Abdul Haseeb Chaudhary et al,. (2021). "Littering behaviour: A systematic review".

Littering is a
widespread problem that has negative consequences for the wellbeing of society and has been
discussed in a wide range of subject [Link] content analysis identified that the literature
from 1971 to 2006 was mostly confined to developed countries (80%) with the majority of
studies examining situational and psychological factors. The gaps in the literature provided a
basis for proposing five future research directions including the development of social
marketing interventions by improving the theoretical groundings of previous works. As littering
is consumer behaviour, it is also important to investigate the role of businesses as an integral
part of the consumer exchange process to assist in improving the situation.

Oluyinka Ojedokun et al,. (2022). "Applying the theory of planned behaviour to littering
prevention behaviour in a developing country (Nigeria)". Guided by the Theory of Planned
Behaviour, this study investigates littering attitudes, social norms, and perceived behavioural
control as predictors of the intention to prevent littering and actual littering prevention
behaviour among residents of a developing country (Nigeria). The study's findings can assist
waste managers in formulating policies and interventions targeting behavioural intention and
perceived behavioural control to foster littering prevention.

Rakotoarisoa Maminirina Fenitra et al,.(2023). "Explaining littering prevention among park

visitors using the Theory of Planned Behavior and Norm Activation Model". The increasing
concern for environmental issues and degradation has gained much attention over the past few
decades. Tourist destinations and natural areas are vulnerable to human-caused environmental
problems such as [Link] result adds to the body of literature regarding visitors to national
parks. Furthermore, this study outlines the power of personal norms on the constructs of the
Theory of Planned Behavior (perceived behavioral control, attitude, and subjective norm).

Yara Almosa, Joy Parkinson, Sharyn Rundle-Thiele, (2023). "Littering reduction: A systematic
review of research 1995–2015". Littering continues to be a problem worldwide. The purpose of
this article is to update earlier systematic reviews on littering and using a scorecard of seven
social marketing components, assess the extent of social marketing use in identified littering
[Link] analysis revealed key insights including a lack of social marketing use in litter
prevention efforts to date providing an opportunity for future research. Limitations of the
current study and opportunities for future research are outlined.
Laura Farage et al,. (2021). "Problem awareness does not predict littering: a field study on
littering in the Gambia". Littering is a worldwide problem. Recently, it has become a problem in
countries that until now have had much less of some types of trash (e.g., plastics), such as in
[Link] results suggest that interventions, which aim to decrease littering, should focus on
promoting personal responsibility to strengthen a PN, in this context where trash facilities are
not yet overall available. Future research should investigate how developing social norms could
also help to keep the streets cleaner.

Mahdi Farzadkia et al,. (2023). "Clean environment index: A new approach for litter
assessment". Littered waste is one of the ubiquitous problems in urban environments. In this
study, urban environmental pollution was evaluated for the first time using a new developed
index. The findings indicated that cigarette butts with an average 58% are the largest share in
the composition of littered waste. The application of CEI has a good capability to assess littered
waste; this index can be employed to evaluate the pollution of urban sidewalks and other
environments such as beaches.

LA Kawabe, et al (2022). "Citizen science in marine litter research: A review". Citizen science
(CS) can help to tackle the emerging and worldwide problem of marine litter (ML), from
collecting data to engaging different stakeholders. We reviewed what and how the scientific
literature is reporting CS on ML to identify possible gaps to be improved. The studies
concentrated on the shoreline and did not harmonize types and sizes of items collected, thus
precluding data meta-analyses. The standardisation of CS methods and approaches and the
detailed report of aspects related to citizen scientists are essential to support the science we
need for the advances in CS efforts to face ML.

Rakotoarisoa Maminirina Fenitra, et al,.(2023). "Explaining littering prevention among park

visitors using the Theory of Planned Behavior and Norm Activation Model". The increasing
concern for environmental issues and degradation has gained much attention over the past few
decades. Tourist destinations and natural areas are vulnerable to human-caused environmental
problems such as littering. The result adds to the body of literature regarding visitors to
national parks. Furthermore, this study outlines the power of personal norms on the constructs
of the Theory of Planned Behavior (perceived behavioral control, attitude, and subjective
norm). There is a discussion of the study's potential real-world applications and its directions
for further research.
Keiron P Roberts, et al,. (2022). "Increased personal protective equipment litter as a result of
COVID-19 measures". Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) increased during the COVID-
19 pandemic to reduce virus transmission. Here, we quantitatively analyse emergence of PPE
and COVID-19-related litter over 14 months for 11 countries using the litter collection
application Litterati. National COVID-19 policy responses and international World Health
Organization announcements and recommendations are a probable driver of PPE litter
dynamics, especially the implementation of facemask policies. Waste management should be
incorporated in designing future pandemic policies to avoid negative environmental legacies of
mismanaged PPE.

