allele</span> - gene with<b> more than two</b> possible
alleles"
Define locus. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Locus of a
gene</span> - <b>position</b> of the gene on a chromosome"
Write an equation that provides a measure of genetic diversity. "<div
style=""text-align: center;""><br></div><div style=""text-align: center;""><img
src=""[Link]""></div>"
Describe the range of values that proportion of polymorphic gene loci can take and
explain how to interpret the value calculated. "<span style=""background-color:
rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Values of proportion of polymorphic gene
loci:</span><br><div><ul><li>Greater value - greater genetic
biodiversity</li></ul></div>"
Describe the change in human pop since 1800. "<span style=""background-color:
rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Human populaton growth:</span><div><ul><li>Seven times more
than 1800, doubled since 1960s</li></ul></div>"
Explain why human population is increasing so rapidly. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Factors causing human population
hyper exp growth:</span><div><ul><li>Improvements in medicine, hygiene, housing and
infrastructure - people live longer</li></ul></div>"
Give 3 issues for biodiversity that have come about due to increased human
population size. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Population
growth & biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li><b>Deforestation</b> - permanent
removal of forest destroys habitat and exacerbates climate
change</li></ul><ul><li><b>Agriculture</b> - large amounts of land cleared, many
planted with single crop - monoculture</li></ul><ul><li><b>Climate change</b> -
release of carbon dioxide and others increases global temps - changes in habitat
conditions</li></ul></div>"
Describe 4 ways in which deforestation affects biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Deforestation &
biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li>Directly reduces <b>number</b> <b>of</b>
<b>trees</b></li></ul><ul><li>If only <b>specific</b> <b>tree</b> cut - species
diversity reduced</li></ul><ul><li><b>Habitat</b> <b>destruction</b> reduces number
of animal species present (food and shelter destroyed)</li></ul><ul><li>Animals
forced to <b>migrate</b> - biodiversity of other areas increases</li></ul></div>"
Describe 5 methods associated with agriculture that affect biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Agriculture &
biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li><b>Deforestation</b> - to increase land area -
directly kills trees + causes loss of habitat</li></ul><ul><li>Removal of
<b>hedgerows</b> - removed to allow use of machinery - reduces number of plant
species</li></ul><ul><li><b>Pesticides</b> - pesticides kill pests, reduces species
diversity directly</li></ul><ul><li><b>Killing</b> <b>weeds</b> - reduces species
diversity directly + animal diversity reduced bc they are a food
source</li></ul><ul><li><b>Monoculture</b> - producing only one crop lowers
biodiversity directly + few animal species will be supported by one type of
plant</li></ul></div>"
Define global warming. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Global warming</span> - <b>rise</b> in the Earth's mean surface
<b>temperature</b>"
Define climate change. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Climate change</span> - long-term shift in global or regional climate
patterns attributed to increased CO2 emissions<div><ul><li>Caused by global
warming</li></ul></div>"
Describe 4 ways in which biodiversity may be affected by climate change. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Biodiversity & climate
change:</span><div><ul><li><b>Melting</b> of polar <b>ice</b> <b>caps</b> -
extinction of species living in those regions</li></ul><ul><li>Rising <b>sea</b>
<b>levels</b> - flood low-lying land, destroying habitat and reducing amount of
available habitat</li></ul><ul><li><b>Higher</b> <b>temps</b>, less rainfal -
xerophytes dominating </li></ul><ul><li><b>Insect</b> <b>life</b>
<b>cycles</b> and populations change - they are pollinators so if they range
changes, plantsa left behind will go extinct</li></ul></div>"
State the 3 categories of reasons for maintaining biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Reasons for maintaining
biodiversity:</span><div><ul><li>Aesthetic</li></ul><ul><li>Economic</li></
ul><ul><li>Ecological</li></ul></div>"
Describe 3 aesthetic reasons for maintaining biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Aesthetic
reasons:</span><div><ul><li>Presence of diff plants and animals <b>enriches</b> our
lives</li></ul><ul><li><b>Inspiration</b> for musicians and
writers</li></ul><ul><li>Patients <b>recover</b> more rapidly from stress when
supported by plants and natural environment</li></ul></div>"
Describe 8 economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Economic
reasons:</span><div><ul><li><b>Soil</b> <b>erosion</b> & <b>desertification</b>
from deforestation reduces ability of country to feed crops - resource dependence
on other nations</li></ul><ul><li><b>Non-sustainable removal of resources</b> will
lead to the collapse of the industry in the area</li></ul><ul><li><b>Species with
potential economic importance</b> may become extinct before being
discovered</li></ul><ul><li><b>Continuous</b> <b>monoculture</b> results in soil
depletion of minerals bc same land keeps being reused - farmers rely on expensive
chemicals</li></ul><ul><li>High biodiversity <b>protects</b> from abiotic stresses
and disease - change in conditions can destroy entire crops (Irish
famine)</li></ul><ul><li>High biodiversity provides pleasing attractive environment
that attracts <b>tourism</b></li></ul><ul><li>Greater diversity - greater
<b>potential to manufacture </b>new, different products in the
future</li></ul><ul><li>Plant varieties are needed for cross-breeding, leading to
better characteristics</li></ul></div>"
Define the term keystone species and explain why they are important in maintaining
biodiversity. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Keystone
species</span> - plays <b>key</b> <b>role</b> in maintaining the structure of an
ecological community<div><ul><li>Disproportionately large effect on their
environment compared to their abundance</li></ul></div>"
Describe 2 ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity."<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Ecological
reasons:</span><div><ul><li>All organisms are <b>interdependent</b> on others to
