‘‘Geometric Programming Technique: Sizing

the Geometric Parameters and Performance

Indices of a Single Sided Linear Induction
Motor’’
Okpare, Anthony Onoharigho1, Oyubu, Akpovi Oyubu2, Otuagoma, Smith Orode3, Ubeku, Emmanuel
Ubiomo4, Oghogho Ikponmwosa5
1,2.3,4,5
Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department, Delta State University, Abraka,Nigeria.
email:akposweet@[Link]
induction motors can be adopted for a SLIM without
Abstract-This paper presents the use of Geometric any bigger changes, safety and reliability, economical
Programming (GP) technique for the optimal geometric
sizing design of a three phase single sided linear induction and cheap maintenance. Presently, single sided linear
motor (SLIM). Two objective functions were proposed to induction motor is gaining attention in the transport
enhance the determination of the best sizing parameters,
sector and elevator systems. This is attributed to the call
while, nine constraints were imposed on the objective
function using the GP tool in the MATLAB/Octave for clean energy, simplicity of design and low
environment. The results suggested that stator losses were construction cost [6]. Also, because of low operating
203.4 W, while weight of stator was 6.44 kg. Furthermore, costs and extremely high reliability, SLIM-propelled
environment. The results suggested that stator losses were systems have become an ever more frequent part of the
203.4 W, while weight of stator was 6.44 kg. Furthermore, public transport offering [7]; thus, several efforts have
comparison was made with existing SLIM design, and been put in place to improve its efficiency and speed. In
results suggest that GP is a viable technique. [8-9], a novel structure of single-sided linear induction
motor is proposed to reduce the magnetic air gap so as
Index Terms- Energy consumption, Energy conversion to reduce the resistance of the motor running at high
Energy efficiency, Motors , Traction power supply
speed, which can provide a new solution for the design
of high-speed SLIM. [10] studied the dynamic behavior
I. INTRODUCTION
of a single-sided linear induction motor by changing the
Geometric Programming technique is one of the
basic design parameters; however, only a few studies
numerous techniques of optimization methods
have carried out a proper design of SLIM . The optimal
employed in determining the best or most effective
design of SLIM can be achieved through the proper
result utilizing a quantitative measurement system. Cost
sizing technique, which is subject to a set of constraints
minimization is the consideration of this work. [1-2]
which could be thermal, mechanical or user’s
presented geometric programming as the formulation of
specification. Several optimization techniques have
engineering problems with specific kinds of non-linear
been applied in the design of SLIM, such as Particle
optimization problems with flexible variables. Authors
Swarm Optimization (PSO), Artificial Neural Network
in [3] stated that geometric programming is a non-linear
(ANN), while the objective functions are efficiency,
optimization technique that is robust, very flexible and
power factor, thrust or a combination of these [11]. The
can be used to approximate linear optimization
optimization procedures have yielded good geometric
problems.
sizing, and majority are able to detect if the solution to
A single sided linear induction motor (SLIM) is an
the problem is feasible or infeasible at the early stage of
electrical motor composed of coil assembly as primary
the simulation process [12]. Since time is of the
and reaction plate as secondary and where the coil
essence, simulation processes and techniques are good
assembly is made up of steel laminators and phase
and reliable if they can detect infeasibility or return
winding. Authors in [4-5] opined that the single-sided
linear induction motor (SLIM) is by far the most widely results in time [13]. In [14] a more efficient SLIM was
used in linear induction motor and that SLIM has some developed by making three changes to the geometric
advantages over rotary induction motors, which include parameters of the fixed and moving parts leveraging a
simple construction, direct electromagnetic thrust 3-D simulation of a Single-Sided Linear Induction
propulsion, precise linear positioning, separate cooling, Motor with Transverse and Longitudinal Magnetic Flux
all electro-mechanical controlled systems used for an The aim of this paper is to use the Geometric
Programming (GP) technique in the sizing of the
8
2
geometric parameters and performance indices of a
three-phase single sided linear induction motor
(SLIM).Two objective functions were developed;

3
namely, material minimization and the minimization of The sum of monomial function is named a
the stator losses with the efficiency improvement and posynomial function presented in Eq. (3)
power factor as key variables. Eight constraints were (3)
applied in order to quicken the process. The end effect
factors were not included in this design process as the If a posynomial is multiplied by a monomial the result
design is for low speed application [15]. is a posynomial; similarly, a posynomial can be divided
A comparison of the results of this study with by a monomial with the result being a posynomial.
existing analytic design will be carried out with the In many ways, the geometric programming
condition for selecting the best being the improvement technique is similar to linear programming technique;
in efficiency and power factor [16]. however, its advantages includes: (i) it supports
These two are termed the performance indices and they nonlinear objective function, (ii) the constraints can be
are derived from the independent variables which are nonlinear and the optimal value can be determined with
the sizing parameters. a dual without first determining the specific value of the
Interest in Geometric Programming as an primal variables [24-25].
optimization tool is not new; however, the advantages In this study, the objective functions and their
of this optimization technique are fast gaining attention corresponding constraints will be developed using the
[17]. Geometric programming does not only solve a basic rules governing the formulation of monomials and
problem but it is also able to produce design equations posynomials as they apply to GP.
that can be utilized and thus avoid resolving problems
II. METHODOLOGY.
when the input parameters are changed [18-19].The
A. Optimization Problem Design variables.
Geometric Programming technique is now very
The following quantities were chosen as the
efficient and reliable [20-21]. The GP technique uses
the concepts of monomials and posynomials functions independent design variables: stator length , stator
as the form to express the objective functions and the
width , stator yoke depth , stator slot width , and
constraints [22-23]. None of the other solution
procedures such as linear programming allows design stator tooth width ; these variables are on the primary
equations to be developed in a manner similar to that of
geometric programming and this is a significant of the SLIM. The variables considered on the secondary
advantage for geometric programming [18]. The GP of the SLIM are the width of back iron and the
technique has proven to be successful in the
minimization of the cost of transformers and depth of the back iron .
synchronous motors [20]. B. Objective Function
A Geometric Programme (GP) is an optimization In this work the following minimization
problem in the form of Eq. (1) [22], objective functions were considered: Weight of stator
material and Stator losses as presented in the
following subsections:
i. Weight of Stator Material
ii. The weight of stator iron material and copper
(1)
material have considerable bearings with the