Julia Neumann, Thomas Brudermann, (2023)."Littering in Municipal Public Places: The Role of
Personal Factors and Intentions". Sustainable Development Goal 11 aims to transform cities
towards inclusion, safety, resilience, and sustainability. Littering, i.e. misplacing solid waste, is a
worldwide problem which is associated with negative environmental, social, and economic
consequences. The results contribute to a better understanding of factors that influence
people’s littering behaviour and may help municipalities to address this problematic behaviour.
The findings also enable the development of customized measures to reduce the negative
environmental impacts of the currently widespread littering behavioural patterns.

Gionata Castaldi, Grazia Cecere, Mariangela Zoli, (2021). "Smoke on the beach”: on the use of
economic vs behavioral policies to reduce environmental pollution by cigarette
[Link] filters, the most commonly littered item worldwide, are one of the main
sources of marine pollution. However, reducing cigarette littering is a serious challenge for
policy makers and environmental authorities: traditional instruments like bans and fines are
generally ineffective. In this article, we evaluate the impact of two interventions aimed at
reducing smokers’ littering in public areas, like [Link] suggest that reducing the
private costs of a proper disposal through mobile ashtrays significantly affects littering, leading
to a reduction of 10–12% in the number of cigarette filters dropped in the sand compared to
beaches with no ashtrays. Reinforcing this measure with social prompts does not significantly
increase the impact driven by the introduction of mobile ashtrays.
Randa L Kachef, Michael A Chadwick(2023). ".Not all litter is littered: An exploration of
unintentional means of public waste generation". Historically, studies have equated the
presence of litter to the act of littering; however, the results of a disposal behaviour analysis
suggest that the connection is not as straightforward. In this study the concept of polite littering
was established, where if there are no means for disposal, litter is placed neatly in creative
spaces in lieu of actively littering. To address the contribution of polite and accidental littering,
it is suggested that a rebranding of the term and legislation of littering is crucial to include both
intentional and unintentional acts, that product packaging design integrate characteristics that
lead to packaging being less easy to misplace and that bin placement take into consideration
needs of the end user. Additionally, structural and mechanical approaches such as bin design
and proactive cleansing schedules that consider the influence of vermin dispersal would lead to
significant litter reduction.

Nelson Rangel-Buitrago et al,.(2022). "Litter in coastal and marine environments". Litter is one
of the most pervasive and fastest-growing anthropogenic alterations of the World's coasts and
oceans. Along with climate change, litter has been identified as one of humankind's most
critical environmental problems that demand urgent [Link] single solution exists to cope
with the litter issue. However, legally binding global governance that will effectively limit and
control the magnitude of litter pollution is greatly needed. The topical range of this collection of
papers includes case studies focussing on litter types (mainly dominated by plastics), sources,
impacts and solutions.

Mitra Gholami et al,. (2020). "Study of littered wastes in different urban land-uses: An 6
environmental status assessment". Littered waste is a severe environmental problem. Although
there have been many studies on wastes littered in the environments like beaches and seas,
there is insufficient information on littered wastes in the urban settings. Consequently, urban
land use was acknowledged as a significant factor in the density of littered waste. More
attention to cleaning the commercial land use to reduce the density of littered waste, and also
finding methods to decrease littering waste by citizens, is a need in urban environment.

John S Woods et al,. (2021). "A framework for the assessment of marine litter impacts in life
cycle impact assessment". Marine litter, mostly plastics, is a growing environmental problem.
Environmental decision makers are beginning to take actions and implement regulations that
aim to reduce plastic use and waste mismanagement. Nevertheless, life cycle assessment (LCA),
a tool commonly used to assist environmental decision making, does not yet allow for
considering the consequences of plastic waste leaked into the environment. This limits the
application of LCA as a tool for highlighting potential tradeoffs between impact categories and
the relative significance of their contribution on a specific Areas of Protection (AoP). Exposure
and effect modelling steps differentiate between at least six exposure pathways, e.g. inhalation,
ingestion, entanglement, invasive species rafting, accumulation, and smothering, that
potentially compromise sensitive receptors, such as ecosystems, humans, and manmade
structures. The framework includes both existing, e.g. human toxicity and ecotoxicity, and
proposed new impact categories, e.g. physical effect on biota, and can be used as a basis for
coordinating harmonized research efforts.

Julian Sagebiel et al,.(2020). "Clean environments as a social norm: a field experiment on

cigarette littering". Cigarette littering in public spaces is an environmental and aesthetic
problem. Broken windows theory posits that visible signs of anti-social behavior such as littering
create the perception of a social norm in built environments. Cigarette butts on the ground
then encourage people to drop theirs as well. We test this theory on benches of a university
campus in a field experiment with two treatments:(1) a clean environment with no cigarette
butts on the ground and (2) a dirty environment with 25 cigarette butts on the ground. Our
outcome variable is the number of additional cigarette butts on the ground after two hours. We
find a small effect of approximately 0.5 butts less per 2-hour period on clean grounds. Increased
cleaning efforts can thus reduce littering, but the effect is probably too small to justify
additional cleaning costs.

Eleni Aretoulaki,et al,.(2021)."Marine plastic littering: A review of socio economic impacts".

