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THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC CIVILISATION: FROM THE GOLDEN AGE TO

THE PRESENT

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International Journal of Society Reviews (INJOSER) e-ISSN: 3030-802X
Vol. 3 No. 2, February 2025, pages: 245~253

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC CIVILISATION: FROM THE GOLDEN AGE

TO THE PRESENT

Sabil Mokodenseho
Institut Agama Islam Muhammadiyah Kotamobagu
[Link]@[Link]

Abstract
Islamic civilisation has come a long way, from its golden age in the 8th to 14th centuries,
when it was the world's centre of knowledge and innovation, to its current state of
challenge but also potential. During the golden age, Islamic civilisation made significant
contributions in the fields of science, mathematics, medicine and the arts. However,
after this period, the Islamic world experienced setbacks due to internal and external
factors such as political conflicts and colonisation. Nonetheless, the Muslim intellectual
tradition survived and continues to be revived by new generations of scholars. Today,
the Islamic world faces modern challenges but is also engaged in technological
advancement, the global economy and intercultural dialogue. It is important for Muslim
countries to continue reforms, innovations in education, and strengthen international
collaboration in order to contribute significantly to the global community in the future.
Keywords: Development, Islamic Civilisation, Golden Age to the Present

Introduction
Islamic civilisation has played a significant role in the history of the development
of world culture and science. Islamic civilisation refers to the totality of cultural
achievements, sciences, arts, laws, and social traditions that developed under the
influence of Islamic religious teachings and Muslim societies since the 7th century AD. It
is renowned for its extensive contributions in fields such as mathematics, astronomy,
medicine, philosophy, architecture and literature, as well as the development of centres
of learning such as Madrasahs and large libraries in cities such as Baghdad, Cordoba and
Damascus (SHEEHAN, 2024). Islamic civilisation not only integrated knowledge from
other civilisations such as the Greeks, Romans, Persians and Indians, but also created a
new science that became an important foundation for the scientific renaissance in
Europe and the development of civilisation in the world as a whole (Anjum & Khubaib,
2021).
Starting from the time of the Prophet and his companions, this civilisation
reached its peak during the Abbasid Caliphate, often referred to as the ‘Golden Age of
Islam’ (approximately 8th to 13th centuries AD). During this time, the Islamic world
became the intellectual centre of the world, with cities like Baghdad and Cordoba
flourishing as centres of learning and research. Muslim scholars not only mastered the
Greek and Roman traditions of science, but also made significant contributions in fields

245
such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, philosophy and literature (Irhamsyah &
Anshor, 2023).
Islamic civilisation has great significance in world history because of its extensive
and diverse contributions to the development of global science, art and culture. During
the Islamic Golden Age, around the 8th to 13th centuries AD, the Islamic world became
the intellectual centre of the world, where Muslim scholars mastered, translated and
developed various disciplines from Greek, Roman, Persian and Indian civilisations
(Apriyanto, 2020). These contributions spanned the fields of mathematics (including the
development of algebra and the decimal number system), medicine (with important
works such as the ‘Canon of Medicine’ by Ibn Sina), as well as astronomy (improved
astrological observations and knowledge). The existence of large libraries such as the
Bayt al-Hikmah in Baghdad, which served as a centre for translation and research,
became an important symbol of Islamic civilisation's dedication to knowledge and
learning (Mitha, 2020).
In addition to science, Islamic civilisation has had a profound impact on art,
architecture and culture. Islamic architecture is renowned for the beauty of mosques,
madrasas and palaces complemented by the decorative arts of calligraphy, mosaics and
Islamic geometry, which can be seen in buildings such as the Great Mosque of Cordoba
and the Taj Mahal. In literature and philosophy, works such as ‘One Thousand and One
Nights’ and the contributions of philosophers such as Al-Farabi and Ibn Rushd have
enriched the global heritage (Alfaizi et al., 2023). Extensive trade and economic
networks between the Islamic world and other regions have also facilitated the
exchange of goods, ideas and technologies, fuelling the spread of knowledge and
accelerating innovation around the world. This intellectual and cultural openness made
Islamic civilisation one of the important foundations for the scientific renaissance in
Europe and the development of human civilisation as a whole (Mastori et al., 2024).
However, over time, Islamic civilisation experienced various challenges,
including external invasions, internal divisions, and colonisation by foreign nations.
Entering the modern era, many Muslim-majority countries were faced with the
challenges of globalisation, colonialism and neo-colonialism, which affected their
political, economic and social dynamics (Nadlifah & Latif, 2024).
Today, while many Muslim countries are demonstrating economic growth and
social progress, political instability, regional conflicts, and socio-economic disparities
remain significant challenges. At the same time, there is a resurgence of global interest
in the contribution of Islamic influences in history, including in art, culture, and science,
prompting renewed reflection on the role of Islamic civilisation in the modern world
(Rull, 2021).
The problems faced by the Muslim world today raise important questions about
how the legacy of the Golden Age can be integrated with contemporary challenges and
opportunities. Faced with global and local shifts, it is necessary to understand the

