TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY

MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF

HUMAN BEING
Overview

This module will introduce you to the human body the sense
organs, major body organs and how the different organs systems work
together to keep you alive. Moreover, you will also learn about the
structure of male and female human reproductive system.

Learning Outcomes

General Objectives:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
• Describe the human sense organs and how to take care of these
organs;
• Discuss the major body organs in human
• Describe the structure and function of the male and female
human reproductive systems; and
• Explain how the different human organ systems work together.

Page 1
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Let’s Learn

Lesson
HUMAN SENSE ORGANS (GRADE 3)
1
Lesson Outcomes:
. 1. Describe the parts and function of the sense organs of the human body; and
2. Enumerate healthful habits to protect the sense organs.

Engage

What do you expect to know about the human body? The human body has
many parts. In this lesson, we will focus on our sense organs. Do you realize that
without our sense organs we cannot relate with others and with our environment?
We see the beauty of nature, hear various sounds, taste food, smell the pleasant
odor or flowers and fine comfort in the touch of our mothers because of our sense.
Let us find more about our senses our tool to knowing ourselves and our
surrounding.

Explore
Let us investigate on changes that materials can go through by having this
activity with your group mates. (Note: Because no face to face activities you will
perform this alone.)

Activity 1: Human Sense Organ for Seeing: The Eye

Problem: What are the external and internal parts of the human eye? What are the
ways of taking care of the human eyes?

Page 2
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

What to do:
Step 1: Do this activity with your partner
Step 2: Look at each other with the focus on the eye.
Step 3: Identify the parts of the eye of your partner that you can see. Draw the
eyes on the table provided and label the parts.
You may surf the Internet or get hold of a Biology book to find the answer.
My Eye (drawn by my partners) My Partner’s Eye (drawn by me)

Step 4: study the illustration of the parts of the human eye below.
Enumerate the parts as shown in the picture. Identify the function of
each.
Surf the Internet to find the answer.

Step 5: How do you take care of your eyes? Give five good practices in taking
care of your eye and five practices that destroy your eye sight that you should
avoid.

Page 3
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Activity 2: The Human Sense Organ for Hearing and Balance: The Ear
Problem: What are the external and internal parts of the human ear? What
are the ways of taking care of the human ears?
What to do
Step 1: Examine the outer ear of your partner. Can you identify the
three outer parts of the human ear?
Step 2: Look at the picture of the structure of the human ear (outer,
middle, inner). Enumerate the different parts and identify the function of each.

Step 3: How do you take good care of your ear? Give three good practices in taking
good care of the ear and three practices that are not good for your ears.

Activity 3: Human Sense Organs for Smell: The Nose

Problem 1: What are the external and internal parts of the human nose? What are
the ways of taking care of nose?
What to do:
Step 1: Examine the outer part of your partner’s nose. Label and describe.
Step 2: Study the picture below. Identify the outer and inner parts of the nose.
Step 3: List the parts and write the function of each.
Step 4: Enumerate the different ways of taking care of the nose.
Step 5: Discuss step 3 and 4 with your classmates.
Page 4
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Activity 4: Human Sense Organs for Tasting and Touching: The Tongue and
the Skin
Problem: Does the tongue have external and internal parts? How does the skin as
an organ differ from the tongue?
What to do:
Step 1: With a mirror, examine your tongue and skin.
Step 2: Identify the parts of your tongue and your skin. How does each part
function?
Step 3: What are the ways of taking care of the tongue and the skin?

Explain

Human know of their surrounding because of the sense organs. Each sense
organ has distinct parts and function. Let us begin studying the five sense organs of
the human body that enable us to respond to stimuli making us more aware of our
body and our environment.

Page 5
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

SENSE ORGANS OF THE HUMAN BODY

1. The Eyes
The eye is the sense organ that allows one to see. It has receptors that
receive light as stimulus from our surroundings. Light enters the cornea of the eye.
Behind the cornea is a ring of muscles, the iris which expands or contracts in
response to light. The pupil changes its size to control the amount of light that enters
the eye.
When would a pupil become wide? Light passes the pupil into the lens.
Here, the muscles of the lens change in shape and direct light into the retina. There
are two kinds of receptor in the retina; the rods that detect the presence or absence
of light and the cones that detect color or object that you see.
What receptors are active at night? How do you identify images of objects
around you? The rods and cones are parts of the sensory neuron that form the optic
nerve. The optic nerve connects to the brain. When light stimulates the retina, the
messages is sent to the brain by the optic nerve. The brain interprets and forms an
image that you see.
How do you take care of your eye? Eyes should be used and taken cares of
properly. Here are some ways.
• Eat vitamin A rich food to make our eyes healthy.
• Limit viewing time to television, cell phones, tablets and other gadgets that
strain the eyes.
• Use eye glasses to reduce glare and present dust from entering the eyes.
• Do not rub the eyes.
• Visit a doctor when your vision becomes blurred.
• Have an eye check-up when necessary for diagnosing eye defects like
nearsightedness and astigmatism.
• When given corrective lenses, use these as directed by an ophthalmologist, or
eye specialist.

