Satellite Communication

&
Radar Engineering
Introductory Lecture

Dr. ILA SHARMA

Assistant Professor
ECE, MNIT Jaipur
 Overview
Overview
Overview
• Satellite technology has progressed tremendously over the
How do Satellites Works last 50 years since Arthur C. Clarke first proposed its idea in
1945 in his article in Wireless World.
Advantages of Satellite
• Today, satellite systems can provide a variety of services
Disadvantages of including broadband communications, audio/video
Satellite distribution networks, maritime navigation, worldwide
customer service and support as well as military command
Basics of Satellites and control.
Factors in Satellite • Satellite systems are also expected to play an important role
Communication
in the emerging 4G global infrastructure providing the wide
Applications of Satellite area coverage necessary for the realization of the “Optimally
Connected Anywhere, Anytime” vision that drives the
Satellite Transmission growth of modern telecom industry
Bands

Satellite History
2
Calendar
 Overview
Overview
Overview • Satellites are specifically made for telecommunication
purpose. They are used for mobile applications such as
How do Satellites Works communication to ships, vehicles, planes, for TV and radio
broadcasting.
Advantages of Satellite
• They are responsible for providing these services to an
Disadvantages of assigned region (area) on the earth. The power and
Satellite bandwidth of these satellites depend upon the preferred size
of the footprint, complexity of the traffic control protocol
Basics of Satellites
schemes and the cost of ground stations.
Factors in Satellite
Communication • A satellite works most efficiently when the transmissions are
focused with a desired area. When the area is focused, then
Applications of Satellite the emissions don’t go outside that designated area and thus
minimizing the interference to the other systems. This leads
Satellite Transmission more efficient spectrum usage.
Bands

Satellite History
3
Calendar
 Overview
Overview
Overview
• Satellite’s antenna patterns play an important role and must
How do Satellites Works
be designed to best cover the designated geographical area
(which is generally irregular in shape). Satellites should be
designed by keeping in mind its usability for short and long
Advantages of Satellite
term effects throughout its life time.
Disadvantages of
Satellite • The earth station should be in a position to control the
satellite if it drifts from its orbit, it is subjected to any kind of
Basics of Satellites drag from the external forces.

Factors in Satellite • In October 1957, the first artificial satellite Sputnik -I was
Communication launched by former Soviet Russia in the earth’s orbit and in
1963 Clark’s idea became a reality when the first satellite
Applications of Satellite
SYNCOM was successfully launched by NASA.
Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
4
Calendar
 Basics: How do Satellites Work
Overview • Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio
broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means.
Basics: How do Satellites
How do Satellites Works
Work
• The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their
Advantages of Satellite communication

Disadvantages of
• One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This
Satellite is called a Uplink.

Basics of Satellites • The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it
down to the second earth station. This is called a Downlink.
Factors in Satellite
Communication

Applications of Satellite

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
5
Calendar
 Advantages of Satellites
Overview
• The advantages of satellite communication over
terrestrial communication are:
How do Satellites Works
• The coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that
Advantages of Satellite
Advantages of Satellites of a terrestrial system.
Disadvantages of • Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the
Satellite
distance from the center of the coverage area.
Basics of Satellites
• Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
Factors in Satellite
Communication • Higher Bandwidths are available for use.
Applications of Satellite

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
6
Calendar
 Disadvantages of Satellites
Overview
• The disadvantages of satellite communication:
How do Satellites Works • Launching satellites into orbit is costly.

Advantages of Satellite • Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.

Disadvantages of
Disadvantages of • There is a larger propagation delay in satellite
Satellites
Satellite communication than in terrestrial communication.
Basics of Satellites

Factors in Satellite
Communication

Applications of Satellite

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
7
Calendar
 Basics of Satellite
Overview • Satellites orbit around the earth. Depending on the
application, these orbits can be circular or elliptical. Satellites
How do Satellites Works in circular orbits always keep the same distance to the earth‟s
surface following a simple law:
Advantages of Satellite
• The attractive force Fg of the earth due to gravity equals
Disadvantages of m·g (R/r) 2
Satellite
• The centrifugal force Fc trying to pull the satellite away
Basics of Satellites
Satellite equals
m·r·ω 2
Factors in Satellite
• The variables have the following meaning:
Communication
• m is the mass of the satellite;
Applications of Satellite • R is the radius of earth with R = 6,370 km;
• r is the distance of the satellite to the centre of the earth;
Satellite Transmission • g is the acceleration of gravity with g = 9.81 m/s 2;
Bands • ω is the angular velocity with ω = 2·π·f, f is the frequency of
Satellite History • the rotation.
8
Calendar
 Basics of Satellite
Overview • To keep the satellite in a stable circular orbit, the following
equation must hold:
How do Satellites Works
Fg = Fc, i.e., both forces must be equal.
Advantages of Satellite • Looking at this equation the first thing to notice is that the
mass m of a satellite is irrelevant (it appears on both sides of
Disadvantages of
Satellite the equation).