where are posynomial functions, are monomials, independent design variables and these are
presented in Eq. (4) and Eq. (5), respectively.
and are the optimization variables. (4)
A monomial function is defined as Eq. (2)

(2) (5)

The total material required to produce one unit of SLIM

where is a positive real constant called the monomial
is given in Eq. (6)
coefficient; and are real numbers which
could be positive, negative or fractional constants that
are referred to as exponents of the monomial.

4
 (6)
iii. Stator Loss
Stator loss is derived from copper loss and
stator core loss presented in Equation. (7)

5
 (8)
(7)
These expressions provide the minimization of
C. Constraints. both the weight of stator material and the resulting
The equality and inequality constraints shown in stator losses of a SLIM if the sizing parameters
Table 1 are imposed on the optimization problems. (independent variables) presented in Table 3 as
These constraints are chosen to bring out the best in the obtained from the simulation are used. All of the
design. outputted expressions are in terms of the independent
TABLE 1: CONSTRAINTS
and dependent variables. None of the other solutions
Equality Constraints Inequality Constraints
procedures such as linear programming allows design
equations to be developed in a manner similar to that of
geometric programming and this is a significant
advantage for geometric programming. The
independent variables are compared with those in [15]
and are within the acceptable variation limits as [15]
provides only the main dimensions (stator length and
stator width) of the proposed designed SLIM. The
outputted independent and dependent variables of the
D. Design of Single Sided Linear Induction Motor objective functions are same and this is accepted
In this paper, a geometric sizing or design because the two objective functions are similar but for
variables of SLIM using the GP technique is proposed the input constants. The values of the weight of stator
and the SLIM specifications are taken from [15] and are
presented in Table 2. The specifications used in [15] materials for the minimized is lower than that
were applied in this work so that the independent and obtained in the minimized by 33.11% while the
dependent variables as well as the performance indices
obtained from the optimization carried out in this work value of the stator losses for the minimized is
can be compared with the literature on the same basis.
lower than that obtained in the minimized by
TABLE 2: SLIM SPECIFICATIONS AND DESIGN CONSTANTS 24.94%. The product of efficiency and power factor is
SLIM specification Design constraints the same for both objective functions and it improves
Thrust appreciably when compared with that obtained in [12]
by 54%.
No of Phase
Voltage

Frequency

Velocity (9)

Slip IV. CONCLUSIONS.

No of poles 4
1. Presently, the computational trend is to subject an
1 initial engineering design concept to some robust
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION optimization techniques such as the Particle Swarm
Equation (8) and Equation (9) are the posynomial Optimization (PSO) and the artificial Neural Network
expressions with five (5) monomial terms obtained (ANN), and thereafter, validate the resulting outputs.
from the simulation of the Geometric Programming The strength of the optimization tool to bring out the
technique using [20] in MATLAB/Octave environment. best design concept is also subjected to further analysis.
2. In this article, the Geometric Programming
technique as an optimization tool has been applied on
two objective functions namely the stator weight and
the stator losses in the design of single sided linear
induction motor(SLIM).Nine constraints sourced from

6
existing SLIM expressions were applied and simulated
using a GP tool in MATLAB/Octave environment.
3. The results obtained suggest that the stator losses
was 203.4 W, while the weight of stator is 6.44 kg.
Comparison with the literature showed that the findings
of this work are within specified limits.

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TABLE 3: DESIGN RESULTS WITH VARIOUS OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS AND COMPARATOR

8
Independent Variables Analytic[]

Stator length

Stator width

Back iron width

Stator tooth width

Stator slot depth

Stator yoke depth

Stator slot width

Dependent Variables

Stator current density

Gap flux density

Maximum Yoke flux density

Maximum stator teeth flux density

Number of Turns

Performance Index

Product of efficiency and power factor

Stator losses

Weight of stator

CONFLICT OF INTEREST Journal of Operations Research, vol.29, no. 2, pp. 203–

220. 2019. doi:10.2298/YJOR1811
The authors declare that the research was conducted [2] S. Mishra1, R. R. Otal, S. Nayak ‘‘Nonlinear Fuzzy
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