2. The Ears
The ear make us identify sounds around us. It is the body organ that makes
us hear. We hear because the outer ear collects sound waves that travel in the ear
to the ear canal. The eardrum vibrates and moves the three small bones (hammer,
anvil, and stirrup) of the middle ear. From there, the sound receptors in the fluid
filled cochlea produce vibration as the sound waves travel into the inner ear. The
nerve transmits the stimulus to the brain and is interpreted. Then we can distinguish
what we hear. The ear also helps us maintain balance.

Page 6
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

What are the ways by which we can take care of our ears?
Being deaf can be inherited but some people become deaf of diseases and
poor ways of taking care of the ear. We can prevent some forms of deafness.

3. The Nose
The nose makes us smell. There are receptors in the nose that are stimulated
by perfume, coffee brew, decaying trash, burning paper, or chicken stew. How does
odor reach your nose? Odor or smell produced by perfume, for example, diffuses or
moves in the air and once it reaches the two openings of the nose or nostrils, it
stimulates the smell receptors along the nasal cavity. The stimulus is carried to the
brain by the olfactory nerve and is interpreted.
Can you recognize sliced garlic from onion with your eyes closed?
Why do you sniff when you want to make sure of the smell of burnt food?
Can we detect poisonous food by its smell?
Why do you need to clean your nostrils regularly?

There are two body sense organs that have special features. These are the
tongue and the skin. The tongue is muscular organ located inside the mouth. It is
covered by moist pink tissue called mucosa. All over the surface of the tongue are
tiny bumps called papillae where the taste buds are located.

4. The Tongue
Taste is usually associated with smell. When you have stuffy nose, you say
that the food is of bad taste. The taste receptors can detect chemicals in substances
just like the smell receptors. The receptors located in the taste buds of the tongue.
There are four primary types of tastes-sweet, bitter, sour and salty. Some are
combinations of several primary taste.
Give examples of food dishes with two or more tastes combined.
How can we taste food? Food must first be dissolved by our saliva when we
eat. This will be detected by the taste receptor and interpreted by our brain, when we
can distinguish one taste from another.
How do we take care of tongue? Enumerate ways to care and protect our
tongue.

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

TASTE AREAS ON TONGUE

5. The Skin
The skin is all over the human body. It protects the inner body parts from
exposure to harmful substances and even germs. The skin enables us to detect
sensation, temperature, pressure and pain. There are receptors in the skin that
detect stimuli. For example, when you are wounded, you feel pain because the pain
receptors react to the injury and feeling the pain will tell us that something has to be
done with the wound. Hot and cold air or water can be detected by temperature
receptors. Our skin is also sensitive to touch. A light comforting touch by your
mother makes you smile even when you are sick.

Study the diagram below and identify the location of the skin receptor.

Page 8
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Lesson HUMAN MAJOR BODY ORGANS

(GRADE 4)
2
Lesson Outcomes:

1. Describe the parts of the main function of the major organs of the human body;
2. Share concepts that major organs work together to make the body function
properly; and
3. Identify the causes and treatment of diseases of the major organ and practiced
habit to

Engage

From the lesson of sense organs, let us study further the major body organs.
These are the (1) brain, (2) heart, (3) lungs, (4) liver, (5) stomach, (6) small
intestines, (7) kidneys, (8) bones, and (9) muscle.
You may experience stomach ache in one time or the other. Your mother may
have told you that you got it from eating too much, and you wonder whether it is true.
Let us use your ICT skills in learning major body organs. Let’s explore to learn about
the nine major of the body.

Explore
Activity:
1. Form a group in your class. Each group should be responsible of each
major organ. Pick a rolled piece of paper were organ ere you can find a body
organ assigned to you to do research.

Page 9
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

2. With your group mates, surf the internet. You will do this outside your classmate.
Collect as much information about the body organ you are assigned. Use at least
three reference further make your learning interesting, look for interactive videos on
the major organs of the body. The video should not exceed 7 minutes. You will share
this video in your class. Provide at least 5 questions about the body organ to be
answered.

Key ideas that should be the focus in this activity area:

(a) Parts and function of body organ.

(b) How the organ works to make the body function properly
(c) Some disorders/diseases that affect the organ and proper ways of keeping the
organ healthy.
(d) Recent advances in medicines, lifestyle and nutrition that may help keep the
organ healthy.

3. Discuss the answer of your classmates with your group as panel facilitators.
4. Finally, make a five item pop quiz on your topic that will be flashed on the big
screen for our classmates to answer.
5. Your entire presentation shall NOT exceed 20 minutes.

