In-organic Chemistry
Fall 2022 CHE1211, 1221,
1231.
Dr. Aliaa Abdel-Fattah
Email: aliaaabdelfatah@[Link]
Lec 2 Atomic Theory of Matter
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Atomic Theory of Matter
Atoms- the smallest particle of an element with all of the
properties of that element.
All matter is made of atoms.
Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. They make up
everything around us; Your desk, the board, your body,
everything is made of atoms!
Atoms are too small to see without powerful microscopes.
Element- a part of a substance not able to be separated into
smaller substances by chemical means.
Nucleus- the center of an atom that accounts for most of the
atom’s mass.
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Surface of graphite as imaged by a
scanning tunneling microscope
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Atomic Structure
There are two basic components in every atom:
Electron Cloud
Nucleus
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Subatomic Particles
Three subatomic particles make up every atom:
Subatomic Particle Charge Location
Proton Positive (+) Nucleus or “Core”
Neutron No Charge (0) Nucleus or “Core”
Electron Negative (-) Electron Cloud
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Sub- Atomic Particles
Protons (+) positively charged particles found in the
nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons (o) neutrally charged particles found in the
nucleus of an atom.
Electrons (-) negatively charged particles that revolve
around the nucleus of an atom. Symbol for electrons (e-).
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Subatomic Particles
Electron Cloud:
• Electrons orbit the
nucleus.
Nucleus or “Core”:
• Protons and
Neutrons are found
in the nucleus.
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Atomic Theory
Changes over time…
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Atomic Theory
Because we can not see atoms, we use models to teach and learn about
atoms.
The atomic theory has changed over time as new technologies have
become available.
Remember: Scientific knowledge builds on past research
and experimentation.
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Atomic Theory Timeline
Scientist Information Model
John All matter is made of atoms. Atoms
Dalton are too small to see, indivisible and
indestructible. All atoms of a given
element are identical.
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Are Atoms really indivisible?
Dalton reached his conclusions about atoms on the basis of evidence gained
on a macroscopic level.
As scientists developed more instrumentation capable of probing phenomena
at a microscopic level, more about atoms was understood.
Example: The color of the emitted light characterizes the element.
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Atomic Theory Timeline
Scientist Information Model
Discovered the negative electron,
J.J Thompson and predicted that there also must
be a positive particle to hold the
electrons in place.
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Electrons
J.J. Thompson showed that the cathode rays were in fact particles of
NEGATIVE charge, the rays could be deflected by a magnetic field.
The term ELECTRON was coined for the negative particles.
Thompson also calculated the charge of each particle
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Atomic Theory Timeline
Scientist Information Model
Ernest Discovered the nucleus of an atom and
Rutherford named the positive particles in the
nucleus “protons”. Concluded that
electrons are scattered in empty space
around the nucleus.
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Atomic Theory Timeline
Scientist Information Model
Neutrons
James Discovered that neutrons were also
Chadwick located in the nucleus of an atoms and
that they contain no charge.
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Atomic Theory Timeline
Scientist Information Model
Neils Concluded that electrons are
Bohr located in planet-like orbits
around the nucleus in certain
energy levels.
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Scientist Information Model
(Many Scientists!) Electrons do not orbit the
The Modern
Atomic Theory nucleus in neat planet-like
orbits but move at high
speeds in an electron cloud
around the nucleus.
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Atomic Units
ATOMS ARE VERY, VERY LIGHT AND VERY, VERY SMALL
SINCE ATOMIC DIMENSIONS ARE SO SMALL, IT WOULD BE
CUMBERSOME TO USE UNITS WE TYPICALLY USE FOR
LENGTH (CM, M) OR MASS (G).
HENCE, ON THE ATOMIC SCALE WE DEFINE UNITS
APPROPRIATE FOR THIS SCALE
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MASS – unit typically used is an ATOMIC MASS UNIT (amu)
1 amu = 1.66054 x 10–24 g
Particle Charge Mass (g) Mass (amu)
Proton +1 1.6727x10-24 1.0073
Neutron Neutral 1.6750x10-24 1.0087
Electron -1 9.109x10-28 5.486 x 10-4
Note: LENGTH – ANGSTROM(Å) = 10-10m
Typical atomic dimensions are 1 to 5 x10-10 m which corresponds to 1
to 5 Å.
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Relative Atomic Mass
A relative scale has been developed to compare the
relative masses of atoms. The ATOMIC MASS of an
atom is its relative mass on this scale.
Carbon- 12 ( 12 C) has been set as the standard and
assigned a RELATIVE MASS of exactly 12.
Relative atomic masses have no units since they are
the ratio of two masses.
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Law of Conservation of Mass
1 7 7 5 - L AVO ISIER
“ FAT H ER O F MO D ER N C H EM IST RY ”
In every chemical operation an equal
amount of matter exists before and
after the operation.
Mass is conserved, the total mass after
the chemical operation must be the
same as that before.
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Problem 1:
Potassium chlorate (KClO3) decomposes to potassium
chloride (KCl) and oxygen (O2) when heated. In one
experiment 100.0 g of KClO3 generated 36.9g of O2 and 57.3
g of KCl. What mass of KClO3 remained unreacted?
Mass of KClO3 before reaction = mass of KCl + mass of O2
+ mass of unreacted KClO3
100.0 g of KClO3 = 57.3 g KCl + 36.9g O2 + g unreacted KClO3
g unreacted KClO3 = 100.0 g - 57.3 g - 36.9 g
= 5.8 g
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Problem 2:
Naturally occurring chlorine has two isotopes, 3517Cl, 3717Cl.
The 35-Cl isotope has a relative atomic mass of 34.9688 and an
abundance of 75.77% and the 37-Cl isotope has a relative atomic
mass of 36.9659 and an abundance of 24.23%. Calculate the
average atomic mass of Cl.
Average Atomic Mass of Cl = (0.7577x34.9659) +(.2423x36.9659)
= 35.4527
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H.W 1:
1. Are these sentences true or false?
a) According to Thomson’s model of the atom, protons can be found all over the
atom.
b) Protons and electrons have fixed positions in the atom.
c) The radius of the atom and the radius of the nucleus is the same.
d) According to Rutherford’s model of the atom, electrons move around the
nucleus of the atom as planets do around the Sun.
e) Neutrons have no mass
f) According to Bohr’s model of the atom, electrons behave like waves.
2. complete: Two atoms are isotopes if …………
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Thank You
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