246
dynamics of Islamic civilisation from the golden age to the present, as well as how its
historical contributions can be used to address modern challenges and formulate an
inclusive and sustainable vision of the future.

Research Methods
The study in this research uses the literature method. The literature research
method, or literature review, is a research approach that aims to identify, analyse, and
evaluate written sources that are relevant to the topic or research problem being
studied. This method involves data collection activities from various types of sources
such as books, journal articles, dissertations, research reports, and other related
documents (Sukmadinata, 2009); (Assyakurrohim et al., 2022). Researchers use this
method to understand how far previous research has been conducted, identify gaps in
existing knowledge, as well as build a strong theoretical foundation for further
research. A systematic and comprehensive approach in literature research includes the
process of organising and synthesising information so that the results can provide deep
insights, create a structured conceptual framework, and inform the formulation of
relevant hypotheses or research questions and assist in the development of subsequent
study methodologies (Moleong, 2019).

Results and Discussion

Key Periods in Islamic Civilisation
The early period of Islamic civilisation began with the first revelation to the
Prophet Muhammad in 610 AD and continued until the time of the Khulafaur Rashidin
(the first four caliphs). During this period, there was a rapid development of Islam that
spread from its original cities, Mecca and Medina, to the rest of the Arabian Peninsula.
The first caliph, Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, and his successors, Umar bin Khattab, Usman bin
Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib, played an important role in expanding the territory of Islam.
They succeeded in establishing a government based on the principles of justice and
united the various Arab tribes under the banner of Islam. This period was also marked
by the codification of the Qur'an, which became the sacred text for Muslims
(Erhamwilda, 2021).
The Umayyad dynasty marked the transition from a government led by the close
companions of the Prophet Muhammad to a dynasty managed by the Bani Umayyah.
The capital of the government was moved from Medina to Damascus by Caliph
Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan. This period was characterised by a massive expansion of
Islamic territory that covered large parts of Persia, North Africa, and even reached Spain
(Masood & Arshad, 2023). With this vast territory, the Umayyads introduced efficient
administration and a more complex bureaucracy, as well as establishing extensive trade
networks. However, political and social tensions increased, mainly due to rivalries