Explain

The human anatomy was studied as early as the 16 th century by physicians

like Andreas Vesalius. Knowledge of the human anatomy and physiology is
important in the treatment of ailments that affect our body, and how to maintain a
healthy and strong body. The major body organs are parts of the complex body
system of a human being. An organ is a group of two or more different tissues that
works together and perform a certain function. In the study of sense organs, the skin
for example is composed different tissues to perform its function as a sense of touch.
Major Body Organs
1. The Human Brain
The brain is located in the head of our body. The head is covered by hair and
the brain is protected by the skull. The brain is the control center of the vital activities
for survival including responses to stimuli, emotions, learning abilities and talents.
The brain is divided into three parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem.

Page 10
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

The cerebrum is the largest part and has the brain centers that control
thought processes, speech, motor, touch, pressure, smell, hearing, vision, and facial
recognition. Generally, the right half of the cerebrum controls the left side of the body
while the left side of the cerebrum controls the right side of the body.
The second largest part of the brain, the cerebellum controls muscle
coordination, balance and normal body posture. When mountain climbing, the
cerebellum receivers signals that are transmitted to the cerebrum and direct
movements of the arms, hands, legs and other parts of the body.
The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord. It has several parts: the
midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. The midbrain contains relay stations of
neurons and reflex centers for involuntary actions. The hypothalamus in the midbrain
maintains internal balance such as water and blood pressure. The pons connects the
two halves of the cerebellum and links the cerebral cortex to the medulla. Functions
like heartbeat, breathing, and sneezing are regulated by the medulla. We can keep
our brain healthy by eating balanced diet and avoiding concussion from fall or blow
in the head. A blood clot or narrowing of blood vessels may result in stroke. Brain
parts may be damaged resulting in Alzhiemer’s disease, with symptoms like losing
memory. The drawing shows you the brain and its part.

2. The Heart
The heart is located at the center of the chest cavity below the bone called sternum. It is a
hollow muscular organ about the size of your fist, yet a powerful parts of your body in the circulation of
blood that carries nutrients from small intestines to body cells as well as in the transport and
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, it is an organ covered by a double walled sac called
pericardium.

Page 11
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

The heart has four chambers, the ventricles are the lower chambers and the atria (or
auricles) are the upper chambers. The two sides, left and right is divided by a septum. A valve
separates the chambers so that there will be no backflow of the blood. Blood vessels such as the
superior and inferior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein are connected to
the heart chambers. The right atrium receives blood from the large blood vessels, the veins from the
upper parts of the body (superior vena cava) and from the lower parts (inferior vena cava). The
ventricles are involved in pushing the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary vein and other parts of
the body through the aorta.

Remember that blood in the heart flows in one-way direction only.

One of the major causes of death in modern times is heart attack. Avoiding tobacco smoking
and choosing food with good cholesterol can help reduce cases of heart disorders.

3. The Lungs
The lungs are organs involved in breathing which fill most of the chest cavity.
The two lobes, right and left are protected by the rib cage. The bronchus that
connects to the trachea or windpipe branches into each lobe of the lungs. Inside
each lobe, the bronchioles end in numerous tint air sacs, the alveoli. Inside the
alveoli are tiny blood vessels, the capillaries where actual exchange of oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place. An adult lung can hold up to 6 liters of air but during
quiet breathing only 0.5 liters is exchanged. During strenuous exercise, more air is
involved in the exchange but the lungs always hold about a liter of air keeping the
lungs partially inflated. The lungs do not have muscles to support its breathing
function. A sheet of muscles, the diaphragm works in breathing. What happens when
a person gets one of the lungs punctured?
The lungs may be affected by severe smoking, and germs such as those that
cause tuberculosis, and pneumonia among others. We can take care of our lungs by

Page 12
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

limiting exposure to pollutants in the air by using face mask, avoiding the area where
there is smoking, and exercising regularly to allow the lungs to work efficiently.

4. The Liver, Stomach and Small intestines

The liver, stomach and small intestines are important body organs in making
food that we eat available to the different parts of the body. These organs are found
in our abdominal cavity. The liver is a lobed, large internal body organ. Its principal
function is to produce bile that is important in breaking fats into droplets. Bile is not
an enzyme. From the liver, the bile is stored in the gall bladder before it is released
in the small intestine.
The stomach is an enlarged, muscular sac with thick walls that can expand
when full or contract when almost empty. Food chewed in the mouth moves through
the esophagus and reaches the stomach through contraction. When chewed food
enters the stomach, a valve closes to top the backward flow of food. What happens
to the food inside the stomach? Muscles in the walls of the stomach contracts to mix
the partially digested food.
The inner walls of the stomach secrete gastric juices such as pepsin that acts
on protein and hydrochloric acid that provides an acidic content. Mechanical and
chemical digestion occur for about four hours producing chime.
The small intestine is connected to the stomach and chime is completely
digested as it moves in the long tube. The nutrients from the digested food are
absorbed by the inner fingerlike projections called villi along the walls of the small
intestine. Capillaries or small blood vessels transport the nutrients to different body
parts.

