Project
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pascal
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Index-
Pascal’s
Law
Pascal’s
Formula
Hydraulic
Lift
Hydraulic
Brake
Hydraulic
Jack
Hydraulic
Pump
INDEX
What is Pascal’s Law?
Pascal Law Formula
Difference of Pressure in
Column
Pascal’s Law Definition
Example of Pascal’s Law
Pascal’s Law Derivation
Applications of Pascal’s
Law
Sample Problems on
Pascal’s Law
BIBLOGRAPHY
What is Pascal’s Law?
Pressure is defined as the ratio of
the force applied and the cross-
sectional area. In 1653, Blaise
Pascal published his book The
Physical Treatises of Pascal in
which he discussed the principles
of static fluids. He observed that
pressure in a fluid at rest is the
same at all points if these points
are at the same depth and if we
apply external pressure to this
fluid, all the applied force is
distributed throughout the liquid.
Pascal Law Formula
Pressure is defined as the ratio of the
Force and cross-sectional area on
which that force is applied,
mathematically we can represent the
same as follows:
P = F/A
Difference of Pressure in Column
The figure shows a cylindrical element
submerged in the fluid of density ρ, of
area A and height h. Let the pressure
at the top of the element be P 1 and
P2 at the bottom. Let us assume that
the weight of the liquid is “mg” in this
element. Then the difference in
pressures between the two points is
given by,
P1 – P2 = mg/A
Now, as the density of the liquid is
“ρ”, then the mass of the liquid in the
element will be,
m = ρ(A.h)
or
m = ρ.A.h
Plugging this value of m in the above
equation for the pressure difference,
P1 – P2 = ρgh
This extra pressure with the height
“h” is called gauge pressure.
Pascal’s Law Definition
Pascal’s law states that whenever
external pressure is applied to any
part of a liquid. This pressure gets
distributed in all directions equally. A
number of devices are based on this
principle. The hydraulic lift is also an
application of this law.
This law helps us design hydraulic
machines which are very useful in
industries. Consider a hydraulic lift as
given in the figure below. The two
pistons are separated by a space
filled with liquid. A piston of small
cross-section A1 is used to exert a
force F1 directly on the liquid.
F2 denotes the force that is felt on the
second piston due to the force applied
on the piston with cross-section A 1.
Example of Pascal’s Law
A liquid column transmits a pressure
of 2000 Pa uniformly due to a force
exerted on a piston. Given that the
area of the piston is 0.1 m², we aim to
determine the force applied.
This calculation can be performed
using the formula from Pascal’s Law:
F=PA
Where:
P is the pressure, given as 2000 Pa
(N/m²),
A is the area, given as 0.1 m².
By substituting the values, we find:
𝐹 = 200 N
F=200 N
Pascal’s Law Derivation
Let us consider a right-angled
triangle(with sides p, q, and r) prism
(height s) submerged in the liquid of
density ρ, also assume the size of the
submersed element is negligible with
compare to the volume of the liquid,
and all the points on the element
experience the same gravitational
force.
Now, the area of the faces PQRS,
PSUT, and QRUT of the prism is ps, qs,
and rs respectively. Also, assume the
pressure applied by the liquid on
these faces is P1, P2, and
P3 respectively.
Exerted force by this pressure to the
faces in the perpendicular inward
direction is F1, F2, and F3.
Thus, F1 = P1 × Area of PQRS = P1 × ps
F2 = P2 × Area of PSUT = P2 × qs
F3 = P3 × Area of QRUT = P3 × rs
Now, in triangle PQT,
sin θ = p/r and cos θ = q/r
The net force on the prism will be
zero since the prism is in equilibrium.
F3 sin θ = F1 and F3 cos θ =
F2 (putting values of F1, F2, and F3 from
⇒ P3 × rs × p/r = P1 × ps and P3 × rs ×
the above values)
⇒ P3 = P1 and P3 = P2
q/r = P2 × qs
Thus, P1 = P2 = P3
Therefore, pressure throughout
the liquid remains the same.
Applications of Pascal’s Law
The application of Pascal’s Law can be
seen throughout industries. Some of
the applications are as follows:
Hydraulic Lift
Hydraulic Jack
Now let’s learn about them in detail.
Hydraulic Lift
By applying Pascal’s Law of
transmission in real life, we can use it
to lift heavy equipment such as cars,
trucks, cargo containers, etc. As the
ratio of force and the cross-sectional
area remains constant throughout the
liquid, applying a small force to the
small cross-sectional area can exert
higher force at a high cross-sectional
area, so that ratio remains the same.
The image added below shows a
hydraulic lift lifting a vehicle.
Hydraulic Jack
Hydraulic Jacki is the less powerful
version of the Hydraulic lift which can
help us lift our cars or heavy motor
vehicles partially for maintenance and
other purposes. It uses the same
principle but on a small scale
BIBLOGRAPHY
WIKIPEDIA
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