247
between Arabs and non-Arab Muslims that led to the dynasty's downfall (Kusumo,
2024).
The Abbasid dynasty took power after defeating the Umayyad dynasty and
established a new capital in Baghdad. This period is often referred to as the Golden Age
of Islam, where science, technology, medicine, literature and art flourished. Baghdad
became the intellectual and cultural centre of the world, home to great libraries such as
Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) where scholars from various backgrounds studied
and developed knowledge (Bone, 2024). Scientific works from Greece, Persia and India
were translated and absorbed by Muslim scientists, who went on to make significant
contributions in fields such as mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and medicine.
However, amidst these developments, the Abbasids faced internal and external political
challenges that eventually weakened their power (Florea, 2022).
The Ottoman Empire is one of the largest and most influential Islamic dynasties
in world history. Established in the late 13th century, the dynasty reached its peak in the
16th and 17th centuries under the rule of Sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent. The
Ottoman Empire controlled vast territories from Southeast Europe, West Asia, to North
Africa. This period was characterised not only by military might, but also advances in
administration, law and culture. Ottoman architecture is represented by magnificent
works such as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque) and Topkapi Palace (Tichi,
2021). As a significant centre of Islamic power, the Ottoman Empire maintained
educational institutions, supported arts and culture, and strengthened extensive trade
networks. The Sultanate also faced various internal and external challenges that
eventually led to its decline and dissolution in the early 20th century (Sujono, 2023).
Islamic civilisation entered the modern era with great challenges and changes.
After the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1922, Islamic territories experienced a period of
colonialism and eventual struggle for independence. New states formed after World
Wars I and II sought to modernise and overcome the colonial legacy, with varying
degrees of success. Today, the Islamic world is faced with the challenges of
globalisation, political conflict, and attempts to renew Islamic identity in the context of
the modern world (Shahin, 2022). Nonetheless, Muslim-majority countries continue to
play an important role in the global economy, international politics, and as centres of
spirituality and culture. The intellectual and cultural contributions of the Muslim
community remain relevant and growing in the 21st century, reflecting the dynamism of
the rich and complex Islamic civilisation.

Contributions of Islamic Civilisation in Various Fields

Islamic civilisation has made significant contributions in various fields, including
science, technology, art, literature, and more. During the Islamic Golden Age (8-14 CE),
Muslim scholars were actively involved in translating, preserving and disseminating
knowledge from various cultures and civilisations, including Greece, Persia and India

248
(Ogunbado, 2020). This process not only saved classical works from destruction, but
also enriched Islamic culture with new ideas and concepts that were further developed
(Abdurahman & Badriza, 2021).
In the field of science, Muslim scientists such as Al-Khwarizmi are known as the
‘Father of Algebra’ for his highly influential work in mathematics. In addition, Ibn Sina
(Avicenna) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) made major contributions to medical science and
philosophy, with books such as ‘The Canon of Medicine’ becoming major references in
European universities for centuries. The use of empirical and experimental methods
encouraged by Muslim scientists laid the foundation for the development of modern
science (Shahin, 2022).
In the field of architecture and art, Islamic civilisation produced unique and
beautiful architectural styles, as seen in mosques and other buildings throughout the
Islamic world. Geometric motifs, calligraphy, and intricate designs adorn various
buildings, demonstrating high aesthetic beauty and complexity. Famous examples
include the Alhambra Mosque in Spain and the Great Mosque of Cordoba (Azizah et al.,
2024).
Literature also progressed rapidly with literary works produced by Muslim
authors. Poetry and prose flourished with inspiration from Arabic, Persian and other
languages. Authors such as Jalaluddin Rumi, Omar Khayyam, and Al-Mutanabbi created
works that are still appreciated today, not only in the Islamic world but also in the West.
The books and manuscripts of these authors played an important role in the formation
of literary and philosophical thought in Europe (Lim, 2021).
In addition, the fields of economics and banking also saw important innovations
from Islamic civilisation. Islamic financial principles, such as the prohibition of usury
(interest) and the application of zakat as a form of wealth redistribution, influenced the
way the economy was managed in Muslim societies (Kasdi et al., 2022). Institutions such
as Waqf (waqf) became important in supporting social services, education, and health,
demonstrating how this economic system was organised for the welfare of Society
(Rusydi, 2023).
Thus, the contributions of Islamic civilisation cover various aspects of life and
have left a deep imprint in human history. The knowledge and innovations generated
by Islamic civilisation not only impacted the Islamic world itself, but also the
development of global civilisation.

