Kwame Nkrumah University of

Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

EE 151 - APPLIED ELECTRICITY

Department Electrical & Electronic Engineering
College of Engineering
 Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

CONTACT DETAILS
Lecturer: Mr. Peter Asigri
Phone: 0245909083/0508875954
Email: pasigri@[Link]

Teaching Assistant: K. Ahenkorah Adei

Phone: 0501651819
Email: adeikwadwo2@[Link]
 Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

• Target students:
First year students in the College of Engineering.

• Aims:
To introduce students with the physical principles
underpinning Electrical and Electronic Engineering, including
tools required to analyze electric and magnetic circuits.

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Learning Objectives
On completion of this course, students will be able to
Knowledge and understanding
LO1: Understand Kirchhoff’s laws, Norton and Thévenin equivalent
circuits theories and be able to apply to simple circuits
LO2: Understand the concept of phasors and be able to apply to
simple ac circuits
Intended LO3: Understand the superposition principle and be able to apply
Learning to simple ac circuits
Outcomes Intellectual skills
LO4: Reduce complex circuits to a simple form
LO5: Perform analysis on linear and non-linear magnetic circuits
Professional practical skills
LO6: Apply appropriate methods to analyse various circuits

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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Teaching Activities

▪ Presentation of lecture notes

▪ Tutorials

▪ Quizzes

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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Assessment

Distribution (%) LO1 LO2 LO3 LO4 LO5 LO6

Quizzes 10 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Homework 5 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Assessment
Mid Semester 15 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Final Exam. 70 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

Total 100

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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Reading List
▪ PowerPoint presentation
▪ P. Y. Okyere, E. A. Frimpong, Fundamentals of
Electric and Magnetic Circuits.
▪ J. W. Nilsson and S. A. Riedel, Electric circuits,
Prentice hall, 7th ed., 2005
▪ R. Boylestad, Introductory circuit analysis,
Prentice Hall, 11th ed., 2007.

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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Course Outline
▪ Unit 1: Basic Elements of Electric Circuit
Active Elements, Passive Element, Short Circuit, Open Circuit, Voltage drop,
Current Division

▪ Unit 2: Circuits and Network Theorems

Kirchhoff's laws, Thevenin’s Theorem, Norton's Theorem, Superposition Theorem
Reciprocity Theorem and Delta-Star Transformation.

▪ Unit 3: Alternating current circuits

Determination of Average and RMS values, Harmonics, Phasors, impedance, current and
power in ac circuits

▪ Unit 4: Three-phase circuits

Connection of three-phase windings, three phase loads, power in three-phase circuits,
solving three-phase circuit problems

▪ Unit 5: Magnetic circuits

Components and terminologies, solving magnetic circuit problems
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UNIT 1: BASIC ELEMENTS OF
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

[Link]
 Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

❖Definition of a circuit
An interconnection of elements forming a closed path along
which current can flow.
R
+
V(t) L
-
C

❖Elements of an electric circuit

Active elements: Energy producing elements eg. Batteries,
Generators, Solar cells, Transistor models
Passive elements: Energy using elements eg.
Resistors, inductors, capacitors
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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UNIT 1: PASSIVE ELEMENTS

Resistors Capacitors

Inductors
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGIES
❖ Node (Junction) –A point where currents split or come
together [ points c, d, e and f]
❖Path – Any connection where current flows [eg bc, be,
fa]

b c e g

a d f h
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGIES
❖Branch – A connection (path) between two nodes [eg.
cd, cb, ad, df]
❖Loop/Mesh – a closed path of a circuit [ eg. cghdc]

b c e g

a d f h

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGIES
❖ Short-circuit– A branch of theoretically zero resistance. It
diverts to itself all currents that would have flown in
adjacent branches (branches hooked to the same node)
except branches with sources.

b R1 c R3 R1 a R2 R4
a d

V R2 V R3
h g f e b
Fig. 1 Fig. 2

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGIES
❖ Short-circuit (cont).
Self assessment 1
Which of the resistors in the circuit below have been short-
circuited?
R1

V R2 R3

ANS: R2 and R3
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGIES
❖ Open circuit – A branch of theoretically infinite resistance.
It prevents current from flowing in its branch.

R2 R3 R5

V R1 R4

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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RESISTORS IN SERIES
Resistors are in series when the same current flows through
them. There is NO JUNCTION between them.

