PADILLA REVIEW

CENTER MODULE
Regular Review
CELE April 2024 Week 2

Step 3. Set up an Equation between the

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
5. Exponential Functions: given variables and the required
𝑑(𝑎𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑢 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑢 variable
The Limit of a Function Limit 𝑑(𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 Step 4. Differentiate
is a number such that the value of a Step 5. Substitute
given function remains arbitrarily close 6. Logarithmic Functions:
to this number when the independent logae
𝑑(log 𝑎 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑢 I. TANGENT AND NORMAL LINES
u
variable is sufficiently close to a 𝑑𝑢 The slope of the curve y = f(x) at any
specified point. 𝑑(ln 𝑢) =
𝑢 point is identical to the derivative of
the function or y’.
Theorems on Limits PROBLEM 1: 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 −16 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑚 = 𝑦 ′ =
1. lim 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 lim 𝑓(𝑥) , k 𝑑𝑥
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Evaluate: lim
𝑥→4 𝑥−4
being constant PROBLEM 11:
2. lim [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = PROBLEM 2: Find the equation of the line normal to
𝑥→𝑎
3𝑥 4 −2𝑥 2 +7
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ± lim 𝑔(𝑥) Evaluate: lim the curve f(x) = x3 – 1 at the (3, 26).
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→∞ 5𝑥 3 +𝑥−3
3. lim [𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] =
𝑥→𝑎 PROBLEM 12:
lim 𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥) PROBLEM 3:
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 1−cos 𝑥 What is the equation of the line
𝑓(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥) Evaluate: lim 2 tangent to the curve x2 + y2 = 25 at (-4,
𝑥→0 𝑥
4. lim [ ] = 𝑥→𝑎 , provided
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
-3)?
lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0 PROBLEM 4:
𝑥→𝑎
What is the derivative with respect to x II. CURVATURE AND RADIUS OF
I. DIFFERENTATION FORMULAS of (𝑥 + 1)3 − 𝑥 3 ? CURVATURE
𝑦′′
1. Chain Rule: 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 𝑘 = [1+(𝑦 ′ )2]3/2
PROBLEM 5:
𝑑(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑛 𝑢𝑛−1 𝑑𝑢 𝑥2 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒,
𝑑(𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢 Differentiate the equation: 𝑦 = 2 3/2
𝑥+1 1 [1+(𝑦 ′ ) ]
𝑢 𝑣𝑑𝑢−𝑢𝑑𝑣 𝜌= | | =
𝑑( ) = 𝑘 |𝑦′′|
𝑣 𝑣2
Where: PROBLEM 6:
u and v are functions and n is Differentiate 𝑦 = sec(𝑥 2 + 2) PROBLEM 13:
constant Find the radius of curvature of a
PROBLEM 7: parabola y2 – 4x = 0 at point (4,4).
Find the derivative with respect to x
2. Trigonometric Functions:
d(sin u) = cos u du the function √2 − 3𝑥 2 . III. MAXIMA - MINIMA
d(cos u) = −sin u du PROBLEM 14:
d(tan u) = sec u sec u du PROBLEM 8: The sum of two positive numbers is 50.
d(sec u) = sec u tan u du Find the second derivative of 𝑥 3 − What are the numbers if their product
d(cot u) = −csc u csc u du 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 0. is to be the largest possible.
d(csc u) = −csc u cot u du
PROBLEM 9: PROBLEM 15:
3. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Find the partial derivatives with Find the minimum distance from the
d(arcsin u) =
du respect to x of the function 𝑥𝑦 2 − point (4, 2) to the parabola y2 = 8x.
√1−u2 5𝑦 + 6.
du
d(arccos u) = − PROBLEM 16:
√1−u2
du PROBLEM 10: Find the height and radius of the
d(arctan u) =
1+u2 Find the second derivative of y by largest cylinder that can be cut.
du
d(arccot u) = − implicit differentiation from the
1+u2
d(arcsec u) =
du equation 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑦 2 = 36. IV. RELATIVE CHANGE
u√u2 −1 dV = change in V
du
d(arccsc u) = − GENERAL PROCEDURE IN SOLVING dV
u√u2 −1 =
change in V with respect to t
dT
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS When t = time:
4. Hyperbolic Functions: APPLICATION: dV
d(sinh u) = cosh u du Step 1. Assign a variable for the Given = rate of change in V
dT
d(cosh u) = sinh u du values of variables
d(tanh u) = sech u sech u du Step 2. Assign a variable to the Note:
d(sechu) = −sech u tanh u du Required quantity + = when V is increasing
d(coth u) = −csch u csch u du - = when V is decreasing
d(csch u) = −csch u coth u du