survive - removal of one species can have significant effect on
others </li></ul><ul><li>Removal of <b>keystone</b> <b>species</b>, the
ecosystem is drastically changed and becomes unstable</li></ul></div>"
Define conservation. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Conservation</span> - preservation and <b>careful management</b> of the
environment and natural resources"
Define in situ conservation. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">In situ</span> conservation - <b>within</b> natural habitat"
Define ex situ conservation. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243,
127);"">Ex situ</span> conservation - <b>out</b> <b>of</b> natural habitat"
Name 2 methods of in situ conservation. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183,
243, 127);"">In situ conservation examples:</span><div><ul><li>Wildlife
reserves</li></ul><ul><li>Marine conservation zones</li></ul></div>"
Describe 7 methods of active management in wildlife reserves. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Wildlife
reserves:</span><div><ul><li><b>Controlling grazing</b> - only for certain amount
of time, allowing area of land species to recover</li></ul><ul><li><b>Restricting
human access</b> - providing paths so plants arent
trampled</li></ul><ul><li><b>Controlling
poaching </b></li></ul><ul><li><b>Feeding animals</b> - ensure more organisms
survive to reproductive age</li></ul><ul><li><b>Reintroduction of species </b>-
adding species to areas that have become locally
extinct</li></ul><ul><li><b>Culling or removal of invasive species</b> - removal of
competition for native species</li></ul><ul><li><b>Halting succession</b> - only
way of preventing areas such as moorland from becoming woodland is
grazing</li></ul></div>"
Describe the role of marine conservation zones in maintaining biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Marine conservation
zones:</span><div><ul><li>Creates <b>areas</b> <b>of</b> <b>refuge</b> from which
populations can build up and <b>repopulate</b> areas</li></ul></div>"
Name 3 methods of ex-situ conservation. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183,
243, 127);"">Ex-situ conservation:</span><br><ul><li>Botanic
gardens</li></ul><ul><li>Seed banks</li></ul><ul><li>Captive breeding
programmes</li></ul>"
Describe the role of botanic gardens in maintaining biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Botanic
gardens:</span><div><ul><li>Species actively managed & provided with resources
to grow (soil nutrients, watering, removal of pests)</li></ul></div>"
Describe the role of seed banks in maintaining biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Seed banks:</span><br><ul><li>Seeds
stored so that new plants can be grown in the future - extinction
prevented </li></ul>"
Describe 3 ways in which zoos can contribute to conservation. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Zoos &
conservation:</span><div><ul><li>Provide animals with <b>shelter</b>, abundant
supply of <b>food</b>, absence of predators and vet
treatment</li></ul><ul><li>Genealogical data is kept on individuals so when bred,
they choose the pairs that will <b>maximise</b> genetic
<b>biodiversity</b></li></ul><ul><li>Money earned can be used as <b>funding</b> for
<b>researching</b> new methods of conservation</li></ul></div>"
Explain how seed banks store the seeds and why these methods are important. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Seed bank storing
method:</span><br><ul><li>Seeds are dried and stored at tempreatures of
-20C</li></ul><ul><li>Slows rate at which they lose ability to germinate</li></ul>"
Explain the role of captive breeding programmes in maintaining genetic
biodiversity. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Captive
breeding programmes:</span><div><ul><li>Aim to create a stable, healthy population
of a species and gradually reintroduce it back to natural habitat</li></ul></div>"
Explain why it may not be possible to release some captively bred organisms back
into the wild. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Reasons
for not releasing organi[Link] - loss of
resistance to local diseases</li></ul><ul><li><b>Behavior</b> - some behavior is
learned such as looking for food</li></ul><ul><li><b>Genetic races</b> - genetic
make-up of captive animals can be so different from original population that they
cant interbreed</li></ul><ul><li><b>Habitat</b> - habitat must be restored to allow
reintroduction</li></ul></div>"
State the full name of IUCN and outline their role in conservation. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">IUCN</span> - International Union
for the Conservation of Nature<div><ul><li>Assist in <b>securing</b>
<b>agreements</b> between nations</li></ul><ul><li>Publish the <b>Red List</b> of
threatened animals</li></ul><ul><li>Involved in establishment of
<b>CITES</b></li></ul></div>"
Name two international conventions that aim to protect biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">International
conventions:</span><div><ul><li>Rio convention</li></ul><ul><li>Convention on
Internatonal Trade in Endangered Species</li></ul></div>"
State the full name of CITES and explain how it helps protect biodiversity. "<span
style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">CITES</span> - Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species<div><ul><li><b>Regulates</b>
international <b>trade</b> of wild plant and animal specimens and their
products</li></ul><ul><li><b>Protects</b> species from over-exploitation that could
endanger them</li></ul></div>"
State 3 outcomes from the Rio convention. "<span style=""background-color: rgb(183,
243, 127);"">Rio convention outcomes:</span><div><ul><li>Convention on Biological
Diversity (<b>CBD</b>) - requires countries to develop national strategies for
sustainable development</li></ul><ul><li>United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (<b>UNFCCC</b>) - agreement to stabilise greenhouse gas conc in
atm</li></ul><ul><li>United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(<b>UNCCD</b>) - prevent transformation of fertile land into
desert </li></ul></div>"
Name a local scheme in England that aimed to protect biodiversity. Countryside
stewardship scheme
Explain how the Countryside Stewardship Scheme aimed to protect biodiversity.
"<span style=""background-color: rgb(183, 243, 127);"">Countryside
Stewardship Scheme:</span><div><ul><li>Aim to make coneservation a part of national
farming and land management practice</li></ul></div>"