R1 R2 R1 R2

V V R3

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

In Fig. 1 : R1 and R2 are in series

In Fig. 2: None of the resistors are in series
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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RESISTORS IN SERIES

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

RESISTORS IN SERIES
❖ Self assessment 2
Which of the following resistors are in series?
R2 R5 R6

R3

R1
R4

ANS: R1&R2, R3 & R4 and R5 & R6

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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RESISTORS IN SERIES
❖ Total (effective) resistance of series resistors
The total resistance RT for resistors R1, R2, R3, ….., RN which
are in series is given by:

RT = R1 + R2 + ... + RN

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Resistors are said to be in parallel when the voltage across
them is the same.

R1//R2 R1//R2

R1//R2
R1//R3
R3//R2
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Colloquially, TWO resistors are in parallel if it is possible to
traverse them without passing through another element.

R1 V R2

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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RESISTORS IN PARALLEL

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Self assessment 3
Which of the resistors in the circuit below are in parallel?

1.6Ω

3Ω 6Ω

4Ω

ANS: 4 // 6

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Total resistance
When resistors R1 and R2 are in parallel, the total resistance
RT is given by:

1 1 1 R1 R2
= +  RT =
RT R1 R2 R1 + R2

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE OF A CIRCUIT

Effective circuit resistance is found by identifying and
putting together series and or parallel resistors.
Eg 1. Find the total resistance of the circuit below.

❖Solution

23
RT = (2 // 3) + 1 =
11
+1 = 
2+3 5 26
 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE OF A CIRCUIT

Eg. 2. Find the total resistance of the circuit below.

❖Solution

2 2
RT = (2 // 2) + 1 = + 1 = 2
2+2
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE OF A CIRCUIT

Self Assessment 4
Find the total resistance of the circuit below.
2Ω

3Ω 6Ω

4Ω
V

Answer
 46  22 66
RT = (4 // 6) + 2// 3 =  + 2 // 3 = // 3 = 
4 + 6  5 37 28
 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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EFFECTIVE RESISTANCE OF A CIRCUIT

Self Assessment 5
Find the total resistance of the circuit below.

Answer
1 
RT = (1 // 1) + 1 // 1 // 1 =  + 1 // 1 // 1 = // = 
3 1 3
2  2 2 8
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CURRENT DIVISION RULE

The current division rule is applied to share current between
parallel branches. Consider the circuits below
I
R1 R2
RT = I1 I2
R1 + R2

V R1 R2
R1 R2
V = IRT = I
R1 + R2

R1 R2
I
V R1 + R2 R1 R2 1 R2
I1 = = =I  =I
R1 R1 R1 + R2 R1 R1 + R2
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CURRENT DIVISION RULE

Similarly,
I
I1 I2

V R1 R2

R1
I2 = I
R1 + R2
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CURRENT DIVISION RULE

Comparing currents
I
I1 I2

V R1 R2

R2 R1
I1 = I I2 =I
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CURRENT DIVISION RULE

Consider the figure below,
I
I1 I2

V R1 R2

R2 R1
I1 = I I2 = − I
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CURRENT DIVISION RULE

Example 1
Find the values of I1 and I2 in the circuit below.
10A
I1 I2

V 3Ω 2Ω

Solution
R2 2
I1 = I =  10 = 4 A
R1 + R2 2+3
R1 3
I2 = − I =−  10 = −6 A
R1 + R2 2+3 34
 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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CURRENT DIVISION RULE

Example 2
Find the value of I1 in the circuit below.
10A
I1

V 3Ω 2Ω 2Ω

Solution
10A
I1
1
I1 =  10 = 2.5 A
1+ 3
V 3Ω 1Ω

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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VOLTAGE DROP
❖Any time a voltage drives current through a resistor, some
of the voltage drops across the resistor.
❖The magnitude of the drop is the product of the resistance
and current
I V1 V2

R1 R2

V2 = V − V1 36
 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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VOLTAGE DROP
Example 3
Find the values of I and R in the circuit below.
I 4V

R 3
10V

Solution
Voltage across 3Ω resistor = 10 – 4 = 6V
Current in 3Ω resistor = I = 6/3 = 2A
Resistance R = 4V/I = 4/2 = 2Ω
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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REVISION EXERCISE
Find the value of I in the circuit below.
I
3 3.5
4 1 2 5 7
25V

Solution
I I
3 6

4 1 2 4 1 5
25V 25V

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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

REVISION EXERCISE
12

13
1
25V

25
RT =  IT =
V
=
25
= 13 A
13 RT 25
13
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
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REVISION EXERCISE
I
6

4 1 5

25V

6
I =− 5  13 = −3 A
6
+4
5
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 Kwame Nkrumah University of
Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Assignment 1
Find the value of the current in all resistors of the circuit
below using total resistance and voltage drop principles. DO
NOT use current division rule.

3.5 3
2 1 4 5 7
25V

Submission date: God willing a week today

Submission time: Before lecture starts
Where to submit: vclass and hard copy
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