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Liver

5. The Kidneys
We have a pair of kidneys, located at the back of the body cavity above the
hipbones. The kidneys look like a pair of bean seeds on each side of the body. Each
kidneys has millions of nephrons, with highly coiled tubes and capillaries that filters
the blood and forms urine. Kidneys not only excrete substances in oversupply but
also regulate the presence of substances in the blood. Some disorders of kidneys
are formed stones or crystals of minerals that block the movement of urine. Surgical
removal of kidney stones may be needed to allow the kidneys to function well.
Kidney failure results from unfiltered blood which may require dialysis. Bacterial
infection may result swelling of the nephrons a condition known as nephritis.

Page 14
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

6. The Bones and Muscles

If humans have no bones and muscles can stand , walk run or climb
Bones are part of our skeleton. The major bones are skull ( bone of the head and
face), the backbones or the spinal column, the 12 pairs of ribs, the hip bones in our arms
and legs. Bones have water , protein and minerals . The living tissues of the bones are the
bone cells, blood cells, blood cells, cartilages, fatty tissues and nerves. Name the hips of the
bones. A person who silipped or feel from the stairs may be asked by a doctor to have a
bone x- ray to make sure there are no fractures.
The white areas in the film are bones and the doctor may be able to tell us if there
was damage on parts that hit the ground. Many people suffer from bone damage due to
accidents in climbing, extreme running and even in sports. We can make our boned strong
by taking foods and drinks rich in phosphorus , calcium, and vitamin D. Regular exercise ,
expose to early morning sunlight, and maintaining good posture make our bones heathy.
What are some of the disorder of the bones?
Muscles are either attached to the bones (skeletal muscles), fond in walls of many
internal organs (smooth), and muscles that make up the heart ( cardiac ). The muscles of the
legs and arms are voluntary muscles because you can control their movements as when to
swim, walk, write or pick up things. However, your heart muscles are involuntary, because
the heart beats without conscious effort. The major human muscles are also those found in
your face that moves the jaw, muscles of the neck that allow you to turn or lower your head;
muscles that pull your arms toward the chest, muscles of the abdomen, and muscles that
allow you to rotate your thigh. Where else do you find the major muscles ?Some disorder of
the muscles are the painful muscles cramps usually in the legs, the reason why players have
to warm up before the game. Too much exercise or prolonged swimming may also bring
pain. Athletes prevent muscle injury by wearing proper shoes, clothes and protective
equipment. Muscles and bones enable us to move from one place to another.

Page 15
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Lesson MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM (GRADE 5)
3
Lesson Outcomes:
1. Identify the parts of the male and female human reproductive system; and
2. Describe the structure and function of the male and female reproductive system.

INTRODUCTION
All plants and animals need to keep their kind going. But how does it happen
in humans? The organ system of the human body that is responsible for producing
the young or children is called reproductive system. Reproduction is the process by
which living things make new individuals of the same kind. Humans reproduce
through the reproductive system, or organs working together. Both male and female
reproductive system are involved in producing new individuals.

Engage

The male reproductive systems are composed of external and internal organs.
What are the functions of the reproductive system?

Explore

Draw two columns on the manila paper and label each as male and female.
Brain storm on the sexual and reproductive organs. Write the body parts on the
appropriate column in your activity sheet.

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Explain

Examine the list you wrote on the manila paper during brainstorming activity. What
body part is missing from your list but is found in your research activity? For you to better
understand how the parts of the human reproductive system, let’s have a closer look at this.

Teacher’s Background Information on Human Reproductive System

Male Parts What It Is and What It Does
The main organ of the male reproductive system is testis. A male has two
testis or testes. At puberty, the testes produce sperm cells and the male
Testis hormones (testosterone and androgens.) each is made of 500 – 1 200
(also called feet of tightly coiled tubes called seminiferous tubules. Immature sperms
testicles) are produced in the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone is responsiblefor
the development of the male secondary sex characteristics such as body
hair, muscle development, and deep voice. These traits usually appear
during adolescence.
It is a muscular sac which is shorter when cold and longer when warm. It
Scrotum holds the testes and keeps the temperature of the testes slightly lower
than of the rest of the body. The lower temperature is needed

It is a pair of glands also known as bulbourethral gland that produces pre-

Cowper’s Gland ejaculatory fluid which partly composes the semen.

It is a pair of simple tubular glands located within the pelvis that secret
Seminal Vesicles fluid which partly composes the semen.

Prostate Glands It is muscular gland that is found just in front of the rectum and below the
blacker which produces most of the fluid that makes up the semen.

Semen Fluids secreted by Cowper’s glands, prostate glands and seminal

vesicles and the sperm.

Epididymis Coiled tube where sperms undergo maturation and provide shortage of
the sperm.

The tube that leads upward from each of the testis into the lower part of
Vas Deferens the abdomen. The two vas deferens join the urethra, which is the
passageway for the elimination of urine and sperm that leave the male’s
body.

Sperm Sperm is male reproductive cell. It fertilizes an egg cell from the female.