Basics of Satellites
Satellite • Solving the equation for the distance r of the satellite to the
centre of the earth results in the following equation:
Factors in Satellite
Communication The distance r = (g·R 2/(2·π·f) 2) 1/3

Applications of Satellite
• From the above equation it can be concluded that the
Satellite Transmission distance of a satellite to the earth’s surface depends on its
Bands rotation frequency.
Satellite History
9
Calendar
 Factors in satellite communication
Overview
Elevation Angle
How do Satellites Works
The angle of the horizontal of the earth surface to the
center line of the satellite transmission beam.
Advantages of Satellite
– This effects the satellites coverage area.
Disadvantages of
Satellite – However, because of environmental factors like
objects blocking the transmission, atmospheric
Basics of Satellites attenuation, and the earth electrical background
noise, there is a always elevation angle of earth
Factors in satellite
Satellite
communication
Communication stations.

Applications of Satellite

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
10
Calendar
 Factors in satellite communication
Overview
– The elevation angle ε is defined between the center
of the satellite beam and the plane tangential to the
How do Satellites Works
earth’ surface.
Advantages of Satellite – A so called footprint can be defined as the area on
earth where the signals of the satellite can be
Disadvantages of
Satellite received.

Basics of Satellites

Factors in satellite
Satellite
communication
Communication

Applications of Satellite

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
11
Calendar
 Factors in satellite communication
Overview
Inclination angle
How do Satellites Works The inclination angle δ is defined between the equatorial
plane and the plane described by the satellite orbit.
Advantages of Satellite
– An inclination angle of 0 degrees means that the
Disadvantages of satellite is exactly above the equator.
Satellite
– If the satellite does not have a circular orbit, the
Basics of Satellites
closest point to the earth is called the perigee.
Factors in satellite
Satellite
communication
Communication

Applications of Satellite

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
12
Calendar
 Factors in satellite communication
Overview Coverage Angle

How do Satellites Works A measure of the portion of the earth surface visible to a
satellite taking the minimum elevation angle into account.
Advantages of Satellite

Disadvantages of
Satellite
R/(R+h) = sin(π/2 - β - θ)/sin(θ + π/2)

Basics of Satellites
= cos(β + θ)/cos(θ)
R = 6370 km (earth’s radius)
Factors in satellite
Satellite
communication
Communication h = satellite orbit height
β = coverage angle
Applications of Satellite
θ = minimum elevation angle
Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
13
Calendar
 Factors in satellite communication
Overview
Other impairments to satellite communication
How do Satellites Works – The distance between an earth station and a satellite
(free space loss).
Advantages of Satellite

Disadvantages of
– Satellite Footprint: The satellite transmission’s
Satellite strength is strongest in the center of the
transmission, and decreases farther from the center
Basics of Satellites
as free space loss increases.
Factors in satellite
Satellite
communication
Communication – Atmospheric Attenuation caused by air and water
can impair the transmission. It is particularly bad
Applications of Satellite
during rain and fog.
Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
14
Calendar
 Applications of Satellite
Overview
• Weather Forecasting
How do Satellites Works • Radio and TV Broadcast

Advantages of Satellite • Military Satellites

Disadvantages of • Navigation Satellites

Satellite
• Global Telephone
Basics of Satellites
• Connecting Remote Area
Factors in Satellite
Communication
• Global Mobile Communication.
Applications of Satellite

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
15
Calendar
 Applications of Satellite
Overview
Weather Forecasting
How do Satellites Works – Certain satellites are specifically designed to monitor the
climatic conditions of earth. They continuously monitor the
Advantages of Satellite assigned areas of earth and predict the weather conditions of
that region.
Disadvantages of
Satellite – This is done by taking images of earth from the satellite.

Basics of Satellites – These images are transferred using assigned radio frequency
to the earth station.
Factors in Satellite
Communication
– Earth Station: it’s a radio station located on the earth and
Applications of Satellite used for relaying signals from satellites.)