1
 PADILLA REVIEW
CENTER MODULE
Regular Review
CELE April 2024 Week 2

PROBLEM 17: ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

A 13 m long ladder leans against a
vertical wall 12 m high. If the lower end b. Trigonometric Substitution
is sliding at 1.25 m/sec, how fast is the For terms involving:
top sliding downward when it is 10 m √𝑎 − 𝑢2
2 Let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃
high? 2
√𝑎 + 𝑢 2 Let 𝑢 = 𝑎 tan 𝜃
2
√𝑢 − 𝑎 2 Let 𝑢 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃
PROBLEM 18:
A wall “h” meters high is 2 m away from
The substitution may be represented
the building. The shortest ladder that
geometrically by constructing a right
can reach the building with one end 1 𝜃
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝜃 2 𝑟 2 𝑑𝜃
triangle. 2
resting on the ground outside the wall 1

is 6 m. How high is the wall in meters?

PROBLEM 1: PROBLEM 2:
Evaluate: Find the area enclosed by the curve
PROBLEM 19: 𝑥 3 +3𝑥 2 +𝑥
Water is pouring into a conical vessel a. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 8𝑦 + 16 = 0, the x – axis, the
𝑥−3
15 cm deep and having a radius of 3.75 y – axis and the line 𝑥 – 4 = 0.
b. ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cm across the top. If the rate at which 1 x dx
c. ∫0 2 PROBLEM 3:
the water rises is 2 cm/sec, how fast is x +2
d. Find the integral of cos7x sin6x Find the area bounded by the parabola
the water flowing into the conical
dx if lower limit = 0 and upper 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 and 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑦 2 .
vessel when the water is 4 cm deep?
limit = 𝜋/2.
2 2𝑦
e. ∫1 ∫0 (2x2 + y3) dx dy PROBLEM 4:
PROBLEM 20:
Car A moves due East at 30 kph at the Find the area enclosed by the curve
APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION 𝑟 = 4(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃).
same instant car B is moving S 30° E,
with a speed of 60 kph. The distance I. AREA BOUNDED BY TWO CURVES:
A. Top and bottom curves II. LENGTH OF AN ARC:
from A to B is 30 km. Find how fast is
the distance between the separating
after one hour.

INTEGRAL CALCULUS

BASIC INTEGRATION FORMULAS

a. Basic Formulas:
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑘 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑(𝑢) 𝑏 𝑑𝑦 2
∫ [𝑓(𝑢) + 𝑔(𝑢)] 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑆 = ∫𝑎 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑔(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑥 2(𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑝 − 𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑏 𝑑𝑥 2
1
𝑆= ∫𝑎 √1 + ( ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
b. Power Formulas: B. Right and left curves 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 2
∫ un du =
un+1
+ C 𝑆 = ∫𝜃 2 √𝑟 2 + ( ) 𝑑𝜃
n+1 1 𝑑𝜃
du
∫ = ln u + C
u PROBLEM 5:
au
∫ au du = + C A 50-m span suspension bridge is
ln a
supported by a cable which sags
c. Trigonometric Functions: parabolically. If the cable sags 6 m at its
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶 center, what is the length of it?
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢) + 𝐶 PROBLEM 6:
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢) + 𝐶 Find the length of the cardioid 𝑟 =
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 4(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃).
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢) + 𝐶
∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑦
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑦 2(𝑥𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑥𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑦 III. CENTROID OF AREAS:
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢) + 𝐶 1 By Varignon’s Theorem:
“The moment of the whole equals the
C. Loop of polar curves sum of the moment of the parts”
INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES
a. Integration by Parts
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 PADILLA REVIEW
CENTER MODULE
Regular Review
CELE April 2024 Week 2