Page 17
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Female Parts What it is and What it Does

Ovaries are the main organs of the female reproductive
system.
Ovaries The ovaries are oval and are in the lower part of the
abdomen. They reproduce, allow for the maturation and
provide storage for the egg cells. Ovaries also produce
female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone and
androgens). Estrogen are responsible for the development
of female sex characteristics , such as development of
breasts, broadened pelvis, and play a large role in the
menstrual cycle.

Egg cell An egg cell is fertilized by a sperm to produce fertilized egg

(also known as ovum) called zygote. An egg cell dissolves in the fallopian tube
after about 24 hours if not fertilized.

It is 3 to 4-inch passageway or canal inside the female. This

is place where sperm may be deposited by the male. It also
Vagina or Birth allows passage of shed endometrium during menstrual
Canal period and the baby during birth. It produces fluid to cleanse
and lubricates itself and help sperm travel. The vagina
opens between the legs where it is protected by folds of skin
known as vulva.

Cervix A short canal that leads to the uterus. It is the bottom section
of the uterus. It produces mucus plug to keep out germs
during pregnancy.

The uterus is made up of muscular walls, a lining called

Uterus endometrium and a cervix. It houses and protects embryo
(also called “womb”) fetus/baby and allows nutrients and wastes exchange wih
placenta during pregnancy. It also nourishes the embryo
before a placenta grows.

Fallopian Tubes A fallopian tube is a passageway that conveys the ovum to

(also known as the uterus. As the ovum moves along the fallopian tubes, the
oviduct) union of egg cell can happen.

Page 18
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Lesson
THE HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS

4 AT WORK (Grade 6)

Lesson Outcomes:

1. Explain how organs and different organ system work together;

2. Explain how the different organ systems work together; and
3. Create a chart showing healthful habits that promote proper functioning of the
different organ system.

Engage

The human body organs you have studied actually are not isolated from other
parts. The human body is highly organized inside. Inside your skin are many organs
that comprise organs systems to perform body functions. Why can you run, swim,
and play? Why are y0u able t interact your teacher and classmates during your
class? Your body is an incredible machine but may not have parts for replacement.
Let us look into parts that comprise an open organ system and how this particular
organ system works. The human organ system are the skeletal, muscular,
integumentary, digestive, respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems. You already
learned of human reproductive system. You will learn more about the different organ
system in the activities that follow.

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Explore

Activity 1. Muscular, Skeletal, and Integumentary Systems

A. Knowing your bones

Problem: What support your body so that you can perform tasks to move about?
Materials: Picture of Human Skeletal system, diagram of two long bones of the legs, scissors,
round fastener, (3), paste, cardboard, or long folder. (Picture of human skeletal from the internet)

What to do:

1. Bring a diagram of the skeletal system.

2. Cut the diagram of each of the long bones and paste two separate cut outs on a cardboard.
3. Use a round fastener to attach one bone to an end of each other bone. In what ways can you move
the two bones? Record and describe how the bones work in your answer sheet.
4. Identify in which other sections of human skeleton you will find similar movements as what you
have in your two long bone model. Confirm your guess by examining tour own body.
5. Label the parts of the skeletal system.
6. Answer the following questions.
a. What do you call the part where two bones meet?
b. What bones of your body cannot move?
c. What are the other functions of the skeletal?

B. Parts of the Body that Lifts

Problem: What parts of the body which enable you to lift objects?
Materials: picture of the human muscular system and mirror.

What to do:

1. Work with a partner. Stand erect near your set. Your partner will observe the muscle as you raise
your arms from your sides. Extend your arms in front of you. Fold your arms towards you. Do this 3x.
What enabled you to do this? What happened to the muscles of the upper arm as you fold your arm?

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Can you move your arm if you had no bones? Now let your partner do the task and you observe.
Compare your observation.

2. Look at the mirror and make a broad, wide grin. Take note which part or the face moves. Now take
note of the part of the face that moves. Which expression requires you to use more muscles?

3. Label the parts Jewelries human muscular system.

C. The Skin That Protects You

Problem: How does the skin protects you?

Materials: Table knife, green pipino, fruit, plastic wrap, red food dye, medicine, Medicine dropper
What to do:
1. Cut cucumber fruit lengthwise
2. Cover one slice with plastic wrap and leave the other half uncovered.
3. Fill a dropper half way with red food dye. Put 5 drops of food dye on each half of the cut
side of cucumber.
4. Observe what happens to the food dye and slices of cucumber and answer the following:
a. What happened to the half of cucumber? To the uncovered half? Did the stain change the
color of the green peeling?
b. What can you infer as to the roll of the peeling or fruit cover of cucumber? The exposed
half? And the plastic wrap?
c. Relate to your skin the observation yu gathered from this activity. Identify the other
functions of the skin?