Satellite Transmission
– These satellites are exceptionally useful in predicting
Bands disasters and monitor the changes in the sea state, ocean
color and ice fields.
Satellite History
16
Calendar
 Applications of Satellite
Overview
Radio and TV Broadcast
How do Satellites Works
– These dedicated satellites are responsible for
Advantages of Satellite making 100s of channels across the globe available
for everyone.
Disadvantages of
Satellite
– They are also responsible for broadcasting live
Basics of Satellites matches, news, world-wide radio services.
Factors in Satellite
Communication – These satellites require a 30-40 cm sized dish to
make these channels available globally.
Applications of Satellite

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
17
Calendar
 Applications of Satellite
Overview Military Satellites
How do Satellites Works – These satellites are often used for gathering
intelligence, as a communications satellite used for
Advantages of Satellite military purposes, or as a military weapon.
Disadvantages of
Satellite

Basics of Satellites

Factors in Satellite
Communication

Applications of Satellite

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
18
Calendar
 Applications of Satellite
Overview Navigation Satellites
How do Satellites Works – The system allows for precise localization world-
wide, and with some additional techniques, the
Advantages of Satellite
precision is in the range of some meters.
Disadvantages of
Satellite – Ships and aircraft rely on GPS as an addition to
Basics of Satellites traditional navigation systems.

Factors in Satellite – Many vehicles come with installed GPS receivers.

Communication
This system is also used, e.g., for fleet management
Applications of Satellite of trucks or for vehicle localization in case of theft.
Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
19
Calendar
 Applications of Satellite
Overview Global Telephone

How do Satellites Works – One of the first applications of satellites for

communication was the establishment of
Advantages of Satellite international telephone backbones.
Disadvantages of – Instead of using cables it was sometimes faster to
Satellite
launch a new satellite. But, fiber optic cables are
Basics of Satellites
still replacing satellite communication across long
distance as in fiber optic cable, light is used instead
Factors in Satellite of radio frequency, hence making the
Communication
communication much faster (and of course,
Applications of Satellite reducing the delay caused due to the amount of
distance a signal needs to travel before reaching the
Satellite Transmission destination.)
Bands

Satellite History
20
Calendar
 Applications of Satellite
Overview
Connecting Remote Areas
How do Satellites Works
– Due to their geographical location many places all
Advantages of Satellite over the world do not have direct wired connection
to the telephone network or the internet (e.g.,
Disadvantages of
Satellite researchers on Antarctica) or because of the current
state of the infrastructure of a country.
Basics of Satellites

Factors in Satellite
– Here the satellite provides a complete coverage and
Communication
(generally) there is one satellite always present
Applications of Satellite across a horizon.

Satellite Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
21
Calendar
 Applications of Satellite
Overview
Global Mobile Communication

How do Satellites Works – The basic purpose of satellites for mobile

communication is to extend the area of coverage.
Advantages of Satellite
Cellular phone systems, such as GSM (and their
Disadvantages of successors) do not cover all parts of a country.
Satellite
– Satellites cover a certain area on the earth. This area is
Basics of Satellites
termed as a “footprint” of that satellite. Within the
Factors in Satellite footprint, communication with that satellite is possible
Communication
for mobile users. These users communicate using a
Applications of Satellite Mobile-User-Link (MUL). The base-stations
communicate with satellites using a Gateway-Link
Satellite Transmission
Bands (GWL).
Satellite History
22
Calendar
 Satellite Transmission Bands
Overview
Frequency
How do Satellites Works
Downlink Uplink
Band
3,700-4,200 5,925-6,425
Advantages of Satellite
C MHz MHz
Disadvantages of
Satellite 11.7-12.2 14.0-14.5
Ku GHz GHz
Basics of Satellites
17.7-21.2 27.5-31.0
Factors in Satellite Ka GHz GHz
Communication

NOTE: The C band is the most frequently used. The Ka and Ku

Applications of Satellite
bands are reserved exclusively for satellite communication but
are subject to rain attenuation
Satellite Transmission
Transmission
Bands

Satellite History
23
Calendar
 Satellite History Calendar
• 1957
Overview – October 4, 1957: - First satellite - the Russian Sputnik 01
– First living creature in space: Sputnik 02
• 1958
How do Satellites Works – First American satellite: Explorer 01
– First telecommunication satellite: This satellite broadcast a taped message:
Score
Advantages of Satellite • 1959
– First meteorology satellite: Explorer 07
Disadvantages of • 1960
Satellite – First successful passive satellite: Echo 1
– First successful active satellite: Courier 1B
Basics of Satellites – First NASA satellite: Explorer 08
• April 12, 1961: - First man in space
• 1962
Factors in Satellite – First telephone communication & TV broadcast via satellite: Echo 1
Communication – First telecommunication satellite, first real-time active, AT&T: Telstar 1
– First Canadian satellite: Alouette 1
– On 7th June 1962 at 7:53p the two-stage rocket; Rehbar-I was successfully
Applications of Satellite launched from Sonmiani Rocket Range. It carried a payload of 80 pounds of
sodium and soared to about 130 km into the atmosphere. With the launching
of Rehbar-I, Pakistan had the honour of becoming the third country in Asia
Satellite Transmission and the tenth in the world to conduct such a launching after USA, USSR,
Bands UK, France, Sweden, Italy, Canada, Japan and Israel.
– Rehbar-II followed a successful launch on 9th June 1962
Satellite History
24
Calendar
 Satellite History Calendar
• 1963
Overview – Real-time active: Telstar 2
• 1964
– Creation of Intelsat
How do Satellites Works – First geostationary satellite, second satellite in stationary orbit: Syncom 3
– First Italian satellite: San Marco 1
• 1965
Advantages of Satellite – Intelsat 1 becomes first commercial comsat: Early Bird
– First real-time active for USSR: Molniya 1A
• 1967
Disadvantages of
– First geostationary meteorology payload: ATS 3
Satellite
• 1968
– First European satellite: ESRO 2B
Basics of Satellites • July 21, 1969: - First man on the moon