PROBLEM 10:
Find the volume of the solid formed by DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
revolving the curve defined by 8x2 + 2y2
= 36 about the line x + y = 5.
ORDERS AND DEGREE OF EQUATION
• Order - The highest ordered
V. VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF
(powered) derivative ( ex. dx/dy ) in
REVOLUTION
an equation.
• Circular Disk Method
𝑥 • Degree - Can be seen at the higher
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑥 2[𝑓(𝑥)]2 𝑑𝑥
1 ordered derivative
𝑦
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑦 2 [𝑓(𝑦)]2 𝑑𝑥
1
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑥̅ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴 TYPE OF SOLUTION
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑦̅ = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 • Washer Method • General solution (with arbitrary
𝑥2 constant)
PROBLEM 7: 𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑦𝑢 2 − 𝑦𝐿 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 Ex. 𝑥 3 − 3𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥1
Find the area and locate the centroid of 𝑦 • Particular solution (No arbitrary
𝑉 = 𝜋 ∫𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑅 2 − 𝑥𝐿 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
the area bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 1 constant)
𝑥 2 and the line 𝑥 = 𝑦. Ex. 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 2
• Shell Method FIRST ODRDER D.E
𝑥
PROBLEM 8: 𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫𝑥 2 𝑥𝑐 (𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑥 1. Standard form
1
Determine the coordinates of the 𝑦 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑉 = 2𝜋 ∫𝑦 2 𝑦𝑐 (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑦
1
centroid of the area bounded by the
lines x = 6, y = x, 3x + 5y = 28. 2. General solution
PROBLEM 11:
∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑄(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
A region is bounded by 𝑦 = 12 − 𝑥 3
IV. PAPPUS THEOREM
and 𝑦 = 12 − 4𝑥. Find the volume
Pappus Theorem 1: RATE
generated by revolving the region
The area of the surface of revolution is Population growth rate
about the x-axis.
equal to the length of the generating dP/dt = k(P)
arc times the distance travelled by the dp/dt | Rate of population change
PROBLEM 12:
centroid of the arc. P = Number of inhabitants at t time
The area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 =
𝑺𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝑺 × 𝟐𝝅𝒛 K = Proportionality constant
12𝑥 and the line 𝑥 = 3 is revolved
aabout the line 𝑥 = 3. What is the
Where: Radioactive decay
volume generated?
S = Arc length dQ/dt = k(Q)
z = perpendicular distance of the Qp/dt | Rate of substance change
VI. MOMENT OF INERTIA
centroid of the arc to the axis of Q = Amount of the substance present
Moment of inertia, also called the
revolution at t time
second moment of area, is the product
K = Proportionality constant
of area and the square of its moment
PROBLEM 9:
arm about a reference axis.
Find the total area generated by Temperature change
revolving the segment of the parabola dT/dt = k(T-Ts)
Using Vertical Strip:
x2 – 4x – 8y + 28 = 0 from x = 3 to x = 6 1 𝑥 dT/dt | Rate of temperature change
about the y-axis. 𝐼𝑥 = ∫𝑥 2(𝑦𝑢 3 − 𝑦𝐿 3 )𝑑𝑥 T = Temperature at t time
3 1
𝑥 𝑥
𝐼𝑦 = ∫𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑥 2 𝑥 2 (𝑦𝑢 − 𝑦𝐿 )𝑑𝑥 Ts = Surrounding temperature
1 1
Pappus Theorem 2: K = Proportionality constant
The volume of the solid generated by Using Horizontal Strip:
revolving a plane is equal to the area of 𝑦 𝑦 Flow rate
𝐼𝑥 = ∫𝑦 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑦 2 𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 )𝑑𝑦
the surface times the distance travelled 1
1
𝑦
1 dQ/dt = Rate of gain - Rate of loss
by the centroid of the surface. 𝐼𝑦 = ∫𝑦 2 (𝑥𝑅 3 − 𝑥𝐿 3 )𝑑𝑦 Q= Concentration of the mixture at
3 1
anytime
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 = 𝑨 𝒙 𝟐𝝅𝒛 PROBLEM 13: dp/dt | Rate of concentration mixture
Find the moment of inertia of the change
Where: region bounded by the curves 𝑥 2 =
A = area of the plane surface revolved 8𝑦, 𝑥 − 4 = 0, and the x-axis about x- | Examples:
z = perpendicular distance of the axis and y-axis.
centroid of the plane surface to the axis PROBLEM 1:
of revolution 𝑦 = 𝐶1𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑥

3
 PADILLA REVIEW
CENTER MODULE
Regular Review
CELE April 2024 Week 2

PROBLEM 2:
(𝑋2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

PROBLEM 3:
((𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0

PROBLEM 4:
Radium decomposes at a rate of
proportional to the amount at any
instant. In 100 years, 100mg of radium
decomposes to 96mg. How many be
left after 100 years?

PROBLEM 5:
In a tank, 100 l of brine containing 50kg
of dissolved salt. Pure water is allowed
to run into the tank at the rate of
3li/min. Brine runs out at the tank in a
rate of 2li/mins. The instantaneous
concentration in the tank is kept
uniform by stirring. How many salt is in
the tank at the end of 1 hour?

PROBLEM 6:
Find the equation of the family
orthogonal trajectories of the system
at the parabola | 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 + 𝑐.

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