Activity 2: Digestive System at Work

Problem: What happens to the food in the mouth and in the stomach?
Materials: Piece of biscuit, small transparent plastic cup
What to do:
1. Work in pairs.
2. Get a piece of biscuit, chew it carefully. Take note of how the teeth, the tongue, and the lips
enable you to chew food.
3. Answer the following questions:
a. How are the parts of mouth involved in chewing?
b. When you chew the biscuit what happens to it?
c. Why do we have to chew the food that we ate?
d. From the mouth, where will the food go? Identify the parts of the digestive system
that are involved in the digestion of food?
e. Trace the pathway of the food from the mouth until the digested food is absorbed
and waste products are released using the parts of the digestive system below:

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Activity 3: The Respiratory System

Problem: How does the respiratory system work?

Materials: tape measure, timer, chair, diagram of the respiratory system

What to do:

A. Breathing: What happens to your body when you inhale / exhale?

1. Stand and relax and observe your normal breathing.

2. Put a tape measure around your chest and measure the size of your chest when you inhale and
again after you exhale. Record the measurements. Repeat three times and get the average size of
your chest when you inhale and exhale. Get the difference between the two measurements.
a. What happened to the size of your chest when? What about the size of your chest
when you inhaled? When you exhaled? Explain the difference.
b. What other changes have you noticed as you breathe?

B. Breathing Rate: How often do you inhale in one minute?

1. Work in pairs. One of you sits on a chair in a relaxed position and find your breathing rate
at rest. Your partner will set the timer for your minute. Breathe normally and count the number of
times you inhale during one minute. Record data.
2. Now change position. bend over with your chest on your knee . Count and record the times
you inhale in one minute.
3. Now stand up and run in place for a minute. Count and record the number of times you
inhale.
a. How did the different task affect your breathing rate?
b. What other factors could affect your breathing rate?
4. Trace the flow of gases in and out of the body using the human respiratory diagram below.

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Activity 4: Circulatory System

Problem: How hard and fast does your heart work?

Materials: small rubber band, ball that can fit inside your hand , timer
What to do:
1. With your partner as timer, hold the rubber ball, squeeze and release the ball as many times as
you can within one minute. Record the number. Now, in one minute, squeeze and release the ball 70
times. How do the numbers compare?
2. Without stopping, continue to squeeze the ball 70 times per minute. How long can you do?
3. Now take turn with you partner and be the timer and recorder. Do you have the same speed?
4. The heart normally beats 70 times per minute.
a. What can you infer about the role of the heart in your life?
b. Doe the heart beat at the same rate all the time?
c. What may affect your heart beat in your life?

Activity 5: How do you react to Stimuli?

Problems:
a. What happens when someone taps your knee?
b. What enables you to walk straight?

Materials: chair, book

What to do:
1. Work in pairs. Sit on a chair cross legged. Ask your partner to tap your top leg below the kneecap.
Observe your reaction and record.
2. Repeat tapping the knee but you control that the top leg will not move.
3. Take note of the responses you have on both instances, Relate to your reaction when you touch
accidentally a hot object or when something heavy hit your toes, What do you call these responses?
What involved you to respond?
4. Get a book about three inches thick, Stand at the isle and put the book on top of tour head, walk
through to cover two meters, How were you able to walk that distance without the book falling from
your head?
5. Add two or more books. Can you still walk straight? How do you your bones , muscles, brain, and
nerves work together to enable you to perform the tasks?

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Explain

The human organ system is complex. You have learned that the human body is made of
trillions of cells, with different sizes, shapes, and functions. A group of cells with similar structure and
function form tissues, Tissues comprise organs, and several organs comprise the organ systems.
From the activities, you learned a bit of these organ systems. Let us further discuss the major organ
systems. Let us discuss the major organs that enable us to live and perform many tasks (Excretory,
endocrine and lymphatic systems are learned by pupils in junior high school, hence this will not be
discuss in this module).

Integumentary System

The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, and nails. The outside of the human body
is covered by skin. The skin may feel smooth and its outermost layer is continually removed when we
take a bath or when we scrub it. What remove are dead cells. The skin is our first layer of defense
from diet and germs. I t also prevents leakage of body fluids such as blood unless you get wounded.
The skin prevents our internal organs from being exposed. It is also our sense of touch. The skin
keeps te body temperature the same by releasing through the pores. The hair and nails are dead cells
but the growing area of the hair root in is in the skin. The small white crescent at the base of your nail
makes your nail grow. Nails are cut regularly without hurting us. The skin diseases include acne,
athlete’s foot and scabies due to germs. It could become itchy when you are expected to substances
that you are allergic Skin cancer is associated with too much exposure to sunlight. Burns and bruises
are painful skin inquiries. Regular bath and healthy diet make our skin clean and healthy. Using
sunscreen when exposed to strong sunlight protects your skin. Take note of sores, lumps, moles and
warts that not normally on your skin and visit your doctor. Now technology to repair severely damaged
skin as in burns through test – tube skin is available.