• 1970
Factors in Satellite – First Japanese satellite: Ohsumi
Communication – First Chinese satellite: Dong Fang Hong 01
• 1971
Applications of Satellite – First UK launched satellite: Prospero
– ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications
– INTELSAT IV Launched
Satellite Transmission – INTERSPUTNIK - Soviet Union equivalent of INTELSAT formed
Bands

Satellite History
25
Calendar
 Satellite History Calendar
• 1974
Overview – First direct broadcasting satellite: ATS 6
• 1976
– MARISAT - First civil maritime communications satellite service started
How do Satellites Works • 1977
– EUTELSAT - European regional satellite
– ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications in the Satellite Service
Advantages of Satellite • 1979
– Creation of Inmarsat
• 1980
Disadvantages of
– INTELSAT V launched - 3 axis stabilized satellite built by Ford Aerospace
Satellite
• 1983
– ECS (EUTELSAT 1) launched - built by European consortium supervised by
Basics of Satellites ESA
• 1984
– UK's UNISAT TV DBS satellite project abandoned
Factors in Satellite – First satellite repaired in orbit by the shuttle: SMM
Communication • 1985
– First Brazilian satellite: Brazilsat A1
Applications of Satellite – First Mexican satellite: Morelos 1
• 1988
– First Luxemburg satellite: Astra 1A
Satellite Transmission • 1989
Bands – INTELSAT VI - one of the last big "spinners" built by Hughes
– Creation of Panamsat - Begins Service
Satellite History – On 16 July 1990, Pakistan launched its first experimental satellite, BADR-I
26
Calendar from China
 Satellite History Calendar
• 1990
Overview – IRIDIUM, TRITIUM, ODYSSEY and GLOBALSTAR S-PCN projects
proposed - CDMA designs more popular
– EUTELSAT II
How do Satellites Works • 1992
– OLYMPUS finally launched - large European development satellite with Ka-
band, DBTV and Ku-band SS/TDMA payloads - fails within 3 years
Advantages of Satellite • 1993
– INMARSAT II - 39 dBW EIRP global beam mobile satellite - built by
Hughes/British Aerospace
Disadvantages of • 1994
Satellite – INTELSAT VIII launched - first INTELSAT satellite built to a contractor's
design
– Hughes describe SPACEWAY design
Basics of Satellites
– DirecTV begins Direct Broadcast to Home
• 1995
Factors in Satellite – Panamsat - First private company to provide global satellite services.
Communication • 1996
– INMARSAT III launched - first of the multibeam mobile satellites (built by
GE/Marconi)
Applications of Satellite – Echostar begins Diresct Broadcast Service
• 1997
Satellite Transmission – IRIDIUM launches first test satellites
Bands – ITU-WRC'97

Satellite History
27
Calendar
 Satellite History Calendar
• 1999
Overview – AceS launch first of the L-band MSS Super-GSOs - built by Lockheed Martin
– Iridium Bankruptcy - the first major failure?
• 2000
How do Satellites Works – Globalstar begins service
– Thuraya launch L-band MSS Super-GSO
• 2001
– XM Satellite Radio begins service
Advantages of Satellite
– Pakistan’s 2nd Satellite, BADR-B was launched on 10 Dec 2001 at 9:15a from
Baikonour Cosmodrome, Kazakistan
• 2002
Disadvantages of
– Sirius Satellite Radio begins service
Satellite
– Paksat-1, was deployed at 38 degrees E orbital slot in December 2002, Paksat-1,
was deployed at 38 degrees E orbital slot in December 2002
Basics of Satellites • 2004
– Teledesic network planned to start operation
• 2005
Factors in Satellite – Intelsat and Panamsat Merge
Communication – VUSat OSCAR-52 (HAMSAT) Launched
• 2006
– CubeSat-OSCAR 56 (Cute-1.7) Launched
Applications of Satellite – K7RR-Sat launched by California Politechnic University
• 2007
– Prism was launched by University of Tokyo
Satellite Transmission • 2008
Bands – COMPASS-1; a project of Aachen University was launched from Satish Dhawan
Space Center, India. It failed to achieve orbit.
Satellite History
28
Calendar