Current Challenges and Developments in the Islamic World

The Islamic world today faces a number of complex and diverse challenges,
ranging from political, economic, social to religious. In many Muslim countries, issues
such as political instability, corruption and internal conflict are major obstacles to
development and prosperity. For example, prolonged conflicts in countries such as

249
Syria, Yemen, and Afghanistan have caused severe humanitarian crises, destroyed
infrastructure, and hindered access to education and healthcare (Shao, 2022).
On the other hand, economic challenges also play a significant role in shaping the
current state of the Islamic world. Many Muslim countries face high unemployment
rates, economic inequality, and dependence on the export of natural resources such as
oil and gas. This often impacts the ability of these countries to invest in other sectors
such as education, technology and health that are essential for sustainable
development. Efforts to diversify the economy are a must to reduce dependency and
increase economic resilience (Jackson, 2022).
Meanwhile, social challenges including issues such as education, human rights,
and women's empowerment are also a major concern. Low literacy rates and access to
education in some Muslim countries affect the ability of the younger generation to
compete in the global economy. Human rights-related issues, such as freedom of
speech, freedom of the press, and treatment of minorities, are often a source of
criticism from both domestic and international communities (Knutson et al., 2022).
On the other hand, many Muslim countries have also experienced positive
developments and significant progress. For example, some Gulf countries such as the
United Arab Emirates and Qatar have managed to develop strong and diverse
economies, with large investments in infrastructure, technology and education. Some
countries such as Malaysia and Turkey have also made progress in improving living
standards and creating economic opportunities for their citizens. In addition, reformist
movements aiming to improve government systems and uphold democratic principles
are increasingly gaining support from youth and intellectuals (Hashemimehr &
Memariani, 2023).
However, the development of digital technologies and businesses is also one of
the pillars of the future of the Islamic world, which further emphasises the importance
of global collaboration. Countries such as Indonesia and Pakistan are developing vibrant
startup ecosystems, which offer great potential for innovation and economic growth.
Efforts to improve digital literacy and adoption of advanced technologies are necessary
for the Islamic world to compete in today's globalised digital age (Shahin, 2022).
Overall, the Islamic world today faces a number of formidable challenges, but
also shows great potential for progress and sustainable development. International co-
operation, domestic reforms, and investment in education and technology will be key
to a brighter future for Muslim countries. By addressing these challenges and
harnessing their potential, the Islamic world can play an increasingly important role in
the global order.

250
Conclusion
Islamic civilisation has come a long way from the golden age to its current state,
demonstrating the adaptability and innovative capacity of Muslims throughout history.
In the golden age, around the 8th to 14th centuries, the Islamic world was a centre of
knowledge and innovation, where science, mathematics, medicine and the arts
experienced rapid growth. Muslim intellectuals contributed important discoveries,
which not only influenced the Islamic world but also provided the basis for later Western
science. Such progress was made possible by an environment that encouraged
tolerance, acceptance of different cultures, and support for education and scholarship.
However, after this golden age, Islamic civilisation faced a period of decline due
to internal and external factors, including political conflicts, colonisation, and closure to
scientific development. Nonetheless, the contributions of the Muslim intellectual
tradition survived and found a way to flourish through a new generation of scholars and
reformers who sought to revive the spirit of the golden age. Over time, the Islamic world
has shown flexibility and resilience, with a number of countries gradually recovering and
making significant progress in various fields.
Today, the Islamic world is faced with modern challenges, but is also enjoying
advances that reflect the great strength and potential of its civilisation. Muslim
countries are increasingly engaged in the global economy, information technology and
intercultural dialogue, although political instability and socio-economic challenges still
loom large. It is important for the Islamic world to continue to reform, innovate in
education and strengthen international collaboration in order to contribute more to the
global community. By harnessing its rich resources and rich intellectual tradition, Islamic
civilisation has the potential to become an important pillar in building a peaceful and
prosperous future for all humanity.

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