Page 25
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

The Skeletal System

The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, and connective tissues. The skeleton provides
the basic shape of the human body and supports the different internal organs like the brain which is
protected by the skull. It also works with muscles to enable us to stand, walk and do other manual
tasks. Some bones enclose the bone marrow, the blood forming tissues. Calcium and phosphorus are
stored in bones to keep them strong. There are 206 bones in the human body. They differ in size,
shape and length. The connective tissues mainly of cartilage are found in the tip of the nose, outer
ears and between vertebrae of spinal column. Cartilage cushions the area where two or more bones
usually meet. There are joints that do not allow movement such as those in the skull and pelvis. There
are joints that allow full movement of bones which are found in your knees, wrists, ankles, and
shoulders. The bones are held together by a tough tissue called ligaments.

How do we take care of our skeletal system? Bones are supposed to last a lifetime but
sometimes they are injured like when we fall or slide causing bone fracture or sprain of ligaments and
tendons. How does a bone heal? Arthritis and Osteoporosis are diseases that affect our skeletal
among the elderly.

The Muscular System

The muscular system enables us to move our body parts to perform various tasks. Moving
our legs, arms, neck and head requires muscles working with our bones. The heart beats because of
the muscles in it. Muscles vary in length, shape, size and thickness. Muscles and bones are attached
to each other by tendons. Muscles help food more through our digestive tract, flow of blood through
blood vessels and breathing. These are due to muscles that are under conscious control. For us to
use our arms, legs, our skeletal muscles contract to move a bone and when the muscles relaxes , the
bones returns to its original position and the muscles to their shape and form. Some muscle disorder
may be due to action of nerves like in muscles spasms and progressive weakening and frequent
hiring of muscles. Regular exercise, healthy diet rich in minerals and proteins, avoiding overstressing
of muscles will help us make our muscles healthy.

Page 26
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

The Digestive System

The food that our body needs must be broken down before it can be used by our cells. The
digestive organ shown in the diagram earlier will help you learn how food is digested. For example, a
biscuit which is a carbohydrate that you eat has to be chewed (mechanical digestion) in the mouth.
The teeth and tongue are involved. The biscuit is moistened by the saliva that contains a substance to
start chemical digestion. The tongue pushes the broken bits of biscuits to the back of the mouth and is
swallowed. Further breakdown of the biscuits occurs in the stomach, chemical digestion continues
and ends in the small intestine where nutrients absorbed. Food that are not broken down in the small
intestine move to the large intestine an d after a while are released as solid waste. The liver, gall
bladder and pancreas also are involved in digestion but are not the digestive tract. Bile from the liver
breaks down fat particles in the small intestine Digestive enzymes are produced by the stomach,
pancreas, and small intestines to complete digestion not only of carbohydrates but also fats and
proteins that we eat. Our digestive system may be infected by germs that cause diarrhea, vomiting
and cholera. We must clean and cook properly the food that we take. Washing of hands with soap
and water before and after eating must be a habit. The water that we drink must be free of germs and
parasites. Do not eat spoiled foods. Drink plenty of water.

Page 27
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

The Circulatory System

The major parts of the circulatory system of the circulatory system are the heart, blood and
blood vessels. The heart is the most active part of the body. It is as big as your own clenched fist.
The heart is a pumping organ. It has four chambers, left ventricle, left auricle, right ventricle and
auricle. The ventricle pump blood out of the heart while the auricles receive blood coming from the
lungs. Valves prevent the backward flow of blood in the heart, allowing movement in our direction.

Have you ever had a CBC or complete blood count? This is a routine test to determine the
composition of your blood cells when you are suspected to have infection like dengue. The main
composition of the blood are (a) plasma (liquid -90% water, proteins such as albumin, clotting factors,
antibiotics, dissolved nutrient and electrolytes) and (b) formed elements which are the white blood
cells, red blood cells and platelets. White blood cells help the body fight diseases. Red blood cells
are most numerous in our body and they are involved in transport of gases and wastes. Platelets are
involved in blood clots to stops blood flow in case of wounds.
The blood vessels are the arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry blood away from
heart and you can feel the pressure in pulse points blood away from the heart and branches to
smaller ones until they reach the different body organs. These very narrow arteries connect to the
capillaries found in different organs where exchange of gases and nutrients occur. From the organs,
very small merge to become veins where blood flow to the heart.

There are two pathways or circuits where blood flow in the vessels – pulmonary and
systemic circulation. Pulmonary circulation involves the heart and the lungs. The capillaries of the
lungs remove the carbon dioxide from the circulating blood and takes in oxygen. The pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood to the heart. The pulmonary artery in the heart transport blood to the lungs.
Systemic circulation supplies nutrients and oxygen to all body tissues at the same time collects waste
materials for discharge. Exchange of materials occurs in the capillaries of body tissues.