Marine plastic littering resulting from human activity constitutes an increasingly significant
global issue. The use of plastic materials is steadily rising due to their light weight, durability
and versatility. However, they are also low cost, leading to a higher chance of them being
disposed of and consequently ending up in the marine environment. Furthermore, their low
decomposition rates as a consequence of the aforementioned properties, result in plastic
accumulation. This paper reviews marine plastic pollution and highlights the progress of
research on its socioeconomic consequences, within the scope of ultimately developing a
marine sustainability and protection approach. As far as economic implications are concerned,
the impact of marine plastic pollution on marine-based sources of income, such as fishing,
aquaculture, marine tourism and merchant shipping, was studied. Next, this paper evaluates
the dire social repercussions in terms of human food safety and health, threat of injury or death
and intrinsic natural value loss. Finally, prevention measures in the form of legislation and
coping strategies at an international level are discussed.

Michael Grelaud, Patrizia Ziveri.(2020). "The generation of marine litter in Mediterranean island
beaches as an effect of tourism and its mitigation". The Mediterranean Sea and its coastal
systems are threatened by intense anthropogenic pressures including rapid accumulation of
marine litter by diverse human activities. The region, which is the world’s leading touristic
destination, has to face a seasonal increase of waste generation due to the seasonal influx of
visitors. The beaches, extremely crowded during the summer, are particularly vulnerable since
they are proven to be concentrated accumulation zones and one of the main gateways of litter
to enter the marine system. We developed an accumulation index to assess the dynamics of
marine litter and support efficient mitigation strategies by local authorities. To limit marine
litter production attributable to recreational activities, a series of pilot actions implemented
during the high touristic season, demonstrated a substantial reduction (up to 52.5%). The
implementation towards an efficient and sustainable tourism business model is urgently
required.

Shahid Rasool, et al,. (2022). "Smoking kills you, littering butts damages others too: analysing
sustainable consumer behaviour in the era of circular economy". Although litter prevention has
environmental, social and economic benefits, cigarette butts are the most littered item on
earth. While there has been vast research into the relationship between different factors
affecting consumer behaviour, further research is needed to examine the antecedents of
consumer sustainable behaviour. The aim of this study is to test the impact of feared self and
landfill awareness on the sustainable behaviour of consumers using a structural equation
modelling [Link] for the implications, the results can support academics and strategic
managers in the design process of sustainable consumer awareness programs to achieve
environmental, social and economic benefits in the era of circular economy.
Eleanor A Weideman, et al,.(202). "Ingestion of plastic litter by the sandy anemone Bunodactis
reynaudi". Ingestion of anthropogenic litter has been well documented in marine vertebrates,
but comparatively little is known about marine invertebrates. Studies are needed to assess the
possible impacts of plastic ingestion on B. reynaudi. While only a small proportion of the
population currently ingest litter, ingestion might become more common if environmental litter
loads increase. This might negatively affect the anemone’s ability to respond to other
environmental changes such as increasing levels of heavy metal pollution.

Balai Besar Pengembangan SDM, et at,. (2020). "Shaping and maintaining anti-littering behavior
of the community in Indonesia". Reflecting on the findings that offer several solutions to the
formation of anti-littering behavior, such as increased knowledge and correct perceptions about
the waste of the community, communication, and collaboration between stakeholders, role
models in action, law enforcement, environmental engineering, supervision, and availability of
facilities, and by considering the character of some Indonesian people who have been less
[Link] results indicate that to form anti-littering habits, it is necessary to increase
knowledge, and correct perceptions about waste, establish communication, and collaboration
of all stakeholders, set role models in action, law enforcement, environmental engineering,
supervision, and provision of facilities.

CENN, (2025)."Reasons, Consequences and Possible Solutions of Littering". Laziness and

carelessness have bred a culture of habitual littering. Carelessness has made people throw
rubbish anywhere without thinking about the consequences of their actions. Many people do
not realize or underestimate the negative impacts of littering on the environment. People
believe that their individual actions will not harm society as a whole. As a result, it is common
to see people throwing wrappers, cigarette butts and other rubbish in public areas. The
majority of people believe that there are others who will clean up after them and consequently,
the responsibility of cleaning up litter usually falls on local governments and taxpayers. Thus,
the lack of responsibility to look after public places is another problem.

Anran Zhang et al,. (2022). "An explorative study of psychological and social factors impacting
littering behavior in Vietnam". Littering is a worldwide problem and Vietnam is one of the most
affected countries. To enact change, not only individual cognitive determinants but also social
and natural-, or environment-related variables should be taken into consideration. Although
there is a large body of literature researching littering, most researchers do not distinguish the
level of these [Link]-group analysis results suggested the moderating effects of
injunctive and descriptive norms. This research proposed a new conceptual framework and
achieved unique insights into littering behavior in Vietnam, which could benefit and guide
behavioral change experts, academics, and practitioners to design appropriate marketing
strategies/campaigns to reduce littering.