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

One of the blood diseases is anemia, where too little, oxygen flows resulting in weakness.
Leukemia (cancer of the blood) results from the release of immature cells by the bone marrow.
Cardiovascular disease include hypertension and atherosclerosis which are prevalent among the
elderly.
There is a relationship of cardio-respiratory high risk factors such as smoking, obesity, poor diet, lack
of physical exercise, stressful activities, drinking alcoholic to poor health. Habits that are lead to
healthy body systems are regular exercise, eating balanced diet, no prohibited drugs and smoking.
Having regular medical and dental checkup is also necessary.

Nervous System

Our ability to do things is coordinated functions of the different organ system organ system
that are controlled and monitored by the nervous system. The central and peripheral nervous system
comprise the human nervous system. The central and peripheral nervous system includes the
brain and spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull. The brain is the center of the vital activities
for survival including emotions, learning, abilities and talents. The brain is divided into three parts: the
cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. The cerebrum is the largest part and has the brain centers
that thought processes, speech, motor, touch, pressure, smell, hearing, vision, facial recognition.
Generally the right half of the cerebrum controls the left side of the body. The second largest part of
the brain, the cerebellum controls muscle coordination, balance and normal body posture. When
mountain climbing, the cerebellum receives signals that it transmits to the cerebrum and direct
movements of the arms, hands, legs, and other parts of the body. The brainstem connects the brain
to the spinal cord. It has several parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain
contains relay of neurons and reflex centers for involuntary actions. The hypothalamus in the midbrain
maintains internal balance such as water and blood pressure. The pons connects the two halves of
the cerebellum and links the cerebral cortex to the medulla. Functions like heartbeat, breathing and
sneezing are regulated by the medulla. The spinal cord inside your bony vertebral connects the brain
to all parts of the body via the different nerves .When the sensory nerves from the skin for example,
receive a signal from outside when you dip your fingers in cold water, the impulse is transmitted to the
spinal cord to the brain for processing or interpretations. The message travels from the brain center to
the hand that will respond. The nerve carries an electrical signal like a telephone cable. The
peripheral nervous system includes the network of nerves throughout the body. These includes the
sensory neurons from the organs and the motor neurons in number of glands for action or response.

Page 29
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

The nervous system may be affected by germs as in the case of meningitis acute
inflammation of the meninges or the covering of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord. It could
result in loss of hearing vision, and changes in the child’s thinking tasks. Poliomyelitis due to viral
infection affecting the spinal cord may result to paralysis. A nerve maybe inflamed due to injury.
Migraine a severe headache is common when a person is under stress or with hormonal imbalance
during menstrual period among women. Epilepsy brings about seizure when one cannot control the
muscles. Among the elderly, Alzheimer’s disease brings about progressive loss of memory and
intellectual disabilities. Head injuries from accidents can cause fracture of the skull, concussion and
bleeding. Tumors may also originate in the brain bringing disturbances in various functions. Wearing
seatbelt when in motor vehicles reduces risk of injury to the body in case of accidents. Wearing
helmet for motorbike riders must be followed especially in natural roads. Avoiding prohibited drugs,
tobacco, alcoholic drinks and stress, washing hands properly and having vaccines for poliomyelitis
and eating balanced diet make us healthy.

Page 30
UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS
 TEACHING SCIENCE IN ELEMENTARY
MODULE 4 GRADES (Biology and Chemistry)

Let’s Review

The sense organs — eyes, ears, tongue, skin, and nose — help to protect the body. The human sense organs
contain receptors that relay information through sensory neurons to the appropriate places within the nervous
system.
The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds: cells,
tissues, organs, and systems.
An organ is an organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special
function.
A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform
complex functions for the body.
Ten major systems include the skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory,
digestive, urinary, and the reproductive system however not all the systems are discussed.
Body functions are the physiological or psychological functions of body systems. Survival of the body depends on
the body's maintaining or restoring homeostasis, a state of relative constancy, of its internal environment.
Human life process includes organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, reproduction, growth,
differentiation, respiration, digestion, and excretion. All these processes work together, in fine-tuned balance, for the
well-being of the individual and to maintain life.

Feedback

Did you understand the topics? ______ Did you answer all the given tasks related to the topics?
_____, If yes, then I would like to commend you for having such a fantastic performance. You
may now proceed to the next module.

REFERENCE/S

Bilbao, Purita P., EdD, et. al., (2019). Teaching Science in Elementary Grades (Volume 1): Chemistry
and Biology. Lorimar Publishing Inc., Quezon City.

SUGGESTED READINGS

Lucban, Alma C. (2020). Syllabus and Modules in Teaching Science in Elementary Grades. UEP
Laoang Campus.
Corpuz, B. & Salandanan, G. (2015). Principles of teaching (with TLE). Quezon City: LORIMAR
Publishing.
Martin, D. J. (2003.). Elementary science methods: A constructivist approach. Wadsworth
McCrory, A. & Worthington, K. (2018). Mastering primary science. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing.
National Research Council of the National Academies (2007). Taking science to school: Learning and
teaching science in grades K-8. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES
Laoang Campus
Laoang, Northern Samar

GEROBEL R. VALENZUELA, MS